中国草地生物量地上-地下分配格局: 基于个体水平的研究

生物量的地上-地下分配反映了植物的生长策略, 并且生物量地上-地下分配会影响土壤碳输入进而影响陆地生态系统碳循环. 然而, 根系采样的困难使得作为陆地生态系统碳循环模型中重要参数的地下-地上生物量比(R/S)存在很大不确定性. 2006~2007年, 分别对内蒙温带草地19个样地中的42个优势物种, 以及青藏高寒草地16个样地中53个优势物种的地上生物量与地下生物量进行了调查, 试图揭示个体水平上草地生物量的地上-地下分配格局及其与环境因素的关系, 同时与群落水平的观测结果进行比较. 总体上, 中国草地物种的地下-地上生物量比的中值为0.78, 其中青藏高寒草地植物个体的R/S低于内蒙温带草地, 青藏高寒草地植物个体地上生物量与地下生物量相关生长关系的斜率显著低于内蒙温带草地植物. 中国草地植物个体水平的地下-地上生物分配并不支持等速生长假说. 中国草地植物个体水平的地下-地上生物量比随年均温和年降水没有明显变化趋势. 群落水平与个体水平的R/S存在很大差异, 可能的原因是个体水平根系采样不全而低估了R/S, 而群落采样低估了地上生物量同时高估了地下生物量致使R/S 被高估. 结果表明, 如果用之前报道的R/S可能会高估草地地下生物量.     

黄土丘陵区微地形对草地植物群落结构组成和功能特征的影响

对黄土丘陵区微地形(阳坡坡上、中、下部,坡顶,阴坡坡上、中、下部)条件下草地植物群落进行群落组成调查和地上、地下生物量测定,分析微地形对草地植物群落结构组成和功能特征的影响.结果表明:研究区内草地植物群落主要由菊科、禾本科和豆科物种组成.群落地上和地下生物量以及根系年生长量分别为164.12g·m~(-2)、1044.87g·m~(-2)、731.77g·m~(-2)·a~(-1).群落地上和地下生物量以及根系年生长量在不同坡向的大小均为:阴坡阳坡坡顶.在阴坡群落生物量和根系年生长量的大小为:坡下部坡中部坡上部坡顶部,阳坡群落生物量在不同坡位的大小顺序与阴坡不同.根系生长主要集中在0~20 cm土层,且从上到下逐渐减小.根系周转率的平均值为0.75a~(-1),在不同微地形条件下不同土层内大小不同.     

放牧对草地群落与土壤特征的影响

针对放牧干扰对草地生态系统的影响,采用回归分析和典型对应分析(CCA)方法,研究放牧对草地植物群落物种多样性与生产力、土壤碳氮含量与生物量关系的影响。结果表明:(1)与休牧草地相比,放牧草地的地上生物量降低31.63%,凋落物生物量降低134.29%;放牧草地的禾草类生物量提高19.77%,而杂草类生物量和豆科类生物量分别降低31.09%和23.42%。(2)当物种多样性指数小于1.3时,休牧草地的生产力明显高于放牧草地;当物种多样性指数大于1.3时,放牧草地的生产力高于休牧草地。(3)CCA分析显示,家畜主要通过影响群落地上生物量、凋落物质量和土壤容重进而影响土壤的碳氮含量。(4)当群落地上生物量小于100g·m-2时,休牧草地的土壤有机碳和全氮含量高于放牧草地,当群落地上生物量大于100g·m-2时,放牧草地则略高于休牧草地。(5)当群落地下生物量小于1 200g·m-2时,放牧草地土壤有机碳、全氮含量高于休牧草地;当地下生物量大于1 200g·m-2时,放牧草地则略低于休牧草地。     

内蒙古温带草地生物量及其与环境因子的关系

利用实际观测的113个地面数据，估算了内蒙古温带草地地上、地下生物量的大小，揭示了其空间分布和地下生物量的垂直分布规律，并探讨了不同环境因素对地上、地下生物量的调控作用．主要结果如下：（1）3种草地类型（荒漠草原、典型草原和革甸草原）的生物量存在显著差异；其地上生物量分别为56．6，133．4和196．7g／m^2，地下生物量分别为301．0，688．9和1385．2g／m^2；（2）地上生物量和地下生物量均呈现自西南向东北增加的空间分布特征；3种草地具有相似的地下生物量垂直分布特征；总体上，温带草地表层（0～10cm）地下生物量约占总地下生物量的一半；（3）降水是导致内蒙古温带草地生物量空间变异的主要因子．地下生物量的垂直分布与降水关系密切，而受土壤质地和草地类型的影响较弱．     

