生物法生产D-塔格糖的研究进展

D-塔格糖具有多种独特的生理特性与功能,近年来已被发达国家开发作为具有高经济附加值的功能性甜味剂进行销售。D-塔格糖的商业化生产长期以来依赖化学催化法,随着20世纪90年代利用L-阿拉伯糖异构酶(简称L-AI酶)催化D-半乳糖制备D-塔格糖技术的兴起,生物法生产D-塔格糖成为了新的发展趋势。结合笔者所在课题组近年来的研究成果,就D-塔格糖生物法生产工艺的研究现状和前景进行综述与展望。     

生物转化生产D-塔格糖的食品级菌种选育及L-阿拉伯糖异构酶的克隆表达

L-阿拉伯糖异构酶(L-arabinose isomerase,L-AI)是一种可以催化D-半乳糖为D-塔格糖的胞内异构化酶。随着塔格糖在食品工业中越来越广泛的应用,能够将半乳糖转化为塔格糖的食品级微生物以及食品级来源的L-AI受到更大的关注。文中从各种酸奶制品、泡菜及其他一些食品中采集不同的样品,筛选出1株具有L-AI酶活的食品级菌株,经过生理生化鉴定以及16S rDNA序列测定,确定该菌株为戊糖片球菌,命名为Pediococcus pentosaceus PC-5。以该菌基因组为模板,克隆L-AI基因,并在大肠杆菌BL21成功地异源表达。表达产物经粗提取后,在40℃下加入Mn2+,使D-半乳糖转化为D-塔格糖的转化率为33%。     

发酵乳杆菌来源l-阿拉伯糖异构酶理性设计及在d-塔格糖生产中的应用

L-阿拉伯糖异构酶(L-arabinose isomerase,L-AI)是D-半乳糖异构化生成D-塔格糖的关键酶。为提高L-阿拉伯糖异构酶对D-半乳糖的活性及在生物转化中的转化率,本研究对发酵乳杆菌(Lactobacillus fermentum)CGMCC2921来源的L-阿拉伯糖异构酶进行重组表达和生物转化应用,并对其底物结合口袋进行理性设计以提高酶对D-半乳糖亲和力和催化活性。结果显示,突变体F279I对D-半乳糖的转化率提高至野生型酶的1.4倍,进一步叠加获得的双突变体M185A/F279I的K_m和k_cat分别为530.8mmol/L与19.9s^-1,底物亲和力显著提高,催化效率提高至野生型酶的8.2倍。以400 g/L乳糖为底物时,突变酶M185A/F279I转化率高达22.8%。本研究在乳糖高值化生产塔格糖方面具有重要的应用价值。     

Bacillus Stearothermophilus IAM 11001 L-阿拉伯糖异构酶在大肠杆菌中的表达、纯化及活性研究

L-阿拉伯糖异构酶是生物法生产新型功能性因子D-塔格糖最为有效的酶。本文获得了一种新型耐热L-阿拉伯糖异构酶的编码基因araA，来源于Bacillus stearothermophilis IAM 11001，经NCBI Blastn分析，与GenBank中Thermus sp. IM6501 araA序列的同源性为95%，并将该新基因提交到GenBank,获得登陆号：EU394214。以pET-22b(+)为载体质粒，E. coli BL21(DE3)为宿主细胞，构建了基因重组菌，IPTG可诱导目的蛋白的过量表达；经亲和层析纯化的重组蛋白样品进行SDS-PAGE电泳分析，约在59 kDa处出现显著的特征蛋白条带；同时对重组L-AI的活性进行了初步研究，全细胞反应24小时D-塔格糖的转化率为39.8%。     

