大兴安岭库都尔地区兴安落叶松年轮宽度年表及其与气候变化的关系

基于建立的大兴安岭库都尔地区兴安落叶松树轮宽度年表,分析了兴安落叶松树轮宽度年表与该区温度、降水和帕尔默干湿指数(PDSI)等主要气候因子之间的关系.结果表明:研究区5月和7月的温度与兴安落叶松年轮宽度变化呈极显著负相关关系(P0.01);虽然降水与年轮宽度变化没有表现出显著的相关关系,但6—8月PDSI与年轮宽度变化显著相关(P0.05),说明兴安落叶松的生长明显受区域水热条件共同控制,且以5月和7月最显著.兴安落叶松树轮宽度年表与诸如太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)等大尺度气候系统波动的低频系数和高频系数之间呈显著相关,说明太平洋气候系统的波动对该区树木径向生长具有显著影响.     

树轮灰度与树轮密度的对比分析及其对气候要素的响应

通过对比新疆巩乃斯地区艾肯达坂采样点雪岭云杉5种树轮灰度年表与其对应4种密度年表的特征参数、年表曲线及其在全频域、高频域及低频域上的相关系数,发现早材平均灰度和晚材平均灰度的变化能够较好的反映早材平均密度和晚材平均密度的变化,而年轮最大灰度和年轮最小灰度的变化对年轮最小密度和年轮最大密度的变化则反映较差.与这一地区气象资料的相关分析结果表明,当年5月至8月平均最高气温与年轮平均灰度年表的相关性最好且具有明确的树木生理学意义,最高单相关系数为-0.542 (P＜0.0001,n=51).证明了树轮灰度在历史时期气候变化研究中的应用潜力,同时也为将来在这一地区开展利用树轮灰度重建历史时期气候变化打下了基础.     

大兴安岭兴安落叶松和樟子松径向生长对气候变化的响应差异

大兴安岭是我国气候变化最为显著的地区之一,兴安落叶松和樟子松是该地区最为重要的树种,研究它们径向生长对气候变化的响应差异,可以为预测气候变化下我国北方森林动态提供科学依据。在大兴安岭地区选择6个样点共采集兴安落叶松树轮和樟子松树轮样芯451个,建立了12个标准年表。比较了1900年以来树木径向生长趋势,利用Pearson相关分析法分析各样点兴安落叶松和樟子松生长对气候因子的响应,运用线性混合模型探讨温度和降水对兴安落叶松和樟子松年径向生长的影响,通过滑动相关对比两个树种生长-气候关系的时间稳定性。结果表明: 兴安落叶松径向生长与3月平均温度呈负相关,与上一年冬季和当年7月降水呈正相关。樟子松径向生长与当年8月温度呈正相关,与当年生长季(5—9月)降水呈正相关。冬季降雪对兴安落叶松径向生长起到重要的促进作用,夏季过多降水对樟子松径向生长起到显著的限制作用。兴安落叶松和樟子松生长对气候变化的响应存在明显差异,因此,气候变化可能会影响北方森林生态系统的树木生长、物种组成以及空间分布等。     

小五台山青杨雌雄植株树轮生长特性及其对气候变化的响应差异

近年来逆境导致植物雌雄幼苗的生长出现差异被许多控制实验所证实, 而有关气候变化对雌雄异株植物成树生长的潜在影响尚未引起人们广泛的关注。为进一步揭示气候变化对雌雄植株树木径向和密度生长的不同影响, 该文通过树轮生态学的研究方法, 选择小五台山天然青杨(Populus cathayana)种群为研究对象, 对青杨雌雄植株近30年(1982-2011)的树轮生长特性及其与气候的相关性进行了分析。结果显示: 1)在近30年当地气温不断升高的气候条件下, 雌株的年轮最大密度和晚材平均密度均高于雄株(p < 0.05), 但雌雄植株的径向生长无显著差异; 2)雌雄植株年轮最大密度和宽度差值年表的变化趋势具有一致性, 但在年轮最大密度差值年表的变化上雄株波动幅度大于雌株; 3)青杨雌雄植株年轮密度差值年表对温度响应的月份明显不同。雌株年轮最大密度与当年8月的月平均最高气温显著正相关, 而雄株年轮最大密度与当年1月和4月的气温负相关; 4)生长季前的气候变化对青杨雌雄植株的径向生长均有明显的限制作用。此外, 当年6月的高温对于早材生长的限制作用特别明显。上述结果表明, 雌雄异株植物在树木年轮生长方面对全球气候变暖可能具有不同的响应机制, 雌株比雄株更侧重于密度生长。     