Spatial distributions of biomass and carbon density in natural grasslands of Hebei,China

分析不同草地类型生物量与碳密度空间分布特征及其影响因素, 揭示草地植物碳库的变化规律, 对于了解我国草地生态系统碳汇具有重要意义。2011-2013年以河北省天然草地为研究对象, 调查了不同草地类型的地上活体生物量、凋落物生物量和根系生物量以及各组分的碳密度。结果表明: 温性草原、温性草甸、温性山地草甸、低地盐化草甸、暖性草丛和暖性灌草丛6种草地类型的总生物量差异显著, 其中低地盐化草甸总生物量最高, 为2 770.2 g·m ^-2, 而温性草原最低, 为747.6 g·m ^-2, 前者约为后者的3.7倍; 地上活体生物量最大的是低地盐化草甸, 其次是暖性灌草丛和温性山地草甸, 最小的是温性草原, 分别为285.0、235.1、203.1和110.6 g·m ^-2; 凋落物生物量也是低地盐化草甸最大, 其次是温性山地草甸和温性草甸, 分别为584.0、187.9和91.0 g·m ^-2。6种草地类型的根系生物量均大于地上生物量, 是地上生物量的1.9-4.3倍, 不同草地类型根冠比的平均值为3.1; 低地盐化草甸的根系生物量最高, 为1901.3 g·m ^-2, 温性草原的根系生物量最低, 只有低地盐化草甸的1/3。在各类草地生物量碳密度方面, 低地盐化草甸的地上活体碳密度、凋落物碳密度与根系碳密度均为最大, 分别为132.7、81.2和705.9 g C·m ^-2。草地地上生物量、凋落物生物量和根系生物量以及总生物量均随海拔的升高先减少而后增加(p < 0.05); 草地生态系统总生物量和根系生物量随大于10 ℃积温的增加先降低而后升高(p < 0.01)。该研究中暖性灌草丛多分布在石质山区, 土层很薄, 植物地上生物量和根系生物量都比土层较厚的草甸草原低。可见, 在较大区域比较不同草地类型生物量时, 应综合考虑气候、土壤、地理等因素。     

高寒草原不同植物群落地上-地下生物量碳分布格局

高寒草原具有独特的自然生境和生物资源,对高寒草原开展系统研究对于减缓气候变化与草原恢复具有重要实践意义。以往研究主要针对高寒草原生物量碳开展整体评估,缺乏对不同群落类型间的定量比较。本文分析了高寒草原10种主要典型植物群落地上-地下生物量碳分布格局以及对总生物量碳的贡献差异。结果表明:高寒草原面积为167.33×10^6hm^2,总生物量碳为1.53 Pg(1 Pg=1015g),其中地上生物量碳0.19 Pg,地下生物量碳1.34 Pg;紫花针茅、青藏苔草和紫花针茅-小蒿草群落面积大,生物量碳密度高,为高寒草原贡献了69.3%的生物量碳。高寒草原平均生物量碳密度为690.80 g C·m^-2,其中紫花针茅群落(196.14 g C·m^-2)和蔷薇群落(177.93 g C·m^-2)具有最高的地上生物量碳密度(AGC);蔷薇(1491.18 g C·m^-2)和紫花针茅-小蒿草群落(1306.51 g C·m^-2)则具有最高的地下生物量碳密度(BGC),且显著高于其他群落类型(P<0.05)。不同群落的BGC在土壤中的垂直分布格局存在较大差异,驼绒藜、盐爪爪、金露梅、紫花针茅、青藏苔草、紫花针茅-小蒿草、蔷薇、固沙草、砂生槐等群落的BGC主要集中在表层土壤(0~10 cm),分布曲线呈指数函数,而华扁穗草群落的BGC则集中在40~60 cm土壤层,分布曲线呈二次函数关系。对草原植物群落的地上-地下生物量碳开展评估,可以提高生物量碳的估算精度,为草原生态管理提供更有力的数据支持。     

