SARS病毒与其他冠状病毒的基因组比较

本文利用生物信息学方法比较SARS病毒和其他冠状病毒基因组.通过数据库搜索,找出与SARS病毒基因组相似的核酸或蛋白质序列,并对相似序列进行比对,分析它们的共性和差异.结果表明,SARS病毒在基因组的组织上及结构蛋白质方面与现有冠状病毒有比较大的相似性,SARS病毒基因组与冠状病毒基因组相关.但是,SARS病毒基因组还存在一些特异性序列,ORF1a和S蛋白(特别是S1)的变化以及SARS-CoV特异性的非结构蛋白可能是SARS发病机理与传染特性区别于其他冠状病毒的分子基础.在全基因组水平上进行核酸单词出现频率分析,结果表明,SARS病毒远离已知的其他冠状病毒,单独成为一类.     

严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)冠状病毒S蛋白的鉴定与分析

利用293细胞对SARS病人样品进行病毒扩增,培养上清中病毒颗粒经过纯化后,利用蛋白质组学技术,对纯化得到的SARS冠状病毒颗粒蛋白进行初步分离与鉴定。其中质谱分析结果最终表明,分子量约150kD的蛋白质的氨基酸序列与SARS—CoV基因组所预测S蛋白质序列高度吻合,从而首次从蛋白质水平对SARS冠状病毒S蛋白的氨基酸序列进行了证实。     

冠状病毒的新成员--SARS-CoV的基因组特性

2003年3月,人类发现一种新的冠状病毒SARS-CoV,这种病毒是非典型性肺炎(SARS)的病原体。SARS-CoV的基因组序列已经由包括中国科学家在内的全世界的科研人员测定完成。该文对国际报道的SARS病源的基因序列进行了收录,阐述了SARS-CoV基因组的基本特性：SARS-CoV的基因组长约28-30kb,与冠状病毒科的基因组长度相符合,其中包括11个编码序列,基因组的组织方式也与其他冠状病毒类似,从表面蛋白(S蛋白)、外膜蛋白(M蛋白)和核蛋白(N蛋白)上看,SARS病毒与其他冠状病毒的对应蛋白进化关系接近。同时发现,在某些区域,SARS病毒的基因序列与其他冠状病毒存在相当大的差异,具有自身比较保守的基因组序列结构。而且氨基酸的序列也与其他冠状病毒有很大程度的不同。基因信息的冗余分析表明,SARS-CoV具有较低的冗余度,即发生变异的可能性比较大。虽然SARS-CoV外表与冠状病毒类似,亲缘关系未超出冠状病毒科界限,但由于蛋白基因与氨基酸的序列与其他冠状病毒有本质不同,因此可能不是其他冠状病毒的变异体,而是一种与冠状病毒类似、但早已独立存在、此前未被人类所认识的新病毒。     

SARS冠状病毒NS融合蛋白的重组表达纯化与免疫学性质分析(英文)

刺突蛋白(S)和核心蛋白(N)是SARS冠状病毒的主要结构蛋白.在病毒细胞受体结合和病毒包装过程起重要作用.重组融合表达这2种蛋白具有较高的诊断学价值.对SARS病毒N蛋白和S蛋白氨基酸序列进行计算机分析,选择含有优势抗原表位的N蛋白1～227位氨基酸片段和S蛋白450～650位氨基酸片段,采用序列重叠延伸策略(sequenceoverlappingextension,SOE)构建编码N1227LinkerS450650新型融合蛋白的基因片段,导入原核表达载体,实现融合蛋白在大肠杆菌的高效表达.利用组氨酸标签亲和层析的方法纯化,获得高纯度的融合蛋白.对该融合蛋白的结构特征模拟分析的结果显示,其免疫化学性质均无显著改变.采用ELISA和Western印迹方法对其识别SARS冠状病毒特异性抗体的能力进行初步鉴定,显示该融合蛋白具有较好的抗原性和特异性,可有效特异性地检测恢复期SARS病人血清中抗SARS冠状病毒结构蛋白的抗体,可以作为SARS冠状病毒感染的辅助诊断手段.     