Gender-specific characteristics of tree-ring growth and differential responses to climate change in the dioecious tree Populus cathayana in Xiaowutai Mountains,China

近年来逆境导致植物雌雄幼苗的生长出现差异被许多控制实验所证实, 而有关气候变化对雌雄异株植物成树生长的潜在影响尚未引起人们广泛的关注。为进一步揭示气候变化对雌雄植株树木径向和密度生长的不同影响, 该文通过树轮生态学的研究方法, 选择小五台山天然青杨(Populus cathayana)种群为研究对象, 对青杨雌雄植株近30年(1982-2011)的树轮生长特性及其与气候的相关性进行了分析。结果显示: 1)在近30年当地气温不断升高的气候条件下, 雌株的年轮最大密度和晚材平均密度均高于雄株(p < 0.05), 但雌雄植株的径向生长无显著差异; 2)雌雄植株年轮最大密度和宽度差值年表的变化趋势具有一致性, 但在年轮最大密度差值年表的变化上雄株波动幅度大于雌株; 3)青杨雌雄植株年轮密度差值年表对温度响应的月份明显不同。雌株年轮最大密度与当年8月的月平均最高气温显著正相关, 而雄株年轮最大密度与当年1月和4月的气温负相关; 4)生长季前的气候变化对青杨雌雄植株的径向生长均有明显的限制作用。此外, 当年6月的高温对于早材生长的限制作用特别明显。上述结果表明, 雌雄异株植物在树木年轮生长方面对全球气候变暖可能具有不同的响应机制, 雌株比雄株更侧重于密度生长。     

中国祁连山西段青海云杉树轮密度记录的气候信号

树轮气候学是研究过去气候变化的重要手段之一。以往研究表明,树轮密度是生长季温度的重要代用资料。本文建立了祁连山西段青海云杉132～135年的树轮最大密度年表、树轮最小密度年表、树轮晚材平均密度年表和树轮早材平均密度年表,比较了不同密度年表指示的最优气候信号及其季节组合,评估了其作为气候代用资料的潜力与价值。结果表明:树轮晚材平均密度和树轮早材平均密度对于树木生长季气候信号的响应远低于树轮最大密度和树轮最小密度;树轮早材平均密度和树轮最小密度与帕尔默干旱指数有很强的联系,表明树轮早材平均密度和树轮最小密度有成为干旱代用指标的潜力。     

樟子松和落叶松径向生长对气候变化的响应

在全球变暖的背景下,升温可能会影响树木的生长,导致森林生态系统的平衡受到干扰。本研究利用树轮年代学方法中的生长-气候响应函数、滑动相关分析,探讨大兴安岭漠河地区樟子松和落叶松径向生长的限制因子,以及二者径向生长对快速升温的响应。结果表明: 樟子松和落叶松的径向生长受温度和降水的共同作用,樟子松对气候变化的响应比落叶松更为敏感,对气候因子的敏感性比落叶松更稳定。樟子松径向生长与当年生长季月均温及月均最低温呈显著正相关,而落叶松与冬季月均温及月均最高温呈显著正相关。冬季降水促进樟子松生长,前一年生长季后期降水抑制落叶松的径向生长。1990年快速升温后,降水对樟子松的限制作用由升温前的负相关转变为升温后的显著正相关,高温对樟子松的抑制作用大于促进作用;高温对落叶松的抑制作用增强,降水对落叶松的限制作用也在升温后增强,生长速率显著下降,二者生长速率与温度和降水的相关性变化存在明显差异。本研究可为大兴安岭森林生态系统管理与保护提供科学依据。     

呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松年轮生长对气候变化的响应

以内蒙古呼伦贝尔地区沙地樟子松为样本,建立了樟子松树木年轮宽度年表,应用相关分析和响应函数分析等年轮气候学方法,研究了樟子松径向生长对气候变化的响应。结果表明,樟子松年轮宽度与4月和6—9月平均温度呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05);与各月降水量多呈正相关关系,特别是与当年5—8月的月降水量呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05);树轮年表与前一年10月至当年10月的PDSI均呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),其中与5月份PDSI的相关性最高。响应函数分析表明,年表与当年6—7月的平均气温、上一年10月和当年5—7月份的降雨存在显著的相关性,与5—7月份PDSI存在较显著的正相关性;综合来看,呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松生长同时受降水和温度的影响,其径向生长与气候因子间的关系属于降水敏感型,为区域降水重建提供了科学基础。     

柴达木盆地东缘青海云杉树轮细胞结构变化特征及其对气候的指示

基于青海柴达木盆地东缘山地青海云杉生长上限的树轮样本,在获取树轮宽度数据的同时,获取了细胞特征指标,包括细胞个数和细胞大小,建立了树轮早材、晚材、整轮的细胞个数标准年表和细胞大小的最大值、最小值年表,并通过与附近茶卡气象站过去31年（1970—2000年）逐月降水量和温度的相关分析和响应函数分析,从细胞尺度探讨了青海云杉生长与外界气候要素的关系.结果表明：早材细胞个数与冬半年（上年10月至当年3月）温度之间呈正相关关系;晚材细胞个数除了与11月和12月最低温度呈显著正相关外,还与生长季中7月和8月平均温度呈显著相关关系;早、晚材细胞个数同时与7月的降水量呈显著负相关.早材细胞个数与5月的降水量呈正相关关系.对于早材最大细胞大小的年表来说,其变化与2月的降水量变化有很好的一致性,而晚材最小细胞的大小与8月降水量的变化同步.细胞个数和细胞大小不仅记录了树轮宽度所记录的温度变化信息,还额外记录了一定的降水信息,说明不同的树木生长指标能够记录不同的气候信息.利用同一地点同一树种不同类型的树轮指标,能够提取多种气候要素的变化信息,这对将来从同一样点的树轮资料中提取更丰富的气候信息以及发掘树轮气候学的潜力具有一定意义.     

樟子松树轮δ13C的年内变化特征及其对气候要素的响应

对大兴安岭北部两株樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)树轮样品的年内稳定碳同位素比率(δ13C)进行测定,结果表明:樟子松树轮年内δ13C值在不同生长阶段总体表现出每年生长季中期最高、早期次之、晚期最低的变化特征.δ13C的年内变化趋势在幼龄期至速生期变化剧烈,成熟期至衰老期相对平缓.从幼龄期至衰老期的整个生长阶段,同时期年内δ13C的变动幅度基本为晚材大于早材.幼龄期年内晚材的δ13C一直明显高于早材,而成熟期年内早晚材δ13C的差别逐渐减小,至衰老期年内晚材δ13C已低于早材且无显著差别.树轮δ13C的年内变化主要体现在生长季中后期,即早晚材之间的过渡段至晚材.年内不同时段的d13C序列与同时段的宽度去除生长趋势序列(去趋势序列)之间的相关性随生长季节的推移而逐渐降低.当年早材宽度与前一年晚材宽度显著正相关,当年早材δ13C序列与前一年晚材宽度和当年早材宽度的去趋势合并序列呈现较显著的负相关性,与前一年晚材δ13C序列或宽度去趋势序列之间均未表现出显著的相关性.分析结果表明:早材的形成很可能来源于前一年光合作用的产物,在利用树轮年内不同材质宽度或δ13C序列进行气候环境重建时需要考虑这一点.年内早材、过渡段和晚材三个时段的δ13C分别对应于4月下旬至6月中旬土壤湿度较大、温度上升较快的时期,6月下旬至7月中旬降水增加、温度达到最高而相对湿度降低的时期,以及7月下旬至9月中旬降水增加、温度下降而相对湿度较大的时期.     