长期氮添加对内蒙古典型草原植物地上、地下生物量及根冠比的影响

氮沉降的增加显著改变了生态系统功能和过程。大量研究表明,氮添加会提高生态系统生产力,然而,大部分研究集中在地上生物量,对地下生物量以及根冠比的研究较少。我们在内蒙古典型草原进行了7年的氮添加实验,设置6个氮添加水平,分别是N0(0)、N1(5.6 g N·m-2)、N2(11.2 g N·m-2)、N3(22.4 g N·m-2)、N4(39.2 g N·m-2)、N5(56 g N·m-2),测定植物地上和不同土层(0～10、10～30、30～50和50～100 cm)地下生物量并计算根冠比,研究不同氮添加水平对植物地上、地下生物量和根冠比的影响。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,低氮添加水平(N1和N2)未显著增加地上生物量,高氮添加水平(N3～N5)显著增加了地上生物量(96%～117%),且各高氮添加水平间差异不显著;(2)不同氮添加水平下,植物地上生物量的氮响应效率(NRE)均大于0且呈下降趋势,相邻氮添加水平的NRE差值(ΔNRE)仅在N3水平下显著增加,说明地上生物量在N3水平下达到饱和;(3)氮添加未显著改变不同土层以及整个土壤剖面上的地下生物量,且对各土层地下生物量的占比情况无显著影响;(4)与对照相比,N1和N2未显著改变植物的根冠比,N3～N5显著降低了植物根冠比。综上所述,氮沉降增加会提高植物地上生物量,对不同土层根系的影响比较复杂,需要更多的研究来明确地下生产力对氮沉降增加的响应规律。     

高寒草甸主要植物地上地下生物量分布及退化对根冠比和根系表面积的影响

研究高寒草甸主要植物地上地下生物量的分布及其对退化的响应有利于了解高寒草甸的退化过程。该研究首先在西藏那曲生态环境综合观测研究站小嵩草围栏内(2009年围封)选择原生植被较好的地点随机选择小嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)、矮嵩草(K.humilis)、紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea)、二裂委陵菜(Potentila bifurca)和青藏苔草(Carex moorcroftii)等5种植物斑块,选择退化斑块上(与原生植被相比)的二裂委陵菜和青藏苔草;然后用烘箱烘至恒重并称重,用扫描仪对根系进行扫描用于估算根系表面积;最后利用2因子方差分析检验不同物种个体、不同取样层次对地上和地下生物量的影响,利用物种和退化状态2因子方差分析检验对地上生物量的影响,以及利用物种、取样层次和退化状态3因子方差分析检验对二裂委陵菜和青藏苔草地下生物量、根冠比和根系表面积的影响。结果表明:在未退化条件下,小嵩草、矮嵩草和紫花针茅0~10cml地下生物量占0~30cm地下生物量的70%以上,0~30cm地下生物量占其地上地下总生物量的96%以上;二裂委陵菜(Potentilla bifurca)和青藏苔草(Carex moorcroftii)0~10cm地下生物量占0~30cml地下生物量的50%以上,其中二裂委陵菜0~30cm地下生物量占其地上地下总生物量的57%,青藏苔草0~30cm地下生物量占其地上地下总生物量的87%;对于退化草甸的主要植物,退化显著降低了二裂委陵菜的地上生物量、地下生物量和根冠比,对其根系表面积影响不大,但显著增加了青藏苔草的地上生物量,降低了其根冠比,对其地下生物量和根系表面积影响不大。     

Response of plant biomass to nitrogen addition and precipitation increasing under different climate conditions and time scales in grassland

