根田鼠的熟悉性及其自然动情下的配偶选择

报道了在室内雌鼠自然动情条件下根田鼠两性个体配偶选择的3种熟悉性效应的5组实验结果,包括雌性对熟悉和陌生雄鼠、配偶和陌生雄鼠、配偶和熟悉雄鼠的择偶行为实验 , 雄性对熟悉和陌生雌鼠、配偶和陌生雌鼠的择偶行为实验。在实验前, 将1对性成熟的雌雄鼠 (非亲缘关系) 每天关养8 h 共8 d 建立熟悉性; 配对雌雄鼠至少生育1胎则为配偶关系。在 Y 形迷宫内的30 min 实验中, 两个被选择鼠分别以项链拴在横跨选择箱顶端中央的一根铁丝上, 限制它们在各自箱内活动; 而允许异性选择鼠从中立箱自由进入两个选择箱。记录选择鼠对异性被选择鼠的访问、社会探究、攻击、交配和友好行为的频次和时间。经Wilcoxon 关联样本 T 检验发现, 除交配行为不显著外, 雌性根田鼠均选择熟悉性较高的雄鼠; 而雄鼠不具这种选择性。该结果提示雌雄根田鼠的不同择偶行为也许就是反映该种婚配制度特征的直接行为过程。因此, 在择偶行为中, 雌性根田鼠表现的单配性倾向和雄鼠的多配性倾向, 只能以其婚配制度为一雄多雌制的假设来解释。我们的实验还说明在多配制田鼠中, 一雄多雌制与混交制在雌鼠择偶行为上是不同的, 而与单配制的相似或相近, 故简单地比较多配制与单配制则不能反映田鼠亚科动物婚配制度的多样性。     

布氏田鼠的择偶行为

在实验室通过布氏田鼠对配偶与陌生异性鼠,已交配「刚刚和别的雌（雄）鼠进行交配」和未效配异性鼠,熟悉和陌生异性鼠三种情况下配偶选择的实验研究。结果表明;雌性布氏田鼠对与配偶的造反地要多于陌生雄鼠;虽然对陌生和熟悉雄鼠选择差异不显著,但对陌生鼠的选择强度要高于熟悉雄鼠;同时对已交配和未交配雄鼠的选择地显著差异。     

熟悉性对棕色田鼠和根田鼠择偶行为的影响

以两性配对共居至交配或生仔作不同熟悉处理,在Y字型选择箱中分别观察棕色田鼠,根田鼠的择偶行为和配偶识别。结果如下：（1）棕色田鼠雌雄两性均表现出对熟悉异性或配偶的喜好倾向;（2）在根 中,只有雌性表现出对熟悉雄鼠或配偶的选择倾向,雄鼠无明显的选择取向;（3）每种雌性田鼠对2种熟悉性不同的同种雄性的嗅舔时间均有显著差异性,而每种雄性田鼠对2种熟悉性不同的同种雌性的嗅舔时间均无显著差异性。这些结果表明：（1）熟悉性对棕色田鼠择偶行为的影响大于对根田鼠的影响;（2）嗅舔时间差别可反映不同田鼠的配偶识别能力,熟悉性对棕色田鼠配偶识别能力的影响大于对根田鼠的影响;（3）2种田鼠配偶识别的性别差异的一致性,提示这2种田鼠的雌性配偶识别能力均强于雄性田鼠,而雌鼠的配偶识别能力可能取决于雌鼠受酱或分娩刺激的生理状态;（4）棕色田鼠室内所表现的择偶行为的两性熟悉性特征与其单配制有关,根田鼠所表现的择偶行为的雌性熟悉性特征与其一雄多雌制有关。     