Bacillus Stearothermophilus IAM 11001 L-阿拉伯糖异构酶在大肠杆菌中的表达、纯化及活性研究球

L-阿拉伯糖异构酶是生物法生产新型功能性因子D-塔格糖最为有效的酶。一种新型耐热L-阿拉伯糖异构酶的编码基因araA，来源于Bacillus stearothermophilis IAM 11001。经NCBI Blastn分析，与GenBank中Thermus sp．IM6501 araA序列的同源性为95％，并将该新基因提交到GenBank，获得登陆号：EU394214。以pET-22b（＋）为载体质粒，E．coli BL21（DE3）为宿主细胞，构建了基因重组菌，IPTG可诱导目的蛋白的过量表达；经亲和层析纯化的重组蛋白样品进行SDS-PAGE电泳分析，约在59kDa处出现显著的特征蛋白条带；同时对重组L-AI的活性进行了初步研究，全细胞反应24小时D-塔格糖的转化率为39．8％。     

Enzymatic synthesis of D-tagatose from lactose with the combination of β-galactosidase and L-arabinose isomerase

将大肠杆菌K-12中的β-半乳糖苷酶基因lacZ和L-阿拉伯糖异构酶基因araA以串联方式克隆到载体pET-28a(+)上,并转入大肠杆菌BL21( DE3)中进行表达.通过SDS-PAGE分析发现,重组菌株能表达出大量可溶性β-半乳糖苷酶蛋白和L-阿拉伯糖异构酶蛋白.以重悬菌液为酶源,可将乳糖降解为D-半乳糖,并将D-半乳糖转化为D-塔格糖.在温度为50℃,pH 7.0的缓冲液中,经一段时间反应后,D-塔格糖的转化率可达21％以上.加入Mn2+、Co2+和Fe2+均能够使D-塔格糖的转化率提高.     

联合β-半乳糖苷酶和L-阿拉伯糖异构酶法合成D-塔格糖的研究

将大肠杆菌K-12中的B-半乳糖苷酶基因lacZ和L-阿拉伯糖异构酶基因araA以串联方式克隆到载体pET-28a（＋）上,并转入大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中进行表达。通过SDS—PAGE分析发现,重组菌株能表达出大量可溶性B．半乳糖苷酶蛋白和L-阿拉伯糖异构酶蛋白。以重悬菌液为酶源,可将乳糖降解为D-半乳糖,并将D-半乳糖转化为D-塔格糖。在温度为50℃,pH7．0的缓冲液中,经一段时间反应后,D-塔格糖的转化率可达21％以上。加入Mn^2＋、Co^2＋和Fe^2＋均能够使D-塔格糖的转化率提高。     

用P.pastoris表达L-阿拉伯糖异构酶及其酶活性分析

目的:用毕赤酵母表达L-阿拉伯糖异构酶。方法:用PCR法扩增大肠杆菌的L-阿拉伯糖异构酶基因,构建含L-阿拉伯糖异构酶基因的毕赤酵母分泌型表达载体pPIC9K-ai。通过电转法将pPIC9K-ai转化毕赤酵母GS115基因组。先筛选出高G418抗性的克隆,然后再从高拷贝的克隆中筛选出高表达重组L-阿拉伯糖异构酶的重组子作为工程菌GS115(pPIC9K-ai)。结果:在甲醇诱导下,摇瓶发酵GS115(pPIC9K-ai)3d,分泌表达L-阿拉伯糖异构酶32 mg/L。结论:毕赤酵母表达的L-阿拉伯糖异构酶具有转化D-半乳糖为D-塔格糖的生物活性。每升GS115(pPIC9K-ai)发酵液能转化D-半乳糖生成30 mgD-塔格糖。     

用毕赤酵母的GAP启动子调控表达L-阿拉伯糖异构酶

应用PCR从大肠杆菌基因组中扩增L-阿拉伯糖异构酶基因,用EcoR I和Not I双酶切将其克隆进P.pastoris表达载体,获得重组表达载体pGAP9K-L-ai。通过电转法将pGAP9K—L-ai转化毕赤酵母GS115,筛选高G418抗性和高表达L-阿拉伯糖异构酶的重组工程菌。用葡萄糖作为碳源在摇瓶中发酵48 h,表达重组L-ai 53 mg/L。用毕赤酵母的GAP启动子调控表达的重组L-ai具有异构D-半乳糖生成D-塔格糖的生物学活性。     