生产力是草地生态系统重要的服务功能, 而生物量作为生态系统生产力的主要组成部分, 往往同时受到氮和水分两个因素的限制。在全球变化背景下, 研究草地生态系统生物量对氮沉降增加和降水变化的响应具有重要意义, 但现有研究缺乏对其在大区域空间尺度以及长时间尺度上响应的综合评估和量化。本研究搜集了1990-2017年间发表论文的有关模拟氮沉降及降水变化研究的相关数据, 进行整合分析, 探讨草地生态系统生物量对氮沉降和降水量两个因素的变化在空间和时间尺度上的响应。结果表明: (1)氮添加、增雨处理以及同时增氮增雨处理都能够显著地提高草地生态系统的地上生物量(37%, 41%, 104%)、总生物量(32%, 23%, 60%)和地上地下生物量比(29%, 25%, 46%)。单独增雨显著提高地下生物量(10%), 单独施氮对地下生物量影响不显著, 但同时增雨则能显著提高地下生物量(43%); (2)氮添加和增雨处理对草地生态系统生物量的影响存在明显的空间变异。在温暖性气候区和海洋性气候区的草地生态系统中, 氮添加对地上、总生物量及地上地下生物量比的促进作用更强, 而在寒冷性气候区和温带大陆性气候区的草地生态系统中, 则增雨处理对地下、总生物量的促进作用更强; (3)草地生态系统生物量对氮添加和增雨处理的响应也存在时间格局上的变化, 地下生物量随着氮添加年限的增加有降低的趋势, 地上、总生物量及地上地下生物量比则有增加的趋势。增雨年限的增加对总生物量没有明显的影响, 但持续促进地上生物量和地下生物量, 增加地上地下生物量比, 可见长期增氮、长期增雨对地上生物量的促进作用更明显。     

长江口九段沙盐沼湿地芦苇和互花米草生物量及碳储量

2010-2012年,采用野外采样和实验室测定相结合的方法,研究了长江口九段沙芦苇、互花米草植被带生物量的季节动态和碳储存能力.结果表明:两种植物生物部分(地上、地下、枯立物生物量之和)的有机碳储量均为秋季最高、春季最低.地上活体互花米草单位面积的平均碳储量(445.81 g·m-2)高于芦苇(285.52 g·m-2),芦苇枯立物的平均碳储量(203.15 g·m-2)低于互花米草(315.28 g· m-2),但芦苇区土壤表层(0 ～30 cm)有机碳储量(1048.62 g·m-2)约为互花米草区(583.33 g· m-2)的2倍.芦苇区的碳储存能力(3212.96g· m-2)总体上高于互花米草区(2730.42 g·m-2).表明保护芦苇群落对于维护盐沼湿地的碳汇功能具有重要意义.     

短期增温和增加降水对内蒙古荒漠草原土壤呼吸的影响

 利用红外辐射增温装置模拟短期持续增温和降水增加交互作用对内蒙古荒漠草原土壤呼吸作用的影响, 结果表明: 土壤含水量对月土壤呼吸的影响显著大于土壤温度增加的影响, 生长旺季的月土壤呼吸显著大于生长末季; 土壤温度和水分增加都显著影响日土壤呼吸, 但二者的交互作用对土壤呼吸无显著影响。荒漠草原7?8月平均土壤呼吸速率为1.35 μmol CO₂·m^–2·s^–1, 7月份为2.08 μmol CO₂·m^–2·s^–1, 8月份为0.63 μmol CO₂·m^–2·s^–1。土壤呼吸与地下各层根系生物量呈幂函数关系, 0?10 cm土层的根系生物量对土壤呼吸的解释率(79.2%)明显高于10?20 cm土层的解释率(31.6%)。0–10 cm土层的根系生物量是根系生物量的主体, 根系生物量对土壤呼吸的影响具有层次性。在未来全球变暖和降水格局变化的情景下, 荒漠草原土壤水分含量是影响生物量的主导环境因子, 而根系生物量的差异是造成土壤呼吸异质性的主要生物因素, 土壤含水量可通过影响根系生物量控制土壤呼吸的异质性。     

Above- and Belowground Biomass Allocation in Shrub Biomes across the Northeast Tibetan Plateau

