洋葱"昌激99-3"的激光诱变选育

采用CO2和He-Ne两种激光的三种剂量,分别辐照两个洋葱品种的湿种子,从He-Ne和CO2激光辐照元谋洋葱变异后代中选育出高产、优质、多抗、适应性较强的红皮洋新品种“昌激99-3”,经专家组实地验收亩产达9186.7Kg,是红皮洋葱经专家正式验收的全国最高产量。     

红皮洋葱"昌激99-3"的激光诱变选育

采用两种激光的三种剂量,分别辐照两个红皮洋葱品种的种子,从He-Ne和c02激光辐照云南元谋本地洋葱的变异后代中选育出高产、优质、多抗、适应性较强的红皮洋葱新品种“昌激99．3”,经专家组实地验收667m^2产量达9186．7kg,属红皮洋葱经专家正式验收的全国最高产量。     

激光诱变洋葱生理效应研究Ⅱ

采用CO2和He-Ne两种激光的三种剂量,分别辐照两个洋葱品种的湿种子,采用生理生化的方法,从净同化率,净光合速率,呼吸速率,蛋白质含量等四个方面研究洋葱各处理的生物学效应。结果表明：He-Ne激光辐照洋葱的净同化率,净光合速率,呼吸速率,蛋白质含量的变异大于CO2激光辐照,采用He-Ne激光辐照洋葱容易从其变异后代中选择出高产,优质的优良变异株,进而育成符合育种目标的优良新品种。     

激光辐照洋葱L1代的生理效应研究

采用ＣＯ２和Ｈｅ－Ｎｅ两种激光的三种剂量,分别辐照两个洋葱品种的湿种子,采用生理生化的方法,从过氧化氢酶、叶绿素、总糖总量等三个方面考查研究洋葱Ｌ１各处理的生物学效应。结果表明：Ｈｅ－Ｎｅ激光辐照洋葱Ｌ１代的过氧化氢酶、叶绿素、总糖含量的变异大于ＣＯ２激光辐照,可作为激光诱导变洋葱育种参考。     

激光诱变洋葱L2代主要性状的回归分析初探

采用CO2和He—Ne两种激光的三种剂量,分别辐照两个洋葱品种的湿种子,试验随机区组设计,重复3次,利用生物统计学的方法,从个体水平上考查激光诱变洋葱L2代的鳞茎鲜重、横径等主要性状的回归关系和遗传变异。结果表明：洋葱鳞茎的横径、纵径、单株生物产量与鳞茎鲜重间的回归关系显著,横径的作用大于纵径,育种中应重视鳞茎横径的选择。     

优质高产小麦品种鲁麦16号

1 来源 鲁麦16号是山东省济宁市农科所以高八为母本,偃大72—629为父本,有性杂交,F_1代种子用激光处理,经选育而成。1990年经山东省作物品种审定委员会审定命名。该品种是采用激光手段育成的全国少数几个优质小麦品种之一,经国内同行专家鉴定,主要品质指标达国内先进水平,其丰产性、农艺性状和综合抗性在山东省目前的几个优质品种(系)中为最好的一个,1991年获济宁市科技进步一等奖,1992年农业部将其列入扩繁新品种名单,同年获北京国际发明展览会银奖。     

激光诱变洋葱L2代主要性状的多重回归分析

采用CO22和He-Ne两种激光的三种剂量,分别辐照两个洋葱品种的湿种子,试验采用随机区组设计,重复三次,利用生物统计学的方法,从个体水平上考查激光诱变洋葱L2代的鳞茎鲜重,横茎等主要性状的回归分析和遗传变异。结果表明：洋葱鳞茎的横茎、纵茎、单株生物产量与鳞茎鲜重间的回归关系显著,横茎的作用大于纵茎,育种中应重视鳞茎、横茎的选择。     

豫麦36号种子萌发和幼苗期一些抗旱生理指标检测资料

豫麦 36号是河南农业大学小麦育种研究室用 (百农 32 1 7×豫麦 1号 )×陕农 785 9杂交选育而成的半冬性抗旱耐瘠小麦新品种 ,1 995年经河南省作物品种审定委员会审定命名。经多年旱地试验显示 ,该品种具有抗旱、耐瘠薄、抗病 (条绣、叶枯病 )、产量高的优势 ,在河南省生产实验     