熟悉性对棕色田鼠和根田鼠择偶行为的影响

以两性配对共居至交配或生仔作不同熟悉处理,在Y字型选择箱中分别观察棕色田鼠、根田鼠的择偶行为和配偶识别.结果如下:(1)棕色田鼠雌雄两性均表现出对熟悉异性或配偶的喜好倾向;(2)在根田鼠中,只有雌性表现出对熟悉雄鼠或配偶的选择倾向,雄鼠无明确的选择取向;(3)每种雌性田鼠对2种熟悉性不同的同种雄性的嗅舔时间均有显著差异性,而每种雄性田鼠对2种熟悉性不同的同种雌性的嗅舔时间均无显著差异性.这些结果表明:(1)熟悉性对棕色田鼠择偶行为的影响大于对根田鼠的影响;(2)嗅舔时间差异可反映不同田鼠的配偶识别能力,熟悉性对棕色田鼠配偶识别能力的影响大于对根田鼠的影响;(3)2种田鼠配偶识别的性别差异的一致性,提示这2种田鼠的雌性配偶识别能力均强于雄性田鼠,而雌鼠的配偶识别能力可能取决于雌鼠受交配或分娩刺激的生理状态; (4)棕色田鼠室内所表现的择偶行为的两性熟悉性特征与其单配制有关,根田鼠所表现的择偶行为的雌性熟悉性特征与其一雄多雌制有关.     

雄性布氏田鼠对不同熟悉程度和动情状态下雌鼠气味的辨别

通过雄性布氏田鼠（Microtus brandti)对配偶和陌生雌鼠气味的辨别实验发现：（1）雌鼠动情状况对雄鼠气味行为反应的影响,当配偶雌鼠处于动情期时,被试雄鼠对动情陌生雌鼠巢垫物的溴闻和舔舐的持续时间都明显多于对非动情陌生雌鼠巢垫物的嗅闻和舔舐时间,而其他行为没有明显判别当配偶雌鼠处于非动情期时,雄鼠对动情的和非动情的陌生雌鼠的气味行为反应都没有明显判别当陌生雌鼠处于动情期时,被试雄鼠对动情配偶气味的嗅闻时间明显多于对非动情配偶的嗅闻时间,而其他行为反应没有明显差异;当陌生雌鼠处于非动情期时,被试雄鼠对动情配偶雌鼠巢垫物的嗅闻时间,挖掘频次,舔舐频次和时间都明显多于对非动情配偶气味的嗅闻,而且雄鼠在动情配偶气味周围搔扒体侧行为的发生频次和持续时间也多于在非动情配偶气味周围的搔扒行为;（2）熟悉性对雄鼠气味行为反应的影响,当配偶雌鼠和陌生雌鼠都处于动情期或都处于非动情期时,被试雄鼠对陌生雌鼠气味的探究行为（嗅问、挖掘和舔噬）和搔扒体侧行为明显多于对配偶雌鼠气味的探究;雄鼠访问陌生雌鼠气味源箱的频次和在其中的停留时间也都多于访问配偶雌鼠气味源箱的频次和停留时间;当配偶雌鼠处于动情期而陌生雌鼠处于非动情期时,被试雄鼠对配偶气味的嗅闻,挖掘和自身修饰行为明显多于对陌生雌鼠气味的行为反应,进入配偶气味源箱中的访问频次也多于进入陌生雌鼠气味源箱的访问频次。结果说明：雌鼠与被试雄鼠的熟悉程度和雌鼠的动情状况直接影响雄性布氏田鼠的社会探究和气味选择行为,即雄鼠偏好并选择动情雌鼠和陌生雌鼠,雄性布氏田鼠对雌鼠气味的行为反应也表现出田鼠属动物典型的多配制种类特征。     

布氏田鼠婚配制度的研究进展

简述了动物婚配制度的分类、适应意义及研究方法,然后从布氏田鼠的巢域行为、双亲行为、配偶选择、嗅觉通讯和其他相关方面回顾了已有的研究工作,最后结合布氏田鼠的野外生态和社会因素探讨了该鼠的婚配制度,提出该鼠为兼性的一雄多雌制种类。     

