B群脑膜炎球菌多组分疫苗研究进展

目前获准上市的流脑疫苗主要有A群、A+C群脑膜炎球菌疫苗及A,C,W-135及Y群的四价脑膜炎球菌疫苗,B群脑膜炎球菌疫苗尚未研制成功。近年来,研究人员以疫苗外膜蛋白为基础,应用反向疫苗学技术对B群脑膜炎球菌疫苗进行了大量研究,现重点对B群脑膜炎球菌多组分疫苗的研究进展予以综述。     

B群脑膜炎球菌外膜囊菌苗的免疫反应

由Ｂ群脑膜炎球菌所致的侵袭性感染是许多国家发病和死亡的重要原因,控制脑膜炎球菌感染和疾病的重要挑战是研制预防Ｂ群脑膜炎球菌感染的菌苗。Ｂ群脑膜炎球菌多无免疫原性,故目前的研究试图主要针对该菌外膜蛋白或脂多糖产生的免疫反应,本文对Ｂ群脑膜炎球菌外膜囊菌苗在动物和人类的免疫反应进行了综述。     

B群脑膜炎球菌多组分疫苗在青少年中的免疫原性和耐受性

<正>背景:有效的抗A、C、W-135和Y群脑膜炎球菌的糖结合苗已经开发出来,但在世界上B群脑膜炎球菌在婴幼儿和青少年中仍是引起侵袭性疾病主要原因。本项研究评估了4组分疫苗(4CMenB)在青少年中的免疫原性和耐受性。     

A+W群脑膜炎球菌外膜囊泡疫苗的临床前免疫原性和功能活性研究及其和现有疫苗的比较

<正>脑膜炎球菌A群和W群是撒哈拉沙漠以南非洲地区细菌性脑膜炎疾病流行暴发的主要原因。在本研究中,我们由非洲脑膜炎球菌A群和W群的代表性菌株制备得到了A+W群脑膜炎球菌外膜囊泡(d OMV)疫苗,并在小鼠体内比较了这种疫苗和现有的脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗及结合疫苗的免疫原性。使用临床前批次的A+W群d OMV疫苗以及商业化应用的疫苗对NMRI小鼠进行免疫,这些疫     

婴幼儿初免和加强免疫接种四价脑膜炎球菌蛋白结合疫苗后B淋巴细胞应答

<正>四价脑膜炎球菌多糖-CRM197蛋白结合疫苗对婴幼儿有免疫效果。我们评估了婴幼儿初免和加强免疫该疫苗后的记忆性B淋巴细胞应答和抗体应答水平。5个月龄的婴幼儿初免疫苗后,有25%的婴幼儿体内可以检测到血清特异性记忆性B淋巴细胞,69%的婴幼儿体内可检测到针对A群脑膜炎球菌的保护性抗体滴度(hSBA≥4),超过95%的婴幼儿体内可以检测到针对其他群脑膜炎球菌的保护性抗体滴度。12个月龄的婴幼儿在进行加强免疫前,针对A群脑膜炎球菌的保护性抗体滴度     

人对荚膜和无芙膜奈瑟氏脑膜炎球菌表面抗原的类特异性杀菌抗体

<正>杀菌抗体是脑膜炎球菌引起的败血症和脑膜炎的主要保护性抗体,它是由脑膜炎球菌带菌者或隐性感染者接触脑膜炎球菌的荚膜多糖或外膜表面抗原产生的,也可由奈瑟氏Lactamica菌或具有与脑膜炎球菌表面多糖抗原有交叉的细菌产生,为大肠杆菌KI—SB群脑膜炎菌有一样的荚膜多糖。     

B群脑膜炎单抗原疫苗能否出现

<正>脑膜炎仍旧是一种健康问题,因为还没有抗B群脑膜炎球菌的疫苗,B群脑膜炎球菌是引起脑膜炎疾病最常见的细菌。感染了脑膜炎的个体常常遭受到脑损伤、弱智、听力丧失、肢残,甚至死亡。脑膜炎病是全球的重大公共卫生问题,特别是对于婴幼     

脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌疫苗

本章主要介绍疫苗发展前景中提到的A群、C群脑膜炎球菌结合疫苗和B群蛋白质疫苗。关于脑膜炎球菌疫苗发展史的综述发表于1995年。     

破伤风类毒素-细菌多糖结合疫苗中载体蛋白识别的结构性标志物

正细菌性脑膜炎的全球负担主要是由于奈瑟脑膜炎球菌和肺炎链球菌的侵袭性感染造成的。发达国家在1987年引入b型流感嗜血杆菌(Hib)结合疫苗前,Hib是许多细菌性脑膜炎的病因。Hib结合疫苗降低了Hib发病率达80%或更多,这依赖于疫苗的普及程度。单价脑膜炎球菌C群(Men C)疫苗于1999—2000年上市,在英国降低了由Men C引起的侵袭性脑膜炎球菌病90%以上。现在有3个上市     

脑膜炎球菌疫苗血清学评价的相关研究进展

研究证明,脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖、多糖蛋白结合物以及外膜蛋白等物质都能够诱导产生抗体,帮助保护机体抵御脑膜炎球菌疾病。阐述了脑膜炎球菌疫苗研制过程中特异性抗体的检测方法以及在疫苗效果评价中的意义,指出在脑膜炎球菌疫苗的效果评价中,抗体含量以及功能性抗体活性的检测是重要指标,为疫苗的市场应用提供了依据。     

Vaccine development against Neisseria meningitidis

Meningococcal disease is communicable by close contact or droplet aerosols. Striking features are high case fatality rates and peak incidences of invasive disease in infants, toddlers and adolescents. Vaccine development is hampered by bacterial immune evasion strategies including molecular mimicry. As for Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae, no vaccine has therefore been developed that targets all serogroups of Neisseria meningitidis. Polysaccharide vaccines available both in protein conjugated and non‐conjugated form, have been introduced against capsular serogroups A, C, W‐135 and Y, but are ineffective against serogroup B meningococci, which cause a significant burden of disease in many parts of the world. Detoxified outer membrane vesicles are used since decades to elicit protection against epidemic serogroup B disease. Genome mining and biochemical approaches have provided astounding progress recently in the identification of immunogenic, yet reasonably conserved outer membrane proteins. As subcapsular proteins nevertheless are unlikely to immunize against all serogroup B variants, thorough investigation by surrogate assays and molecular epidemiology approaches are needed prior to introduction and post‐licensure of protein vaccines. Research currently addresses the analysis of life vaccines, meningococcus B polysaccharide modifications and mimotopes, as well as the use of N. lactamica outer membrane vesicles.     

Synthesis and biological properties of polysaccharide-peptide conjugates as potential antigens for a vaccine against meningococci of serogroups A and B

A new approach to the development of a vaccine against meningococci of serogroups A and B was proposed. It involves the synthesis of conjugates of high-molecular capsule polysaccharides of the serogroup A meningococcus (PsA) with earlier synthesized protective fragments of membrane proteins from serogroup B meningococci. The conjugates were synthesized using a method that consists of the generation of aldehyde groups by oxidizing free vicinal hydroxyl groups of PsA and subsequent reaction of these groups with amino groups of the peptide. The reaction proceeds with the intermediate formation of the Schiff base, which is reduced to the stable secondary amine. The main parameters of the reaction were optimized in the synthesis of a PsA conjugate with a model peptide and methods of their characterization were developed. The reproducibility and efficiency of the synthetic procedure were demonstrated by the example of synthesis of PsA conjugates with fragments of protein PorA from the outer membrane of the serogroup B meningococcus. It was shown that, when administered without adjuvant, a conjugate of PsA with a protective peptide, which represents an exposed conserved fragment 306–332 of protein PorA, stimulates the formation of antibodies to the peptide and polysaccharide moieties of the molecule and is also capable of decreasing the degree of bacteremia in animals infected with serogroup A and serogroup B meningococci. The approach can be applied to the development of a complex vaccine for serogroup A and serogroup B meningococci.     

Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines: A review

Polysaccharides produced by Neisseria meningitidis are pharmaceutically important molecules, and are the active components of vaccines against N. meningitidis serogroups A, C, W135 and Y. Effective vaccines based on capsular polysaccharide, polysaccharide conjugates and outer membrane vesicles have been developed for strains expressing capsular polysaccharides that define the sero groups A, C, Y and W135. However, conventional approaches to develop a vaccine for group B strains have been largely unsuccessful. This review focuses on the various aspects of fermentative production of meningococcal polysaccharide from N. meningitidis, methods of conjugation for improving the immunogenicity of polysaccharide vaccine, and efficient and cost effective methods for the purification of N. meningitidis capsular polysaccharide and outer membrane vesicles. In addition, different analytical techniques for the quantitative determination of polysaccharide vaccine and evaluation of structural integrity of conjugate vaccine have been described.     

The impact of protein-conjugate polysaccharide vaccines: an endgame for meningitis?

The development and implementation of conjugate polysaccharide vaccines against invasive bacterial diseases, specifically those caused by the encapsulated bacteria Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae, has been one of the most effective public health innovations of the last 25 years. These vaccines have resulted in significant reductions in childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide, with their effectiveness due in large part to their ability to induce long-lasting immunity in a range of age groups. At the population level this immunity reduces carriage and interrupts transmission resulting in herd immunity; however, these beneficial effects can be counterbalanced by the selection pressures that immunity against carriage can impose, potentially promoting the emergence and spread of virulent vaccine escape variants. Studies following the implementation of meningococcal serogroup C vaccines improved our understanding of these effects in relation to the biology of accidental pathogens such as the meningococcus. This understanding has enabled the refinement of the implementation of conjugate polysaccharide vaccines against meningitis-associated bacteria, and will be crucial in maintaining and improving vaccine control of these infections. To date there is little evidence for the spread of virulent vaccine escape variants of the meningococcus and H. influenzae, although this has been reported in pneumococci.     

Prediction and characterization of T-cell epitopes for epitope vaccine design from outer membrane protein of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B

Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B (MC58) is a leading cause of meningitis and septicaemia, principally infects the infants and adolescents. No vaccine is available for the prevention of these infections because the serogroup B capsular polysaccharide is unable to stimulate an immune response, due to its similarity with polysialic acid. To overcome these obstacles, we proposed to develop a peptide based epitope vaccine from outer membrane protein contained in outer membrane vesicles (OMV) based on our computational analysis. In OMV a total of 236 proteins were identified, only 15 (6.4%) of which were predicted to be located in outer membrane. The major requirement is the identification and selection of T-cell epitopes that act as a vaccine target. We have selected 13 out of 15 outer membrane proteins from OMV proteins. Due to similarity of the fkpA and omp85 with the human FKBP2 and SAMM50 protein, we removed these two sequences from the analysis as their presence in the vaccine is likely to elicit an autoimmune response. ProPred and ProPred1 were used to predict promiscuous helper T Lymphocytes (HTL) and cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL) epitopes and MHCPred for their binding affinity in N. meningitidis serogroup B (MC58), respectively. Binding peptides (epitopes) are distinguished from nonbinding peptides in properties such as amino acid preference on the basis of amino acid composition. By using this dataset, we compared physico-chemical and structural properties at amino acid level through amino acid composition, computed from ProtParam server. Results indicate that porA, porB, opc, rmpM, mtrE and nspA are more suitable vaccine candidates. The predicted peptides are expected to be useful in the design of multi-epitope vaccines without compromising the human population coverage.     