冀豆四号的选育与创新利用

冀豆4号是邯郸市农业科学院通过有性杂交选育出的集优质、高产、抗病和适应性广等优良性状于一体的大豆品种。该品种于1990年获得国家科技进步三等奖。利用冀豆4号及其衍生材料,通过杂交育种、诱变等手段,河北、山西、陕西3省育成了16个品种通过省审或国审,其中国审品种7个、高油品种5个,脂肪含量为21.79%~23.97%。育成的品种适宜我国黄淮和北方两大大豆主产区种植,在大豆生产中发挥了重要作用。冀豆4号在育种上的广泛应用,证明其不仅是一个优良品种,也是难得的优异种质。筛选和培育优异种质是大豆品种选育的前提,也是大豆研究的重要基础性工作。     

快中子辐照结合组织培养培育花生新品种宇花7号

为开拓新的花生育种方法,对辐照诱变结合组织培养创造花生新种质、培育新品种进行了研究。以我国北方地区主栽花生品种鲁花11号成熟种子为试材,经快中子辐照处理后取种子胚小叶进行组织培养,通过胚胎发生途径获得再生苗。再生苗经嫁接驯化后移栽田间,83个单株获得种子。后代按系谱法进行选育,从83个再生植株后代中获得了107份突变体,分别在主茎高、分枝数、荚果形状和大小、种皮颜色、内种皮颜色、含油率、蛋白含量等性状上发生了明显变异。从突变体后代中选育出了低油早熟耐涝大花生新品种宇花7号,其产量比亲本鲁花11号增产14%以上;其含油率(47.0%)比鲁花11号低5.1个百分点。宇花7号2016年参加辽宁省新品种登记试验,比对照品种白沙1017平均增产13.8%。2018年通过了国家非主要农作物品种登记,登记号为"GPD花生(2018) 370105"。研究结果说明,辐照结合组织培养是创造花生新种质、培育新品种的有效方法。     

Requirement for peptidoglycan synthesis during sporulation of Bacillus subtilis.

Cultures of Bacillus subtilis were treated during sporulation with antibiotics (bacitracin and vancomycin) that affect peptidoglycan synthesis. The cells were resistant to the effects of the antibiotics only when the drugs were added about 2 h after the beginning of sporulation. This was about 1 h later than the escape time of a temperature-sensitive sporulation mutant that is unable to complete prespore septation. Similar experiments were done with a mutant temperature sensitive for peptidoglycan synthesis. This showed an escape curve similar to that shown by the antibiotics. When sporulating cells were treated with antibiotics, they produced alkaline phosphatase earlier than normal. Enzyme production was unaffected by inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis but was inhibited by chloramphenicol. Sporulation mutants that are unable to make alkaline phosphatase under normal conditions were able to make it in the presence of bacitracin. The alkaline phosphatase made under these conditions was under "sporulation-type" control since its synthesis was repressible by casein hydrolysate and unaffected by inorganic phosphate. When cells were treated with bacitracin in the growth medium as well as in the sporulation medium, alkaline phosphatase synthesis was at the same level as in an untreated control. A number of other antibiotics and surfactants were tested for the ability to cause premature production of the phosphatase of those tested, only taurodeoxycholate whowed this behavior. Moreover, incubation of cells with taurodeoxycholate in the growth medium as well as in the sporulation medium prevented premature enzyme production.     

Exogenous ethylene inhibits sprout growth in onion bulbs

Background and Aims

Exogenous ethylene has recently gained commercial interest as a sprouting inhibitor of onion bulbs. The role of ethylene in dormancy and sprouting of onions, however, is not known.

Methods

A cultivar (Allium cepa ‘Copra’) with a true period of dormancy was used. Dormant and sprouting states of onion bulbs were treated with supposedly saturating doses of ethylene or with the ethylene-action inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP). Initial sprouting was determined during storage at 18 °C by monitoring leaf blade elongation in a specific size class of leaf sheaths. Changes in ATP content and sucrose synthase activity in the sprout leaves, indicators of the sprouting state, were determined. CO₂ and ethylene production of onion bulbs during storage were recorded.

Key results

Exogenous ethylene suppressed sprout growth of both dormant and already sprouting onion bulbs by inhibiting leaf blade elongation. In contrast to this growth-inhibiting effect, ethylene stimulated CO₂ production by the bulbs about 2-fold. The duration of dormancy was not significantly affected by exogenous ethylene. However, treatment of dormant bulbs with 1-MCP caused premature sprouting.

Conclusions

Exogenous ethylene proved to be a powerful inhibitor of sprout growth in onion bulbs. The dormancy breaking effect of 1-MCP indicates a regulatory role of endogenous ethylene in onion bulb dormancy.Key words: Bulb dormancy, Allium cepa, onion, sprout growth, ethylene, CO₂ production, respiration, 1-methylcyclopropene     

Role of antioxidants in the survival of normal and vitiliginous avian melanocytes.