Biomass partitioning has been explored across various biomes. However, the strategies of allocation in plants still remain contentious. This study investigated allocation patterns of above- and belowground biomass at the community level, using biomass survey from the Tibetan Plateau. We explored above- and belowground biomass by conducting three consecutive sampling campaigns across shrub biomes on the northeast Tibetan Plateau during 2011–2013. We then documented the above-ground biomass (AGB), below-ground biomass (BGB) and root: shoot ratio (R/S) and the relationships between R/S and environment factors using data from 201 plots surveyed from 67 sites. We further examined relationships between above-ground and below-ground biomass across various shrub types. Our results indicated that the median values of AGB, BGB, and R/S in Tibetan shrub were 1102.55, 874.91 g m^-2, and 0.85, respectively. R/S showed significant trend with mean annual precipitation (MAP), while decreased with mean annual temperature (MAT). Reduced major axis analysis indicated that the slope of the log-log relationship between above- and belowground biomass revealed a significant difference from 1.0 over space, supporting the optimal hypothesis. Interestingly, the slopes of the allometric relationship between log AGB and log BGB differed significantly between alpine and desert shrub. Our findings supported the optimal theory of above- and belowground biomass partitioning in Tibetan shrub, while the isometric hypothesis for alpine shrub at the community level.     

Above- and belowground biomass in relation to environmental factors in temperate grasslands, Inner Mongolia

Above- and belowground biomasses of grasslands are important parameters for characterizing re- gional and global carbon cycles in grassland ecosystems. Compared with the relatively detailed in- formation for aboveground biomass (AGB), belowground biomass (BGB) is poorly reported at the re- gional scales. The present study, based on a total of 113 sampling sites in temperate grassland of the Inner Mongolia, investigated regional distribution patterns of AGB, BGB, vertical distribution of roots, and their relationships with environmental factors. AGB and BGB increased from the southwest to the northeast of the study region. The largest biomass occurred in meadow steppe, with mean AGB and BGB of 196.7 and 1385.2 g/m2, respectively; while the lowest biomass occurred in desert steppe, with an AGB of 56.6 g/m2 and a BGB of 301.0 g/m2. In addition, about 47% of root biomass was distributed in the top 10 cm soil. Further statistical analysis indicated that precipitation was the primary determinant factor in shaping these distribution patterns. Vertical distribution of roots was significantly affected by precipitation, while the effects of soil texture and grassland types were weak.     

Plant diversity and dry-matter dynamics of peri-urban plant communities in an Indian dry tropical region

The emergence of variety of land-use changes due to continuous anthropogenic pressure in peri-urban areas may concomitantly result in modification of the structure of associated plant communities for their sustainable growth. In the present study, plant diversity, and above- and belowground biomass distribution among species were investigated to understand their dynamics across different season, soil, and site conditions in a dry tropical peri-urban region in India. From four study sites that covered contrasting land uses: abandoned brick kiln (ABK), grazing land (GL), Kali river bank (KRB), and agricultural land (AL), a total of 360 monoliths were randomly extracted in three seasons, and dry weights were estimated for aboveground and belowground parts of species individuals. Seasonal soil samples of the sites were analyzed for physico-chemical characteristics. Of the total 87 recorded species that were mainly annual weeds and ruderals, 77% were forbs and 23% grasses. The ranges of plant biomass recorded across all sites and seasons were: aboveground 228–738 g m⁻², belowground 83–288 g m⁻², and a total of 344–1,026 g m⁻². The dominance of species differed between above- and belowground; some species dominated only above- or belowground, and others dominated in both layers. Above- and belowground biomass of the sites, differential community-biomass allocation to above- and belowground parts and species dominants varied significantly with site and season. ABK and AL sites showed lower species diversity and soil nutrients compared to GL and KRB sites. Belowground biomass significantly declined with increasing soil organic C and total N, indicating altered dry matter allocation under resource-scarce habitat conditions. Higher diversity occurred at both low- and high-biomass sites, reflective of enhanced ability of these plant communities to exploit resources maximally in spatio-temporal pattern.     

Plant biomass and species composition along an environmental gradient in montane riparian meadows