Dendroclimatic signals deduced from riparian versus upland forest interior pines in North Karelia, Finland

Radial growth of boreal tree species is only rarely studied in riparian habitats. Here we investigated chronologies of earlywood, latewood, and annual ring widths and blue intensity (BI; a surrogate to latewood density) from riparian lake shore and upland forest interior pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing in boreal forest in eastern Finland. Riparian and upland chronologies were compared to examine differences in the pine growth variability and growth response to climatic variation in the two habitats. It was found that the climatic variables showing statistically significant correlations with the tree-ring chronologies were related to snow conditions at the start of the growing season. Deeper snowpack led to reduced upland pine growth, possibly due to delayed snowmelt and thus postponed onset of the growing season. Warm late winters were followed by increased riparian pine growth because of earlier start of the snow-melt season and thus a lower maximum early summer lake level. Moreover, riparian pines reacted negatively to increased rainfall in June, whereas the upland pines showed a positive response. Latewood growth reacted significantly to summer temperatures. The BI chronology showed a strong correlation with warm-season temperatures, indicating an encouraging possibility of summer temperature reconstruction using middle/south boreal pine tree-ring archives.     

X-ray microdensitometry applied to subfossil tree-rings: growth characteristics of ancient pines from the southern boreal forest zone in Finland at intra-annual to centennial time-scales

A collection of subfossil wood of Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine) was exposed to X-ray densitometry. The collection of 64 samples from the southern boreal forest zone was dendrochronologically cross-dated to a.d. 673-1788. Growth characteristics were determined by performing density profiles including the following parameters: minimum density, earlywood and latewood boundary density, maximum density, earlywood width, earlywood density, latewood width, latewood density, annual ring width and annual ring density. Seven out of the nine parameters were found to contain non-climatic growth trends and six were found to be heteroscedastic in their variance. Tree-specific records were indexed, to remove the non-climatic growth trends and stabilize the variance, and combined into nine parameter-specific tree-ring chronologies. Growth characteristics of the pines changed in parallel with the generally agreed climatic cooling from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age: pine tree-rings showed decreasing maximum densities from the period a.d. 975-1150 to a.d. 1450–1625. A concomitant change in the intra-annual growth characteristics was detected between these periods. The findings indicate that not only the trees growing near the species’ distributional limits are sensitive to large-scale climatic variations but also the trees growing in habitats remote from the timberline have noticeably responded to past climate changes.     

Climate–tree growth relationships of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) in the Southeastern Coastal Plain, USA

Knowledge of tree growth/climate response relationships is important to dendroecological studies and dendroclimatic reconstructions, particularly in the Southeastern Coastal Plain where few such studies have been attempted. To this end, we developed tree-ring chronologies of total ring width, earlywood width, and latewood width from longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) at three sites in the Southeastern Coastal Plain to examine the climate–growth relationships for this tree species. The length of these chronologies is unprecedented for southern pine chronologies in the Southeast. We compared the tree-ring chronologies to monthly temperature, precipitation, Palmer drought severity index (PDSI), and Palmer hydrological drought index (PHDI) data from the pertinent climate divisions. We found that PDSI and PHDI have the highest correlation with longleaf pine growth, and the strongest relationships between longleaf pine growth and these variables occur between July and November. Precipitation in the spring and summer was also positively related to growth at all sites. The relationship between temperature and growth was the weakest among all climate variables, but warm summer temperatures had a consistent, negative relationship with longleaf pine growth. The climate signal in the latewood was generally more robust than for total ring width and earlywood width.     