Mutant feather melanocytes from Barred Plymouth Rock (BPR) and White Leghorn (WL) chickens are currently being used as avian models of vitiligo. Feather melanocytes in BPR and WL chickens die prematurely in vivo due to low (50-66%) antioxidant glutathione and superoxide dismutase levels when compared to the wild type Jungle Fowl (JF) melanocytes. Excess superoxide anions, generated by xanthine:xanthine oxidase (X:XO), caused a 15-20% increase in mortality after 1 and 2 hrs. in all three genotypes of in vitro melanocytes as compared to control values that received no X:XO. Overall, the JF wild type melanocytes had the lowest mortality rate, WL melanocytes had the highest mortality rate and the BPR melanocytes had an intermediate mortality rate. Superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical production in the WL feather were double the production in the JF wild type feather. The production of reactive oxygen species in BPR was intermediate to the other two genotypes. In an effort to mimic the low antioxidant levels of the BPR and WL feathers in the JF feather, JF in vitro feather melanocytes were treated with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), a glutathione synthesis inhibitor. With BSO added to the medium, the JF mortality rates increased by 20-25%, reaching the mortality levels of the mutant BPR melanocytes. The addition of iron to the JF melanocyte X:XO medium increased their mortality rate by 20%, probably via the Fenton reaction. Thus, antioxidants play an extremely important role in both the viability of normal avian melanocytes and the premature death of the vitiliginous avian melanocytes. A working hypothesis, supported in part by the current results, is that the premature death of the mutant melanocytes could be precipitated in the poorly vascularized feather by low antioxidant protection due to both low turnover of tissue fluids which contain SOD and to genetically determined low levels of internal antioxidant protection in these melanocytes. This same mechanistic hypothesis could apply as "a" cause of premature melanocyte cell death in human vitiligo wherein the vitiliginous melanocytes may have a genetic defect in their antioxidant protection system and blood flow to an area may be restricted.     

Heteroduplex analysis detects frameshift and point mutations in patients with acute intermittent porphyria

We used heteroduplex analysis to screen for mutations in the porphobilinogen deaminase gene in 21 patients with acute intermittent porphyria (AIP). Unique banding patterns were investigated by direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction products and, when indicated, sequencing of cloned DNA containing the exon of interest. Two frameshift mutations were found, a 2-bp deletion in exon 5 and a 1-bp insertion in exon 7. Both mutations generate a premature stop codon. Two point mutations, in exons 10 and 14, were also observed. The CT mutation in exon 10 codes for an Arg¹⁷³ to Trp substitution, while a GA mutation in exon 14 changes Trp²⁸³ into a premature stop codon. This study extends the spectrum of mutations that cause AIP and demonstrates the utility of heteroduplex analysis as a screening technique.     

The effect of temperature shock and grain morphology on alpha-amylase in developing wheat grain

Background and Aims

The premature production of alpha-amylase without visible germination has been observed in developing grain of many cereals. The phenomenon is associated with cool temperatures in the late stages of grain growth but the mechanisms behind it are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to replicate the phenomenon under controlled conditions and investigate the possibility of a mechanistic link with grain size or endosperm cavity size.

Methods

Five wheat (Triticum aestivum) genotypes differing in their susceptibility to premature alpha-amylase were subjected to a range of temperature shocks in controlled environments. A comparison was then made with plants grown under ambient conditions but with grain size altered by using degraining to increase the assimilate supply. At maturity, alpha-amylase, grain area and endosperm cavity area were measured in individual grains.

Key Results

Both cold and heat shocks were successful in inducing premature alpha-amylase in susceptible genotypes, with cold shocks the most effective. Cold shocks also increased grain area. Degraining resulted in increased grain area overall, but the larger grain did not have higher alpha-amylase. Analysis of individual grain found that instances of high alpha-amylase were not associated with differences in grain area or endosperm cavity area.