In riparian meadows, narrow zonation of the dominant vegetation frequently occurs along the elevational gradient from the stream edge to the floodplain terrace. We measured plant species composition and above- and belowground biomass in three riparian plant communities—a priori defined as wet, moist, and dry meadow—along short streamside topographic gradients in two montane meadows in northeast Oregon. The objectives were to: (1) compare above- and belowground biomass in the three meadow communities; (2) examine relations among plant species richness, biomass distribution, water table depth, and soil redox potential along the streamside elevational gradients. We installed wells and platinum electrodes along transects (perpendicular to the stream; n=5 per site) through the three plant communities, and monitored water table depth and soil redox potential (10 and 25 cm depth) from July 1997 to August 1999. Mean water table depth and soil redox potential differed significantly along the transects, and characterized a strong environmental gradient. Community differences in plant species composition were reflected in biomass distribution. Highest total biomass (live+dead) occurred in the sedge-dominated wet meadows (4,311±289 g/m²), intermediate biomass (2,236±221 g/m²) was seen in the moist meadow communities, dominated by grasses and sedges, and lowest biomass (1,403±113 g/m²) was observed in the more diverse dry meadows, dominated by grasses and forbs. In the wet and moist communities, belowground biomass (live+dead) comprised 68–81% of the totals. Rhizome-to-root ratios and distinctive vertical profiles of belowground biomass reflected characteristics of the dominant graminoid species within each community. Total biomass was positively correlated with mean water table depth, and negatively correlated with mean redox potential (10 cm and 25 cm depths; P <0.01) and species richness (P <0.05), indicating that the distribution of biomass coincided with the streamside edaphic gradient in these riparian meadows.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at     

Patterns of above- and belowground biomass allocation in China’s grasslands: Evidence from individual-level observations

Above- and belowground biomass allocation not only influences growth of individual plants, but also influences vegetation structures and functions, and consequently impacts soil carbon input as well as terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycling. However, due to sampling difficulties, a considerable amount of uncertainty remains about the root: shoot ratio (R/S), a key parameter for models of terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycling. We investigated biomass allocation patterns across a broad spatial scale. We collected data on individual plant biomass and systematically sampled along a transect across the temperate grasslands in Inner Mongolia as well as in the alpine grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau. Our results indicated that the median of R/S for herbaceous species was 0.78 in China’s grasslands as a whole. R/S was significantly higher in temperate grasslands than in alpine grasslands (0.84 vs. 0.65). The slope of the allometric relationship between above- and belowground biomass was steeper for temperate grasslands than for alpine. Our results did not support the hypothesis that aboveground biomass scales isometrically with belowground biomass. The R/S in China’s grasslands was not significantly correlated with mean annual temperature (MAT) or mean annual precipitation (MAP). Moreover, comparisons of our results with previous findings indicated a large difference between R/S data from individual plants and communities. This might be mainly caused by the underestimation of R/S at the individual level as a result of an inevitable loss of fine roots and the overestimation of R/S in community-level surveys due to grazing and difficulties in identifying dead roots. Our findings suggest that root biomass in grasslands tended to have been overestimated in previous reports of R/S.     

Dynamics of dry matter production in a mixed-grass prairie in western North Dakota

Summary Above- and belowground biomass of primary producers were estimated by the harvest method on 10 dates in 1969 in a mixed-prairie grassland. A range of estimates of above- and belowground net primary production is established using several methods of calculation. The range for aboveground production is 240 to 302 g·m^-2 and 931 to 1221 g·m^-2 for belowground production. Correlation analysis indicated that above- and belowground biomass dynamics are significantly (0.05) related to air and soil temperature, soil water, precipitation, and vapor pressure deficit. Analysis of energy flow through primary producers indicates a net storage of energy in the standing dead, litter, and belowground compartments. Accumulation in the standing dead was 63% of inputs, in the litter 8%, and belowground 37%. Belowground decomposition was 57% of belowground production and the same value aboveground was 50%.     

内蒙古草甸草原与典型草原地下生物量与生产力季节动态及其碳库潜力

地下根系是草原生态系统的重要组成部分,其生物量及其净生产力对地下碳库具有直接与间接作用,分析地下生物量季节动态与周转对深入揭示草原生态系统碳库动态及其固碳速率与潜力具有重要意义。应用钻土芯法对不同利用方式或管理措施下内蒙古草甸草原、典型草原地下生物量动态及其与温度、降水的相关性研究表明:草甸草原和典型草原地上生物量季节动态均为单峰型曲线,与上月降水显著正相关(P0.05),但地下生物量季节动态表现为草甸草原呈"S"型曲线,典型草原则是双峰型曲线,与温度、降水相关性均不显著(P0.05);两种草原根冠比和地下生物量垂直分布均为指数函数曲线,根茎型草原地下生物量集中在土壤0—5 cm,丛生型草原地下生物量集中于土壤5—10 cm,根冠比值在生长旺季(7—8月份)最小。草甸草原地下净生产力及碳储量范围分别为2167—2953 g m-2a-1和975—1329 gC m-2a-1,典型草原为2342—3333 g m-2a-1和1054—1450 gC m-2a-1,地下净生产力及其碳储量约为地上净生产力及其碳储量的10倍,具有较大的年固碳能力,且相对稳定;地下净生产力与地上净生产力呈显著负相关性(P0.05);地下生物量碳库是地上生物量碳库的10倍左右,适度放牧可增加地下生产力,但长期过度放牧显著降低其地下生物量与生产力,并使其垂直分布趋向于浅层化。     