Responses to climate by tree-ring widths and maximum latewood densities of two Abies species at upper and lower altitudinal distribution limits in central Japan

This study examined the effects of climate on tree-ring widths and maximum latewood densities of Abies veitchii and Abies mariesii at the upper and lower distribution limits in central Japan. A. veitchii and A. mariesii dominated at the lower and upper parts of the subalpine zone, respectively. Residual chronologies of tree-ring width and maximum latewood density were developed for the two Abies species at the upper and lower distribution limits, and were compared with monthly mean temperatures and monthly sums of precipitation. Tree-ring widths of the two Abies species at the upper and lower distribution limits positively correlated with temperatures during the beginning of the dormant season and during the growing season of the current year, except for A. veitchii at the lower distribution limit, which showed no positive correlation with temperature. Maximum latewood densities of the two Abies species at the upper and lower distribution limits positively and negatively correlated with temperatures and precipitation, respectively, during the growing season of the current year. Therefore, tree-ring widths and maximum latewood densities of the two Abies species were sensitive to low temperature, except for the tree-ring width of A. veitchii at the lower distribution limit with the warmest thermal conditions along the altitude. Global warming is suggested to affect maximum latewood densities and tree-ring widths of the two Abies species along the altitude.     

Comparison of earlywood vessel variables in the wood of Quercus robur L. and Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl. growing at the same site

The differences in the microscopic structure of wood based on the variables of earlywood vessel area and tree ring width were analysed in 6 trees of Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) and 6 trees of Sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl.) in the same forest stand at a site in the Vizovice Highland (Czech Republic). The aim of this paper was to assess any differences between the two oak species when grown in the same location. Also the effect of tree-ring width and the effect of age on earlywood vessel variables were analysed. Mean values of tree-ring widths were not different between species. Earlywood vessel area chronologies were synchronized well between species. The mean values of earlywood vessel area (average vessel area, average vessel area of the first row of vessels, area of the largest vessel) showed a significant difference. Finally, we can conclude that there were differences in vessel features between these oak species.     

A tree-ring densitometric transect from Alaska to Labrador

We describe a recently completed network of densitometric tree-ring time series representing various aspects of tree-growth for up to 200 years at 69 sites spread across the northern North American conifer zone from Yukon to Labrador. Duplicate cores, from 12 to 15 trees per site, provide time series for a suite of growth parameters including earlywood (spring), latewood (summer) and total (annual) ring widths and mean earlywood, mean latewood, minimum and maximum ring density. These data form the basis for extensive analyses of intra- and inter-site parameter comparisons and regional climate/tree-growth comparisons. Five large-scale regional chronologies do not suggest that any anomalous growth increases have occurred in recent decades, at least on these regional scales, despite the observed changes in atmospheric composition and climate.     

The importance of early summer temperature and date of snow melt for tree growth in the Siberian Subarctic

Wood material for at least 12 larch trees at six sites [Larix sibirica Ldb, Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr, Larix cajanderi Mayr] near the northern timberline in Siberia was analyzed to investigate influence of climatic factor changes on tree-ring growth at high latitudes. Tree-ring cell size, maximum latewood density and ring width measured by means of image analysis and X-ray radiodensitometry and calculated latewood cell-wall thickness were used. Correlation analysis of tree-ring structure parameter chronologies with temperatures averaged over periods of 5 days (pentad) shows that early summer temperature (mean for 5-6 pentads, depending on the region, starting from the middle of June) and date of snow melt are the most important factors that define seasonal growth and tree-ring structure. Analysis of instrumental climatic data indicates that a positive trend of early summer temperature was combined with winter precipitation (October-April) increase and this combination leads to later snow melt. Based of the results of tree-ring growth modelling, it was shown that later snow melt (hence, delayed initiation of cambial activity and, as a result, decrease of wood production) explains the changes in the relationship between tree ring width and summer temperature dynamics observed after the 1960s for a large area of the Siberian Subarctic. The understanding of the role of winter precipitation in controlling ring growth, through its effect on the timing of cambial activation, suggests the possibility of using ring structure parameters to create reconstructions of past winter precipitation variations.