Persistence of Hyperinvasive Meningococcal Strain Types during Global Spread as Recorded in the PubMLST Database

Neisseria meningitidis is a major cause of septicaemia and meningitis worldwide. Most disease in Europe, the Americas and Australasia is caused by meningococci expressing serogroup B capsules, but no vaccine against this polysaccharide exists. Potential candidates for ‘serogroup B substitute’ vaccines are outer membrane protein antigens including the typing antigens PorA and FetA. The web-accessible PubMLST database (www.pubmlst.org) was used to investigate the temporal and geographical patterns of associations among PorA and FetA protein variants and lineages defined by combinations of housekeeping genes, known as clonal complexes. The sample contained 3460 isolates with genotypic information from 57 countries over a 74 year period. Although shifting associations among antigen variants and clonal complexes were evident, a subset of strain types associated with several serogroups persisted for decades and proliferated globally. Genetic stability among outer membrane proteins of serogroup A meningococci has been described previously, but here long-lived genetic associations were also observed among meningococci belonging to serogroups B and C. The patterns of variation were consistent with behaviour predicted by models that invoke inter-strain competition mediated by immune selection. There was also substantial geographic and temporal heterogeneity in antigenic repertoires, providing both opportunities and challenges for the design of broad coverage protein-based meningococcal vaccines.     

Outer membrane vesicles of the VA-MENGOC-BC vaccine against serogroup B of Neisseria meningitidis: Analysis of protein components by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry

Neisseria meningitidis is a Gram-negative bacterium responsible for significant mortality worldwide. While effective polysaccharides-based vaccines exist against serogroups A, C, W135, and Y, no similar vaccine is suitable for children under 4 years against disease caused by serogroup B strains. Therefore, major vaccine efforts against this serogroup are based on outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), containing major outer membrane proteins. The OMV-based vaccine produced by the Finlay Institute in Cuba (VA-MENGOC-BC) contributed to the rapid decline of the epidemic in this Caribbean island. While the content of major proteins in this vaccine has been discussed, no detailed work of an outer membrane proteomic map of this, or any other, commercially available OMV-derived product has been published so far. Since OMVs exhibit a large bias toward a few major proteins and usually contain a high content of lipids, establishing the adequate conditions for high resolution, 2-DE of this kind of preparation was definitely a technical challenge. In this work, 2-DE and MS have been used to generate a proteomic map of this product, detailing the presence of 31 different proteins, and it allows the identification of new putative protective protein components it contains.     

In vivo human immune response to transferrin-binding protein 2 and other iron-regulated proteins of Neisseria meningitidis

Abstract When grown under iron restriction, Neisseria meningitidis expresses new outer-membrane proteins, some of which are antigenic and potentially useful as vaccine components. This is particularly relevant to N. meningitidis serogroup B, against which neither polysaccharide nor conjugate vaccines are effective. We investigated recognition of N. meningitidis serogroup B outer-membrane antigens by three sera from patients recovered from meningitis. Recognition of antigens from the homologous strain provided information on in vivo expression during infection and immunogenicity, while cross-reactivity with outer membrane proteins from the other two strains and from another five strains in our collection allowed evaluation of antigenic heterogeneity. Our results demonstrate that transferrin-binding protein 2 (TBP2) is immunogenic in humans, to varying degrees depending on the strain, and that TBP2s (like the equivalent proteins of Haemophilus influenzae type b) are among the most important iron-regulated outer membrane antigens expressed during infection. Other immunogenic outer membrane proteins (some iron-regulated) are also expressed during infection; in a previous study in mouse, three of these proteins (with M _r of 50, 70 and 77 kDa) did not induce an immune response. Our cross-reactivity data provide some support for Robki et al.'s two-group classification of N. meningitidis strains, and provide evidence against the possibility that the antigenic domains shared by the TBP2s of all N . meningitidis strains induce immune responses in vivo.     

Postgenomics of Neisseria meningitidis for vaccines development

Meningococcal disease is a global problem. Multivalent (A, C, Y, W135) conjugate vaccines have been developed and licensed; however, an effective vaccine against serogroup B has not yet become available. Outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccines have been used to disrupt serogroup B epidemics and outbreaks. Postgenomic technologies have been useful in aiding the discovery of new protein vaccine candidates. Moreover, proteomic technologies enable large-scale identification of membrane and surface-associated proteins, and provide suitable methods to characterize and standardize the antigen composition of OMV-based vaccines.