棕色田鼠脑中雌激素α受体分布和社会互作的两性差异

通过记录分析雌雄棕色田鼠同性间的社会互作并用免疫组织化学方法对雌激素α受体（ERα）在雌雄棕色田鼠脑内的分布进行定位,以揭示ERα在不同性别棕色田鼠社会行为中的调控作用。结果发现：雌性棕色田鼠攻击行为显著多于雄性;雌性棕色田鼠亲密行为明显少于雄性,差异极显著;此外,雌性棕色田鼠的防御行为极显著多于雄性。免疫组织化学结果显示：ERα免疫阳性细胞主要分布在弓状核（ARC）、杏仁内侧核（MeA）、杏仁中央核（Ce）、下丘脑视前区（MPOA）、下丘脑腹内侧核（VMH）和终纹床核（BST）,其中ERα在BST、MPOA、MeA和Ce中的分布存在着极显著性二型性,且雌性田鼠表达的ERα较多;在ARC中的分布也存在显著性二型性,雄性田鼠表达的ERα多于雌性田鼠;ERα在VMH中的分布无明显的性二型性。结果揭示了雌雄棕色田鼠在同性间社会互作中攻击、防御以及亲密行为存在显著差异,而ERα在雌雄棕色田鼠脑内的分布模式也有显著性差异,社会互作和ERα免疫阳性细胞分布的两性差异都呈现单配制鼠类的特征,ERα在大脑分布模式的两性差别和不同种类间的差别可能是单配制啮齿类呈现相关生殖和社会行为的一个重要机制[动物学报54（6）：1020-1028,2008]。     

黄毛鼠婚配制度初探:熟悉性对两性间行为的影响

为探究黄毛鼠的婚配制度,通过雌雄黄毛鼠对熟悉和陌生异性鼠的选择实验和遭遇实验,分析了熟悉性对两性间行为的影响.结果发现,选择实验中雌鼠对陌生雄鼠的关注频次比对熟悉雄鼠的更多;遭遇实验中尽管雌鼠探究和自身修饰行为、雄鼠的活动和攻击行为在遭遇熟悉或陌生异性鼠时有差异,但雌雄鼠的友好行为均无显著差异,暗示黄毛鼠是多配制,但需...     

棕色田鼠对熟悉和陌生异性尿液的识别

本文通过直接接触和非直接接触尿液的方式,探讨了棕色田鼠尿液中挥发性和非挥发性成分在气味识别中的作用。结果表明:在直接接触的情况下,棕色田鼠对熟悉异性鼠的尿液表现出明显的选择倾向;在非接触情况下这种倾向不明显;雌雄棕色田鼠在非接触情况下共处后,在直接接触尿液时,雌雄鼠都对异性熟悉鼠的尿液表现出明显的选择倾向。通过实验发现:棕色田鼠不但能够在直接接触的情况下识别熟悉和陌生异性鼠尿液,而且能够通过感知个体产生的挥发性化学物质而对陌生的异性个体形成记忆,在以后通过其尿液对其进行识别,而在此过程中尿液中非挥发性成分可能也起着一定作用。     

棕色田鼠幼仔对双亲气味的行为反应

利用双向气味选择实验,观察了10日龄、14日龄、18日龄以及22日龄的棕色田鼠(Lasiopodomys mandarinus)幼仔对双亲底物和陌生鼠底物的行为反应,探讨了幼仔对双亲气味辨别的行为发育。10日龄的幼仔对双亲底物与陌生鼠底物没有显著偏好;14日龄和18日龄的幼仔对双亲底物的访问、嗅闻、滞留和挖掘行为均显著多于陌生鼠底物(P<0.05);22日龄的幼仔对双亲底物的嗅闻和挖掘行为显著多于陌生鼠底物(P<0.05),但对双亲底物与陌生鼠底物的访问和滞留没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。说明棕色田鼠幼仔在断乳前已完全能够辨别双亲气味和陌生气味,但随着日龄增加,22日龄的幼仔对陌生气味的偏好有上升趋势。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.