小峰熊蜂头部乙酰胆碱酯酶测定条件的优化及其对六种常用杀虫剂的敏感性

小峰熊蜂Bombus hypocrita是我国优势熊蜂种群之一, 因其易于饲养、 群势较强且授粉性能优良而成为我国设施农业常用优良授粉蜂种, 但常受到以乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)为靶标酶的有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂的危害。 为合理规避这两类杀虫剂对熊蜂的危害, 同时也为完善熊蜂授粉配套技术和保护野生熊蜂资源提供理论基础, 本研究利用正交试验对小峰熊蜂头部乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的测定条件进行了优化, 并明确了6种常用有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂对乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的影响。结果表明： 各测定因素对小峰熊蜂乙酰胆碱酯酶活性测定影响的大小顺序依次为： 酶浓度＞pH＞温度＞底物浓度＞反应时间; 小峰熊蜂头部乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的最适反应条件为： 酶浓度0.25 g 蛋白质/L, 底物浓度0.8 mmol/L, pH值7.5, 温度40℃, 反应时间5 min。毒死蜱、 三唑磷、 丙溴磷、 异丙威、 仲丁威和残杀威6种杀虫剂对小峰熊蜂头部乙酰胆碱酯酶离体抑制作用均呈现明显的剂量-效应关系, 其抑制中浓度IC₅₀分别为0.39, 1.79, 0.42, 0.04, 0.43和0.63 mmol/L。这6种杀虫剂对小峰熊蜂AChE抑制作用的强弱依次为： 异丙威＞毒死蜱＞三唑磷＞仲丁威＞残杀威＞丙溴磷, 即小峰熊蜂对异丙威最敏感, 而对丙溴磷的敏感性最弱。     

黑翅土白蚁乙酰胆碱酯酶最佳反应体系的建立及药剂敏感度比较

用正交试验方法研究了酶浓度、底物浓度、反应体系pH值、反应温度、反应时间5个因素对黑翅土白蚁Odontotermes formosanus (Shiraki)乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性测定的影响。通过对正交试验结果进行极差和方差分析,明确了测定黑翅土白蚁AChE活性的最适反应条件是酶浓度为12.5 g/L,底物浓度为8 mmol/L,pH值8.0,反应温度40℃,反应时间5 min。此外,研究了6种药剂对黑翅土白蚁体内AChE活性的影响。结果表明：灭多威、辛硫磷、三唑磷、丙溴磷、马拉硫磷和氧化乐果6种药剂对黑翅土白蚁AChE抑制中浓度(IC₅₀)分别为3.52×10^-4,1.86×10^-3,5.13×10^-3,9.55×10^-4,8.81×10^-3,和1.39×10^-2 mol/L。在3.3×10^-7～5×10^-3 mol/L的浓度范围内,上述6种药剂对黑翅土白蚁体内AChE活性的抑制作用都具有明显的剂量效应关系。     

酶法降解植物纤维素技术研究

用正交试验法探讨了以麦秸为原料进行纤维素酶降解的工艺条件。正交试验的结果表明,影响麦秸纤维素降解的因素的主次顺序为A（酶添加量）＞B（底物浓度）＞E（时间）＞C（温度）＞D（pH值）,纤维素酶解麦秸纤维素的最佳组合为A3B1E3C3D2,即纤维素酶的添加量为0．2％,底物浓度为5％,反应时间为2h,反应温度50℃,pH5.0时为最佳条件。在比常规酶解法时间缩短12－30倍的条件下,能使纤维素降解葡萄糖的转化率达22．3％。     

有机复合物H对纤维素酶促反应动力学特性的影响

采用3,5-二硝基水杨酸(DNS)为显色剂,滤纸和CMC为底物,测定纤维素酶的酶活.考察了在不同温度、pH值、反应时间、底物浓度等反应条件下,有机复合物H对纤维素酶滤纸酶活(FPA)和CMC酶活(CMCA)的影响.结果表明,有机复合物H对纤维素酶的FPA活性和CMCA活性均有一定的促进作用,且在不同条件下的促进效果有较大差异.     

