SO2对蚕豆根尖和叶尖细胞遗传损伤作用的研究

采用微核实验技术,研究大气污染物SO2对蚕豆根尖和叶尖细胞的遗传损伤效应。结果表明2.80和28 mg.m-3的SO2熏气可以诱发蚕豆根尖和叶尖细胞损伤,导致根尖细胞有丝分裂指数下降,根尖和叶尖间期细胞微核率增高,并具有时间效应和浓度效应。经水恢复培养后,根尖分裂细胞数增多,微核率降低,说明恢复培养能够缓解高浓度SO2对根尖细胞的遗传损伤。用石蜡层隔断SO2在根部水中的溶解后,根尖细胞微核率低于叶尖细胞微核率,而在非隔断组中则相反,说明SO2在水中的溶解是产生毒性效应的重要原因。高浓度SO2熏气对蚕豆根尖和叶尖细胞具有遗传学毒性,由于根尖分生区具有较高的分裂指数和微核率,对环境SO2毒性的反应更灵敏,蚕豆根尖微核实验更适于对环境SO2的监测。     

SO2对蚕豆根尖和叶尖细胞遗传损伤作用的研究

采用微核实验技术,研究大气污染物SO₂对蚕豆根尖和叶尖细胞的遗传损伤效应。结果表明2.80和28 mg·m^-3的SO₂熏气可以诱发蚕豆根尖和叶尖细胞损伤,导致根尖细胞有丝分裂指数下降,根尖和叶尖间期细胞微核率增高,并具有时间效应和浓度效应。经水恢复培养后,根尖分裂细胞数增多,微核率降低,说明恢复培养能够缓解高浓度SO₂对根尖细胞的遗传损伤。用石蜡层隔断SO₂在根部水中的溶解后,根尖细胞微核率低于叶尖细胞微核率,而在非隔断组中则相反,说明SO₂在水中的溶解是产生毒性效应的重要原因。高浓度SO₂熏气对蚕豆根尖和叶尖细胞具有遗传学毒性,由于根尖分生区具有较高的分裂指数和微核率,对环境SO₂毒性的反应更灵敏,蚕豆根尖微核实验更适于对环境SO₂的监测。     

SO2体内衍生物诱发蚕豆根尖细胞微核

以蚕豆为材料 ,研究 SO2 体内衍生物 -亚硫酸钠与亚硫酸氢钠混合液 (3:1)对根尖细胞的遗传毒效应。结果表明 :0 .0 5～2 .0 0 mmol/ L的 SO2 衍生物处理可诱发两品种蚕豆根尖中的微核细胞明显增加 ;不同浓度 (0 .0 5～ 15 .0 0 mmol/ L ) SO2 衍生物处理 12、2 4、36 h后 ,根尖微核细胞率是对照组的 2 .5～ 5 .0倍 ,显著高于对照组。在一定浓度范围内 ,蚕豆根尖细胞微核率与SO2 衍生物浓度之间具有正的线性相关。研究结果表明 ,SO2 衍生物能够破坏蚕豆根尖细胞的遗传稳定性。     

SO2对大蒜根尖细胞遗传损伤作用的研究

研究SO2（14,35,84mg/m^2）对大蒜幼根细胞的遗传损伤效应。结果表明：大蒜幼苗短时间暴露于高浓度SO2环境中,或者长时间生长在低浓度SO2环境中,均可导致根尖细胞微核和双核频率明显增高,并引起根尖部分细胞核固缩。SO2的上述效应具有明显的时间－效应和课题－效应关系,细胞中的微核、双核及核固缩率与SO2浓度间呈线性相关,研究结果表明：SO2可引起植物细胞遗传物质的损伤,大蒜根尖细胞有可能用作监测SO2污染的生物计量计。     

Na2SeO3对蚕豆根尖细胞遗传损伤作用的研究

采用蚕豆根尖微核实验和姊妹染色单体交换实验,研究亚硒酸钠(0.01～10.0 mg·L-1)对蚕豆根尖细胞的遗传损伤效应.结果表明一定浓度的亚硒酸钠(Na2SeO3)可导致蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂指数下降,间期细胞微核频率明显增高,且Na2SeO3的上述效应具有一定的剂量效应关系;同时Na2SeO3可诱导细胞姊妹染色单体交换(SCE)频率显著增高.研究表明,亚硒酸钠对蚕豆根尖细胞具有遗传毒害作用,并有可能对人体产生遗传损伤.     