分枝犁头霉a-半乳糖苷酶的底物特异性

测定了43种碳水化合物对酶活力的影啊。其中半乳糖、甘油醛及纤维二糖使酶活力下降50％以上,D-阿拉伯糖、塔格糖、半乳糖醛酸、D-枝糖、L-阿拉伯糖、D-葡萄糖酸内酯．乳糖及蔗糖使酶活下降到70％左右;而二羟丙酮、2-脱氧-D-半乳糖及异丙基β-D-硫代半乳糖苷使酶话提高50％左右;其余的碳水化合物对酶活无明显影响。测定了Hg2+、甘油醛及半乳糖对酶的抑制类型。结果表明,Hg2+是a-半乳糖苷酶的非竞争性抑制剂,半乳糖及甘油醛是酶的竞争性抑制剂,后两者的K,值分别为8．3及12．5 mmol／L。     

Production of D-tagatose, a low caloric sweetener during milk fermentation using L-arabinose isomerase

Lactobacillusdelbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus are used for the biotransformation of milk in yoghurt. During milk fermentation, these lactic acid bacteria (LAB) hydrolyze lactose producing a glucose moiety that is further metabolized and a galactose moiety that they are enable to metabolize. We investigated the ability of L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus strains expressing a heterologous L-arabinose isomerase to convert residual D-galactose to D-tagatose. The Bacillus stearothermophilus US100l-arabinose isomerase (US100l-AI) was expressed in both LAB, using a new shuttle vector where the araA US100 gene is under the control of the strong and constitutive promoter of the L. bulgaricus ATCC 11842 hlbA gene. The production of L-AI by these LAB allowed the bioconversion of D-galactose to D-tagatose during fermentation in laboratory media and milk. We also established that the addition of L-AI to milk also allowed the conversion of D-galactose into D-tagatose during the fermentation process.     

Cloning, purification and biochemical characterization of metallic-ions independent and thermoactive l-arabinose isomerase from the Bacillus stearothermophilus US100 strain

The araA gene encoding L-arabinose isomerase from Bacillus stearothermophilus US100 strain was cloned, sequenced and over-expressed in E. coli. This gene encodes a 496-amino acid protein with a calculated molecular weight of 56.161 kDa. Its amino acid sequence displays the highest identity with L-AI from Thermus sp. IM6501 (98%) and that of Geobacillus stearothermophilus T6 (97%). According to SDS-PAGE analysis, under reducing and non-reducing conditions, the recombinant enzyme has an apparent molecular weight of nearly 225 kDa, composed of four identical 56-kDa subunits. The L-AI US100 was optimally active at pH 7.5 and 80 degrees C. It was distinguishable by its behavior towards divalent ions. Indeed, the L-AI US100 activity and thermostability were totally independent for metallic ions until 65 degrees C. At temperatures above 65 degrees C, the enzyme was also independent for metallic ions for its activity but its thermostability was obviously improved in presence of only 0.2 mM Co2+ and 1 mM Mn2+. The V(max) values were calculated to be 41.3 U/mg for L-arabinose and 8.9 U/mg for D-galactose. Their catalytic efficiencies (k(cat)/K(m)) for l-arabinose and D-galactose were, respectively, 71.4 and 8.46 mM(-1) min(-1). L-AI US100 converted the d-galactose into D-tagatose with a high conversion rate of 48% after 7 h at 70 degrees C.     

Bacterial L-arabinose isomerases: industrial application for D-tagatose production

D-tagatose is a natural monosaccharide with a low caloric value and has an anti-hyperglycemiant effect. This hexose has potential applications both in pharmaceutical and agro-food industries. However, the use of D-tagatose remains limited by its production cost. Many production procedures including chemical and biological processes were developed and patented. The most profitable production way is based on the use of L-arabinose isomerase which allows the manufacture of D-tagatose with an attractive rate. Future developments are focused on the generation of L-arabinose isomerases having biochemical properties satisfying the industrial applications. This report provides a brief review of the most recent patents that have been published relating to this area.     