正交实验法对碱性磷酸酶活性测定的优化

碱性磷酸酶(ALP)是一种非特异性磷酸单酯酶,碱性条件下几乎能催化所有磷酸单酯的水解。采用正交实验法研究兔肝ALP的活性,在单因素实验的基础上,利用Minitab对碱性磷酸酶的催化条件(pH值、反应温度、酶量、底物量)进行4因素3水平的正交实验设计。正交实验结果表明,4种因素对酶活性的影响由大到小排列顺序为pH值温度底物酶,最佳组合为A3B3C1D1,即酶量为0.4 mL,底物量为0.8 mL,温度50℃,pH值为10时兔肝ALP的活性最强。     

有机复合物H对纤维素CMC酶活的影响

采用3,5-二硝基水杨酸(DNS)为显色剂,CMC为底物,测定纤维素酶的酶活。考察了在不同的酶促反应温度、pH值、底物浓度、反应时间等反应条件下,有机复合物H对纤维素酶CMC酶活(CMCA)的影响。结果表明,有机复合物H对纤维素酶的CMCA活性有明显促进作用,且在不同条件下的促进效果有较大差异。     

日本曲霉产β-呋喃果糖苷酶的性质研究

目的:试验确定日本曲霉产β—呋喃果糖苷酶的酶学性质。方法:将β-呋喃果糖苷酶在不同的温度、pH值、底物浓度、反应时间的条件下测定酶活。结果:确定了日本曲霉产β-呋喃果糖苷酶的性质。日本曲霉产β-呋喃果糖苷酶分子量约为89kDa,最适反应温度为50℃,最适pH值为5.5。温度在40℃-60℃,pH在5-7范围内酶比较稳定,最适底物浓度为50%,反应时间3h-4h。结论:确定了日本曲霉产β-呋喃果糖苷酶的性质,为制取高含量的低聚果糖提供条件。     

β-半乳糖苷酶酶学性质及其在低聚半乳糖合成中的应用

研究乳酸克鲁维酵母所产β-半乳糖苷酶的酶学性质及低聚半乳糖(galactooligosaccharides,GOS)的酶法合成条件。利用高效液相色谱法进行检测,以GOS(聚合度n3)生成量为指标,考察温度、pH、金属离子种类和浓度对酶活性的影响,以及K+存在时,底物浓度、反应时间、加酶量对乳糖转化率及GOS生成浓度的影响。结果表明:一价离子对β-半乳糖苷酶转糖苷活性具有促进作用,其中K+、NH+4对水解活性同样起促进作用,而Na+起抑制作用;制备低聚半乳糖的最佳工艺条件为37℃、pH8.0、K+0.08mol/L、初始乳糖质量浓度500g/L、反应时间5h、加酶量10μL/g乳糖,此条件下低聚半乳糖的生成质量浓度达到94.74g/L。     

降胆固醇活性花生多肽制备工艺的研究

以冷榨花生粕为原料,酶解制备具有降胆固醇活性的花生多肽。以体外结合胆酸盐的能力为指标,考察了酶的种类、温度、pH值、加酶量、酶解时间等因素对花生多肽降胆固醇活性的影响,确定最优蛋白酶为木瓜蛋白酶,通过正交试验的方法,确定了酶解花生粕制备降胆固醇活性花生多肽的最佳工艺条件为：温度50℃、pH 7.0、加酶量4 000 U/g底物、酶解时间4 h。     

谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)的固定化及酶学特性研究

对谷胱甘肽硫转移酶的固定化、游离酶和固定化酶的酶学特性进行了研究,通过试验,确定谷胱甘肽硫转移酶的最佳固定化条件为先用2％壳聚糖吸附酶,然后再加戊二醛交联,交联用戊二醛浓度为1．2％,交联时间6h;游离酶的最适温度为45—55℃,最适pH值为6．5-7．0：固定化酶的最适温度为45-50℃,最适pH值为7．0;游离酶和固定化酶的最适酶促反应时间为30min。     

SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITY AND DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES OF ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE IN COTTON BOLLWORM*

Abstract The substrate specificity and developmental changes of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hübner, were investigated during 1991 to 1994. The insects were collected from Handan suburbs of Hebei Province and Guan County of Shandong Province. The results show that the specific activity and Michaelis constants (k_m) of AChE toward acetylthiocholine (ATCH) and acetyl-β-methyl-thiocholine (MeTCh) regularly varied with the developmental stage of cotton bollworm. The two peaks of the specific activity were observed respectively in the third instar and sixth instar of larvae. The specific activity of AChE in pupae was the lowest and that in heads of four-days moth was the highest in various developmental stages of cotton bollworms. The tendency of K_m and maximum velocity (V_max) was identical with the change of specific activity in the AChEs of cotton bollworm. The activation energy (Ea) of AChE toward MeTCh in pupae and adults was 3. 9–4. 3 times as much as that of, larvae in cotton bollworms from Handan of Hebei Province. It suggests that the spending energies of AChE for hydrolysing substrate are different in larva, pupa and adult. The optimum conditions of AChE reaction with ATCh in larvae were 50–100 mg of tissue weights for the amount of enzyme, 10–20 minutes for the reaction time, 35°C for the reaction temperature and 8. 0 for the reaction pH value.     