浙江省SARS冠状病毒分离与系统进化树分析

从浙江省3例SARS患者中收集含漱液标本,经处理后接种Vero、RD、VeroE6和Hep-2细胞进行病毒分离,培养3d后在Vero和RD细胞中可观察到细胞病变。从细胞培养上清中提取病毒核酸,用SARS冠状病毒特异性引物进行RT-PCR,并经测序证实从3份临床样本中分离到2株SARS冠状病毒株。对其中1株病毒的基因组进行了全序列测定并作系统进化树分析显示浙汀省SARS冠状病毒株与新加坡2774株和台湾TW1株最为接近。     

浙江省SARS冠状病毒分离与系统进化树分析

从浙江省3例SARS患者中收集含漱液标本,经处理后接种Vero、RD、VeroE6和Hep-2细胞进行病毒分离,培养3d后在Vero和RD细胞中可观察到细胞病变.从细胞培养上清中提取病毒核酸,用SARS冠状病毒特异性引物进行RT-PCR,并经测序证实从3份临床样本中分离到2株SARS冠状病毒株.对其中1株病毒的基因组进行了全序列测定并作系统进化树分析显示浙江省SARS冠状病毒株与新加坡2774株和台湾TW1株最为接近.     

利用昆虫杆状病毒表达SARS冠状病毒的刺突蛋白和膜蛋白

SARS冠状病毒是人的严重急性呼吸综合征的病原体。对其他种类冠状病毒的研究结果显示,刺突蛋白(S蛋白)和膜蛋白(M蛋白)是病毒主要的结构蛋白。重组M蛋白和S蛋白可被用来作为抗原检测冠状病毒的感染和制备疫苗。这两个蛋白质分别被克隆并重组到昆虫杆状病毒基因组中,利用重组杆状病毒感染昆虫细胞来表达重组M蛋白和S蛋白,并对M蛋白进行了细胞内定位,融合蛋白的绿色荧光暗示了该蛋白质定位在细胞膜上。     

SARS病原体特征与临床实验室诊断

SARS的全球性流行带来了严重的公共卫生问题和社会经济问题。目前,在SARS病原体鉴定、基因组结构和序列变异、SARS流行特征和实验室诊断等方面获得了很大的进展。现已证实SARS的病原体为SARS冠状病毒。SARS冠状病毒是一种与原来已知冠状病毒在某些方面类似、但又独具特征的新型冠状病毒,该病毒的起源可能源于野生动物。多个SARS冠状病毒的全基因组核酸序列测定现已完成,在SARS冠状病毒的实验室诊断方面,现已有了免疫学方法检查抗体和分子生物学方法检查病毒RNA。直接检测病毒抗原和定量检测病毒多靶点基因是今后的发展方向。     

SARS病毒免疫学性状的结构基础分析

运用生物信息学技术,对SARS冠状病毒基因组及其编码区进行了全序列分析,根据其基因和推导蛋白结构特点及同源性分析,探索SARS病毒主要结构蛋白免疫学性状的结构基础及进一步进行免疫学研究的线索,为深入SARS病毒的诊断预防工作提供参考 。     

最早传入北京地区的SARS冠状病毒S基因序列分析和克隆

SARS冠状病毒的spike(S)蛋白对病毒的致病力至关重要,也是机体特异性体液和细胞免疫主要针对的靶分子。从北京地区最早发现的SARS患者咽拭子细胞培养上清中提取病毒RNA,用反转录巢式聚合酶链式反应(RTPCR)分6个片段扩增出S基因全序列,用TA载体克隆后进行DNA序列分析,再通过重叠PCR将6个片段连接成一条完整的S基因并克隆测序。DNA测序结果表明病毒S基因序列与报告的BJ01株SARS冠状病毒S基因序列完全一致,用重叠PCR将6个S基因片段连接成了一条完整的S基因,插入到pGEMT载体后读序完全正确。上述结果表明最早传入北京地区的病毒与新近报告的BJ01株SARS冠状病毒在分子流行病学上具有同源特征,重叠PCR技术可以用于有效连接多个基因片段。S区全基因的克隆为进一步研究该基因的功能和DNA疫苗等研究提供了基础。     

Prediction of functional class of the SARS coronavirus proteins by a statistical learning method