Spatial Distribution of Soil Organic Carbon and Its Influencing Factors in Desert Grasslands of the Hexi Corridor,Northwest China

Knowledge of the distribution patterns of soil organic carbon (SOC) and factors that influence these patterns is crucial for understanding the carbon cycle. The objectives of this study were to determine the spatial distribution pattern of soil organic carbon density (SOCD) and the controlling factors in arid desert grasslands of northwest China. The above- and belowground biomass and SOCD in 260 soil profiles from 52 sites over 2.7×10⁴ km² were investigated. Combined with a satellite-based dataset of an enhanced vegetation index during 2011–2012 and climatic factors at different sites, the relationships between SOCD and biotic and abiotic factors were identified. The results indicated that the mean SOCD was 1.20 (SD:+/− 0.85), 1.73 (SD:+/− 1.20), and 2.69 (SD:+/− 1.91) kg m⁻² at soil depths of 0–30 cm, 0–50 cm, and 0–100 cm, respectively, which was smaller than other estimates in temperate grassland, steppe, and desert-grassland ecosystems. The spatial distribution of SOCD gradually decreased from the southeast to the northwest, corresponding to the precipitation gradient. SOCD increased significantly with vegetation biomass, annual precipitation, soil moisture, clay and silt content, and decreased with mean annual temperature and sand content. The correlation between BGB and SOCD was closer than the correlation between AGB and SOCD. Variables could together explain about 69.8%, 74.4%, and 78.9% of total variation in SOCD at 0–30 cm, 0–50 cm, and 0–100 cm, respectively. In addition, we found that mean annual temperature is more important than other abiotic factors in determining SOCD in arid desert grasslands in our study area. The information obtained in this study provides a basis for accurately estimating SOC stocks and assessing carbon (C) sequestration potential in the desert grasslands of northwest China.     

中亚热带森林植物多样性增加导致细根生物量“超产”

细根在森林生态系统C分配和养分循环过程中发挥着重要作用, 但对地下细根与植物多样性之间关系的研究相对较少。该研究选择中亚热带从单一树种的杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)人工林到多树种的常绿阔叶林(青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)-石栎(Lithocarpus glaber)林)的不同植物多样性梯度, 用根钻法采集细根并测定其生物量, 用Win-RHIZO 2005C根系分析系统测定细根形态参数, 以验证以下3个假设: 1)植物种类丰富度高的林分其细根生产存在“地下超产”现象; 2)根系空间生态位的分离水平是否随着植物多样性增多而增大? 3)细根是否通过形态可塑性对林木竞争做出响应?结果显示: 从单一树种的杉木人工林到植物种类较复杂的青冈-石栎常绿阔叶林, 0-30 cm土层的林分细根总生物量和活细根生物量均呈增加的趋势, 即细根总生物量为杉木林(305.20 g·m^-2) <马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林(374.25 g·m^-2) <南酸枣(Choerospondias axillaris)林(537.42 g·m^-2) <青冈林(579.33 g·m^-2), 活细根生物量为杉木林(268.74 g·m^-2) <马尾松林(299.15 g·m^-2) <南酸枣林(457.32 g·m^-2) <青冈林(508.47 g·m^-2), 各森林类型之间的细根总生物量差异显著(p < 0.05), 但活细根生物量差异不显著。土壤垂直剖面上, 除杉木林细根生物量随土层变化不显著外, 其他森林类型的活细根生物量和总细根生物量均随土层变化显著, 表层细根生物量随树种多样性的升高呈减小趋势, 据此推测树种间的生态位分离水平逐渐增大。植物多样性的不同对林分的细根形态及空间分布格局影响不显著, 细根形态可塑性对生物量变化响应不明显。