影响叶螨磷酸酯酶活性的四因子数学模型

应用二次回归通用旋转组合设计,组建了影响叶螨磷酸酯酶（酸性和碱性）活性的四因子（缓冲液Ph值X₁、温浴时间X₂、反应温度X₃、底物浓度X₄）数学模型: Y_酸性=0.456380+0.107889X₂+0.069027X₃-0.026836X₁²-0.030794X₃², F=24.98,P<0.01;Y_碱性=0.267286-0.200736X₁+0.049541X₂+0.030930X₃-.049063X₁X₂+0.053585X₁²-0.049665X₂^2, F=57.68,P<0.01。结果表明,温浴时间是影响叶螨酸性磷酸酯酶活性的关键因子,在缓冲液pH 4.4、底物浓度8.5×10^-3 mol/L、42℃温浴40 min测得该酶活性最强。影响碱性磷酸酯酶活性的关键因子则是缓冲液pH值,pH 9.0、37℃恒温30 min、底物7.5×10^-3 mol/L的条件下,光密度值最大。两种酶的最大吸收峰波长为405 nm。     

Localization of acetylcholinesterase in the rat myoneural junction

Summary The distribution of myoneural acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC. 3.1.1.7) was studied electron microscopically with the copper ferricyanide method at pH 6.0, using acetylthiocholine iodide as substrate and iso-OMPA to exclude other cholinesterase activity.It was observed that the results obtained with this method are affected by changes in the reaction temperature, inhibitor concentration and fixation time. Changes which retard the rate of hydrolysis of AChE were observed to transfer the localization of the reaction endproduct in intact junctions from the extracellular side of the postsynaptic membrane to the intracellular side of the postsynaptic membrane. From the results it is concluded that the site of most intense AChE corresponds to the region of increased subsarcolemmal electron density of the postsynaptic membrane.     

脱氧鬼臼毒素对美洲大蠊的毒力及几种酶系的影响

采用药膜法测试了脱氧鬼臼毒素对美洲大蠊Periplaneta americana初孵若虫的触杀活性,并测定了其对成虫中枢神经系统乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）和腺苷三磷酸酶(ATPase)离体活性的影响。结果表明：脱氧鬼臼毒素对美洲大蠊初孵若虫具有较强的毒杀活性,在接触时间24、48、72和96 h 的LC₅₀分别为26.26、4.68、1.51和0.62 μg/cm²;其对AChE没有明显影响; 对Na⁺ -K⁺ -ATPase有明显抑制作用,并存在浓度 效应关系,IC₅₀为44.9 μmol/L; 对Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATPase表现出低剂量激活,高剂量抑制的现象。结果提示美洲大蠊的AChE不是脱氧鬼臼毒素靶标,而ATPase可能是脱氧鬼臼毒素的重要靶标之一。     

利用正交设计优化小苍兰ISSR-PCR反应体系

通过L₁₆(4⁵)正交试验,研究了镁离子浓度、dNTP浓度、模板DNA浓度、Taq DNA聚合酶浓度、引物浓度这5个因素在4个水平上对ISSR-PCR的影响,建立了适合于小苍兰ISSR-PCR的反应体系。优化体系为：25 μL PCR反应体系中含有1×Taq酶缓冲液(10 mmol·L^-1 KCl,8 mmol·L^-1(NH₄)₂SO₄,10 mmol·L^-1 Tris·HCl,pH 9.0,0.05% NP-40),2 mmol·L^-1 MgCl₂,0.06 U·μL^-1 Taq酶,0.4 μmol·L^-1引物,4.0 ng·μL^-1模板DNA,dATP、dCTP、dGTP、dTTP各0.6 mmol·L^-1。利用温度梯度PCR,确定了最适宜的退火温度为51.5℃。该优化体系的建立为下一步对小苍兰进行ISSR分子标记奠定了基础。     