The complete genome of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) reveals the existence of putative proteins unique to SARS-CoV. Identification of their function facilitates a mechanistic understanding of SARS infection and drug development for its treatment. The sequence of the majority of these putative proteins has no significant similarity to those of known proteins, which complicates the task of using sequence analysis tools to probe their function. Support vector machines (SVM), useful for predicting the functional class of distantly related proteins, is employed to ascribe a possible functional class to SARS-CoV proteins. Testing results indicate that SVM is able to predict the functional class of 73% of the known SARS-CoV proteins with available sequences and 67% of 18 other novel viral proteins. A combination of the sequence comparison method BLAST and SVMProt can further improve the prediction accuracy of SMVProt such that the functional class of two additional SARS-CoV proteins is correctly predicted. Our study suggests that the SARS-CoV genome possibly contains a putative voltage-gated ion channel, structural proteins, a carbon-oxygen lyase, oxidoreductases acting on the CH-OH group of donors, and an ATP-binding cassette transporter. A web version of our software, SVMProt, is accessible at http://jing.cz3.nus.edu.sg/cgi-bin/svmprot.cgi .     

Molecular biology of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus

The worldwide epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 was caused by a novel coronavirus called SARS-CoV. Coronaviruses and their closest relatives possess extremely large plus-strand RNA genomes and employ unique mechanisms and enzymes in RNA synthesis that separate them from all other RNA viruses. The SARS epidemic prompted a variety of studies on multiple aspects of the coronavirus replication cycle, yielding both rapid identification of the entry mechanisms of SARS-CoV into host cells and valuable structural and functional information on SARS-CoV proteins. These recent advances in coronavirus research have important implications for the development of anti-SARS drugs and vaccines.     

Unique and conserved features of genome and proteome of SARS-coronavirus,an early split-off from the coronavirus group 2 lineage

The genome organization and expression strategy of the newly identified severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) were predicted using recently published genome sequences. Fourteen putative open reading frames were identified, 12 of which were predicted to be expressed from a nested set of eight subgenomic mRNAs. The synthesis of these mRNAs in SARS-CoV-infected cells was confirmed experimentally. The 4382- and 7073 amino acid residue SARS-CoV replicase polyproteins are predicted to be cleaved into 16 subunits by two viral proteinases (bringing the total number of SARS-CoV proteins to 28). A phylogenetic analysis of the replicase gene, using a distantly related torovirus as an outgroup, demonstrated that, despite a number of unique features, SARS-CoV is most closely related to group 2 coronaviruses. Distant homologs of cellular RNA processing enzymes were identified in group 2 coronaviruses, with four of them being conserved in SARS-CoV. These newly recognized viral enzymes place the mechanism of coronavirus RNA synthesis in a completely new perspective. Furthermore, together with previously described viral enzymes, they will be important targets for the design of antiviral strategies aimed at controlling the further spread of SARS-CoV.     

A novel sorting signal for intracellular localization is present in the S protein of a porcine coronavirus but absent from severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus

Coronaviruses (CoV) mature by a budding process at intracellular membranes. Here we showed that the major surface protein S of a porcine CoV (transmissible gastroenteritis virus) is not transported to the cell surface but is retained intracellularly. Site-directed mutagenesis indicated that a tyrosine-dependent signal (YXXI) in the cytoplasmic tail is essential for intracellular localization of the S protein. Surface expression of mutant proteins was evident by immunofluorescence analysis and surface biotinylation. Intracellularly retained S proteins only contained endoglycosidase H-sensitive N-glycans, whereas mutant proteins that migrated to the plasma membrane acquired N-linked oligosaccharides of the complex type. Corresponding tyrosine residues are present in the cytoplasmic tails of the S proteins of other animal CoV but not in the tail portion of the S protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV. Changing the SEPV tetrapeptide in the cytoplasmic tail to YEPI resulted in intracellular retention of the S protein of SARS-CoV. As the S proteins of CoV have receptor binding and fusion activities and are the main target of neutralizing antibodies, the differences in the transport behavior of the S proteins suggest different strategies in the virus host interactions between SARS-CoV and other coronaviruses.     

Unique SARS-CoV protein nsp1: bioinformatics, biochemistry and potential effects on virulence.