Conclusions

Pre-maturity alpha-amylase is associated with temperature shocks during grain filling. In some cases this coincides with an increase in grain area, but there is no evidence of a mechanistic link between high alpha-amylase and grain or endosperm cavity area.Key words: Alpha-amylase, pre-maturity alpha-amylase, late maturity alpha amylase, temperature, grain size, endosperm cavity, wheat, Triticum aestivum     

Role of nitric oxide in shiga toxin-2-induced premature delivery of dead fetuses in rats

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections could be one of the causes of fetal morbimortality in pregnant women. The main virulence factors of STEC are Shiga toxin type 1 and/or 2 (Stx1, Stx2). We previously reported that intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of rats in the late stage of pregnancy with culture supernatant from recombinant E. coli expressing Stx2 and containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces premature delivery of dead fetuses. It has been reported that LPS may combine with Stx2 to facilitate vascular injury, which may in turn lead to an overproduction of nitric oxide (NO). The aim of this study was to evaluate whether NO is involved in the effects of Stx2 on pregnancy. Pregnant rats were i.p. injected with culture supernatant from recombinant E. coli containing Stx2 and LPS (sStx2) on day 15 of gestation. In addition, some rats were injected with aminoguanidine (AG), an inducible isoform inhibitor of NO synthase (iNOS), 24 h before and 4 h after sStx2 injection. NO production was measured by NOS activity and iNOS expression by Western blot analysis. A significant increase in NO production and a high iNOS expression was observed in placental tissues from rats injected with sStx2 containing 0.7 ng and 2 ng Stx2/g body weight and killed 12 h after injection. AG caused a significant reduction of sStx2 effects on the feto-maternal unit, but did not prevent premature delivery. Placental tissues from rats treated with AG and sStx2 presented normal histology that was indistinguishable from the controls. Our results reveal that Stx2-induced placental damage and fetus mortality is mediated by an increase in NO production and that AG is able to completely reverse the Stx2 damages in placental tissues, but not to prevent premature delivery, thus suggesting other mechanisms not yet determined could be involved.     

Daily egg production ofTemora longicornis (Copepoda,Calanoida) during winter and early spring in the Marsdiep (Southern North Sea)

Mature females of the copepodTemora longicornis from the Marsdiep tidal inlet were incubated at ambient water temperature during the winter of 1989/1990 to estimate their egg production during 24 hours. Throughout winter this production remained at a level of 0 to 10 eggs per female. In March a steep rise to 60 to 80 eggs coincided with an equally steep rise in chlorophyll-a from 4 to 20 g.l^–1. Excess food given during incubation tended to increase the observed production rate only in October at relatively high temperature. Additive effects of rising food level and temperature on daily egg production were found in spring. In March and April 1988 and 1990 the observed maximum daily egg production per female increased from about 20 at 5°C and 5 g.l^–1 chlorophyll to 70 at almost 10°C and 20 g.l^–1. The egg production in winter gives a prebloom potential to maintain a stock of premature stages ready to utilize the algal spring bloom. Early spawning before April can also contribute to the development of the abundance peak of adults in May–June. Due to growth rates increasing with temperature in the months March and April, most of the adults at their peak density may have hatched from eggs before the period of maximum egg production rate at the end of April. The exceptionally high production rate observed at the end of March may be related to a developingPhaeocystis bloom.     

The cause of "acid-crash" and "acidogenic fermentations" during the batch acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE-) fermentation process

Experiments were performed to determine the cause of "acid crash", a phenomenon which occasionally occurs in pH-uncontrolled batch fermentations resulting in premature cessation of ABE (acetone butanol) production. The results indicate that "acid crash" occurs when the concentration of undissociated acids in the broth exceeds 57 - 60 mmol/l. Prevention can be achieved by introducing some limited pH control to minimize the concentration of undissociated acids or by slowing the metabolic rate, and thus the rate of acid production, by, for example, lowering the fermentation temperature. "Acidogenic fermentations", which occur when batch fermentations are performed at pH values close to neutrality, are due to rapid production of acids followed by inhibition of solventogenesis when the total acid concentration reaches 240 - 250 mmol/l. Solventogenesis can be achieved at these pH values by lowering the glucose uptake rate / acid production rate by use of e.g. elevated glucose or lowered yeast extract concentrations in the growth medium.     

Shugoshin1 may play important roles in separation of homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids during mouse oocyte meiosis

Background

Homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis I and sister chromatids separate in meiosis II, generating haploid gametes. To address the question why sister chromatids do not separate in meiosis I, we explored the roles of Shogoshin1 (Sgo1) in chromosome separation during oocyte meiosis.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Sgo1 function was evaluated by exogenous overexpression to enhance its roles and RNAi to suppress its roles during two meioses of mouse oocytes. Immunocytochemistry and chromosome spread were used to evaluate phenotypes. The exogenous Sgo1 overexpression kept homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids not to separate in meiosis I and meiosis II, respectively, while the Sgo1 RNAi promoted premature separation of sister chromatids.

Conclusions

Our results reveal that prevention of premature separation of sister chromatids in meiosis I requires the retention of centromeric Sgo1, while normal separation of sister chromatids in meiosis II requires loss of centromeric Sgo1.