Characterization of a mutated Geobacillus stearothermophilus L-arabinose isomerase that increases the production rate of D-tagatose

AIMS: Characterization of a mutated Geobacillus stearothermophilus L-arabinose isomerase used to increase the production rate of D-tagatose. METHODS AND RESULTS: A mutated gene was obtained by an error-prone polymerase chain reaction using L-arabinose isomerase gene from G. stearothermophilus as a template and the gene was expressed in Escherichia coli. The expressed mutated L-arabinose isomerase exhibited the change of three amino acids (Met322-->Val, Ser393-->Thr, and Val408-->Ala), compared with the wild-type enzyme and was then purified to homogeneity. The mutated enzyme had a maximum galactose isomerization activity at pH 8.0, 65 degrees C, and 1.0 mM Co2+, while the wild-type enzyme had a maximum activity at pH 8.0, 60 degrees C, and 1.0-mM Mn2+. The mutated L-arabinose isomerase exhibited increases in D-galactose isomerization activity, optimum temperature, catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) for D-galactose, and the production rate of D-tagatose from D-galactose. CONCLUSIONS: The mutated L-arabinose isomerase from G. stearothermophilus is valuable for the commercial production of D-tagatose. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This work contributes knowledge on the characterization of a mutated L-arabinose isomerase, and allows an increased production rate for D-tagatose from D-galactose using the mutated enzyme.     

An L-arabinose isomerase from Acidothermus cellulolytics ATCC 43068: cloning, expression, purification, and characterization

The araA gene encoding an L-arabinose isomerase (L-AI) from the acido-thermophilic bacterium Acidothermus cellulolytics ATCC 43068 was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The open reading frame of the L-AI consisted of 1,503 nucleotides encoding 501 amino acid residues. The recombinant L-AI was purified to homogeneity by heat treatment, ion-exchange chromatography, and gel filtration. The molecular mass of the enzyme was estimated to be approximately 55 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified enzyme was optimally active at 75°C and pH 7.5. It required divalent metal ions, either Mn²⁺ or Co²⁺, for both enzymatic activity and thermostability improvement at higher temperatures. The enzyme showed relatively high activity and stability at acidic pH. It exhibited over 90% of its maximal activity at pH 6.0 and retained 80% of activity after 12 h incubation at pH 6.0. Catalytic property study showed that the enzyme had an interesting catalytic efficiency. Its apparent K _m, V _max, and catalytic efficiency (k _cat/K _m) for D-galactose was 28.9 mM, 4.9 U/mg, and 9.3 mM⁻¹ min⁻¹, respectively. The enzyme carried out the isomerization of D-galactose to D-tagatose with a conversion yield over 50% after 12 h under optimal conditions, suggesting its potential in D-tagatose production.     

L-Arabinose isomerase and its use for biotechnological production of rare sugars

L-Arabinose isomerase (AI), a key enzyme in the microbial pentose phosphate pathway, has been regarded as an important biological catalyst in rare sugar production. This enzyme could isomerize L-arabinose into L-ribulose, as well as D-galactose into D-tagatose. Both the two monosaccharides show excellent commercial values in food and pharmaceutical industries. With the identification of novel AI family members, some of them have exhibited remarkable potential in industrial applications. The biological production processes for D-tagatose and L-ribose (or L-ribulose) using AI have been developed and improved in recent years. Meanwhile, protein engineering techniques involving rational design has effectively enhanced the catalytic properties of various AIs. Moreover, the crystal structure of AI has been disclosed, which sheds light on the understanding of AI structure and catalytic mechanism at molecular levels. This article reports recent developments in (i) novel AI screening, (ii) AI-mediated rare sugar production processes, (iii) molecular modification of AI, and (iv) structural biology study of AI. Based on previous reports, an analysis of the future development has also been initiated.