Viruses have evolved a myriad of strategies for promoting viral replication, survival and spread. Sequence analysis of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) genome predicts several proteins that are unique to SARS-CoV. The search to understand the high virulence of SARS-CoV compared with related coronaviruses, which cause lesser respiratory illnesses, has recently focused on the unique nsp1 protein of SARS-CoV and suggests evolution of a possible new virulence mechanism in coronaviruses. The SARS-CoV nsp1 protein increases cellular RNA degradation and thus might facilitate SARS-CoV replication or block immune responses.     

SARS病毒的种型变异之比较及其PCR的分子诊断技术应用

概述了SARS-CoV冠状病毒的基因组结构与功能,比较了它与其它冠状病毒的种型变异,并以生物信息学的方法 探讨PCR技术在进行SARS病毒早期诊断上的应用。     

Evolution and variation of the SARS-CoV genome

Knowledge of the evolution of pathogens is of great medical and biological significance to the prevention, diagnosis, and therapy of infectious diseases. In order to understand the origin and evolution of the SARS-CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus), we collected complete genome sequences of all viruses available in GenBank, and made comparative analyses with the SARS-CoV. Genomic signature analysis demonstrates that the coronaviruses all take the TGTT as their richest tetranucleotide except the SARS-CoV. A detailed analysis of the forty-two complete SARS-CoV genome sequences revealed the existence of two distinct genotypes, and showed that these isolates could be classified into four groups. Our manual analysis of the BLASTN results demonstrates that the HE (hemagglutinin-esterase) gene exists in the SARS-CoV, and many mutations made it unfamiliar to us.     

冠状病毒蛋白结构基因组研究进展

冠状病毒（coronaviridae / Coronaviruse,CoV）是一类对人及家畜具有严重危害的病原微生物,其中的SARS（Severe Acute Respiratory Syndromes）- CoV更是于2003年引起全球性爆发,对人类健康和全球经济造成了严重威胁和重大损失。冠状病毒拥有目前已知最大的正链RNA基因组。侵染细胞后,它通过直接翻译与不连续转录－翻译得到一系列病毒蛋白,包括非结构蛋白、结构蛋白与附属蛋白。对冠状病毒转录/复制过程具有重要作用的非结构蛋白与附属蛋白,由于与目前研究较为深入的蛋白序列相似性很低,因此系统地开展与冠状病毒转录/复制密切相关的蛋白质的结构基因组研究,不仅能够从分子水平深入了解冠状病毒转录复制的分子机制,而且对于有针对性地设计抗冠状病毒的药物具有非常关键的作用。因此,美国,欧洲及我国的多个研究组实施了与冠状病毒及其相关病原体的结构基因组计划,使人类对冠状病毒蛋白质结构与功能的认识进入了一个新阶段。本文将对目前世界范围内冠状病毒结构基因组研究取得的进展进行综合性地展示与介绍。     

Evaluation of Affymetrix Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Resequencing GeneChips in Characterization of the Genomes of Two Strains of Coronavirus Infecting Humans

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was discovered during a recent global outbreak of atypical pneumonia. A number of immunologic and molecular studies of the clinical samples led to the conclusion that a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV) was associated with the outbreak. Later, a SARS resequencing GeneChip was developed by Affymetrix to characterize the complete genome of SARS-CoV on a single GeneChip. The present study was carried out to evaluate the performance of SARS resequencing GeneChips. Two human SARS-CoV strains (CDC#200301157 and Urbani) were resequenced by the SARS GeneChips. Five overlapping PCR amplicons were generated for each strain and hybridized with these GeneChips. The successfully hybridized GeneChips generated nucleotide sequences of nearly complete genomes for the two SARS-CoV strains with an average call rate of 94.6%. Multiple alignments of nucleotide sequences obtained from SARS GeneChips and conventional sequencing revealed full concordance. Furthermore, the GeneChip-based analysis revealed no additional polymorphic sites. The results of this study suggest that GeneChip-based genome characterization is fast and reproducible. Thus, SARS resequencing GeneChips may be employed as an alternate tool to obtain genome sequences of SARS-CoV strains pathogenic for humans in order to further understand the transmission dynamics of these viruses.