粘虫中肠α-淀粉酶活性测定方法的参数优化

针对粘虫Mythimna separata中肠α-淀粉酶筛选了11种不同参数组合的3，5－二硝基水杨酸活性测定方法，并对其中最适组合的各个参数进行了优化。结果表明：在离体测定条件下，粘虫中肠α-淀粉酶活性的最优化测定参数为0.03 mol/L 磷酸盐缓冲液（pH 8.0，含有55 mmol/L NaCl）、温度45℃、吸收波长480 nm。Ca²⁺对α-淀粉酶活性具有抑制作用。该优化法能够显著降低粘虫、德国小蠊Blattella germanica、黄粉虫Tenebrio molitor、淡色库蚊Culex pipiens pallens和家蝇Musca domestica等昆虫α-淀粉酶的米氏常数K_m值，且粘虫和德国小蠊α-淀粉酶的V_max值增大，但黄粉虫、淡色库蚊和家蝇α-淀粉酶的V_max值均明显减小。结果说明，在该优化体系下，粘虫α-淀粉酶与底物的亲和力增强，最大反应速度增大，测定酶活性的准确性和灵敏度显著提高；同时该优化体系也可作为测定德国小蠊α-淀粉酶活性的优化方法，但不适合作为黄粉虫、淡色库蚊和家蝇α-淀粉酶的最优化测定方法。     

Control of Glutamate Dehydrogenase from Green Tobacco Callus Mitochondria by Ca2$ and pH

Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) (EC 1.4.1.3 [EC] .) purified from greentobacco callus mitochondria was activated markedly by Ca^2$ inthe amination reaction. This activation was detectable evenat concentrations below 5 µM Ca^2$. Saturation curves for the three substrates of the aminationreaction showed normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics in the presenceof 1 mM of Ca^2$, but pronounced substrate inhibition occurredwithout Ca^2$. The effect of Ca^2$ was chiefly on the maximalvelocity. The saturation curve for NH₄Cl in the presence of Ca^2$ was modulatedby a change in pH. The apparent K_m value for NH₄Cl markedlydecreased whereas that for -ketoglutarate increased slightlywhen the pH was raised from 7.3 to 9.0. In contrast, the K_mfor NADH was little affected by raising the pH. The characteristicof GDH which increases its affinity for NH₄Cl when the pH israised may be compatible with the detoxification of ammonia. ¹ Present address: Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Received August 24, 1981; Accepted November 28, 1981)     

Characterization of cholinesterase of muscularis muscle of Bufo marinus

We have characterized the cholinesterase (ChE) of muscularis muscle of Bufo marinus by selectively using specific inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase and pseudocholinesterase and observing susceptibility to inhibition when substrate is present in excess. The ChE activity in this preparation due to acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and pseudocholinesterase (BuChE) was 90 and 10%, respectively. The optimum temperature and pH for the ChE were 38 degrees C and 7.4, respectively and the excess substrate inhibition was noted above a pS of 2.6. The Km for acetylthiocholine (ASCh) was 0.76 X 10(-4) M.     

The Ascidian Sperm Reaction

SYNOPSIS. Ascidian sperm are simplified by omission of the midpieceand proximal centriole with the single mitochondrion locatednext to the nucleus in the head. Small acrosome- like vesiclesappear in some species but their distribution is unclear. Spermstructure correlates well with the location of fertilization;members of the orders Phlebobranchiata and Stolidobranchiatawith external fertilization have sperm with short heads andlong tails, while sperm from the exclusively internally fertilizingAplousobranchiata have relatively longer heads and shorter tails. The mitochondrion swells when the sperm contacts the chorion,then translocates along the tail as it enters the chorion tobe discarded when the tail disappears inside. Structural changesalso occur in the anterior sperm head that have been interpretedas an acrosome reaction. Proteolytic enzymes are involved inpenetration of the chorion. The mitochondrial transformationis under control of intracellular pH and Ca²⁺ levels with thesperm releasing H⁺ and taking up Ca²⁺ during the sperm reaction.Acid release is from inactivation of a Na⁺ requiring acidificationsystem and triggering of a Cl^– releasing HCO₃ requiringacid release system. An increase in intracellular pH increasesthe permeability to Ca²⁺, resulting in increased intracellularCa²⁺, the proximal trigger to the mitochondrial reaction.