甲硝唑诱导蚕豆根尖细胞微核的研究

本实验研究了甲硝唑诱导蚕豆根尖细胞微核的效应。实验表明：(1)浓度为0.1、6、12、40和500 mg/L甲硝唑均能使蚕豆根尖细胞微核率显著增加,且蚕豆根尖细胞微核率和甲硝唑浓度之间存在明显的剂量-效应关系;(2)甲硝唑能引起DNA损伤,具有分子诱变剂的性能。     

表面活性剂、酸雨和Cd2+复合污染对蚕豆胚根细胞核的毒性

用蚕豆根尖微核技术研究了Cd²⁺单因子以及与表面活性剂、模拟酸雨复合污染时对植物细胞的毒性作用.结果表明,Cd²⁺浓度在0～10.0mg·L^-1范围内,对蚕豆胚根细胞微核的形成有强烈的诱导作用,Cd²⁺浓度6.0mg·L^-1时的细胞微核率为13.85‰,对照组的微核率为4.53‰,此时污染影响指数(PI)为3.06;当环境中存在表面活性剂LAS1.0mg·L^-1或pH值降到4.5和3.5时,同一Cd²⁺浓度下,蚕豆根尖细胞微核率、PI降低,同时伴有核变形,细胞中颗粒物增多,胚根组织不容易分散等症状,根的生长受到抑制,说明表面活性剂、酸雨对Cd²⁺的毒性有协同作用.pH3.5的酸雨环境中Cd²⁺对蚕豆细胞的损伤程度比pH4.5酸雨环境高.在检测高浓度、强毒性污染物的致突变效应时,应作至少3个稀释倍数,找出蚕豆根尖细胞最高微核率及PI.     

表面活性剂、酸雨和Cd^2＋复合污染对蚕豆胚根细胞核的毒性

用蚕豆根尖微核技术研究了Cd^2+单因子以及与表面活性剂、模拟酸雨复合污染时对植物细胞的毒性作用。结果表明,Cd^2+浓度在0～10．0mg·L^-1范围内,对蚕豆胚根细胞微核的形成有强烈的诱导作用,Cd^2+浓度6．0mg·L^-1时的细胞微核率为13．85‰,对照组的微核率为4．53‰,此时污染影响指数(PI)为3．06;当环境中存在表面活性剂LAS1．0mg·L^-1或pH值降到4．5和3．5时,同-Cd^2+浓度下,蚕豆根尖细胞微核率、PI降低,同时伴有核变形,细胞中颗粒物增多,胚根组织不容易分散等症状,根的生长受到抑制,说明表面活性剂、酸雨对Cd^2+的毒性有协同作用。pH3．5的酸雨环境中Cd^2+对蚕豆细胞的损伤程度比pH4．5酸雨环境高,在检测高浓度、强毒性污染物的致突变效应时,应作至少3个稀释倍数,找出蚕豆根尖细胞最高微核率及PI。     

SO2衍生物诱发蚕豆根尖细胞微核和后期异常的研究

研究SO₂体内衍生物--亚硫酸钠和亚硫酸氢钠混合液(3:1 mmol·L^-1/mmol·L^-1)诱发蚕豆根尖细胞微核和后期异常的效应。结果表明:SO₂衍生物处理可诱发蚕豆根尖间期细胞微核和核芽,使分裂后期出现多种染色体异常,如断片、桥以及滞后染色体等。异常细胞中以微核细胞和染色体断裂细胞居多。在一定浓度范围内,细胞异常率与处理液浓度之间表现正的线性相关。这些研究结果表明,蚕豆根尖间期微核和后期染色体异常有可能用作检测SO₂污染的生物剂量计。     

乙酸铜对蚕豆根尖细胞致畸效应

采用蚕豆根尖细胞的微核试验和染色体畸变试验方法,以不同浓度的乙酸铜为诱变剂,选择不同的处理时间,测定蚕豆根尖细胞的有丝分裂指数、微核率和染色体畸变率。结果表明：乙酸铜能诱发较高频率的微核率,处理6h、12h时微核率均随着乙酸铜浓度的升高而增加,具有明显的剂量效应;处理24h时在实验浓度范围内,其微核率随乙酸铜浓度的升高而增加,但高于一定浓度后反而呈下降趋势。不同浓度的乙酸铜在不同处理时间均使蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂指数增大。乙酸铜还能诱导蚕豆根尖细胞产生较高频率的染色体畸变,且产生多种类型的染色体畸变。因此,乙酸铜对蚕豆根尖细胞具有明显的致畸效应。     

The effects of post-treatments with caffeine during S and G2 on the frequencies of chromosomal aberrations induced by thiotepa in root tips of Vicia faba and in human lymphocytes in vitro

The effects of post-treatments with caffeine on the frequencies of chromosomal aberrations induced by the trifunctional alkylating agent thiotepa were studied in human lymphocytes and in root tips of Vicia faba. In lymphocytes the frequency of aberrations induced in G0 or G1 was most strongly increased when the caffeine post-treatments were given during G2. In Vicia faba, on the other hand, the frequency of aberrations induced in early interphase was unaffected by post-treatments with caffeine during G2, but strongly increased when the root tips were exposed to caffeine during the S phase.     

Genotoxicity of hydrated sulfur dioxide on root tips of Allium sativum and Vicia faba

Genotoxicity of sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) and its hydrates (bisulfite and sulfite) in human lymphocytes and other mammalian cells have been found earlier in our laboratory. In the present studies, we used Allium stavium and Vicia faba cytogenetic tests, which are the highly sensitive and simple plant bioassays. A mixture of sodium bisulfite and sodium sulfite (1:3), at various concentrations from 1 x 10(-4) to 2 x 10(-3)M was used for the treatment. Genotoxicity was expressed in terms of anaphase aberration (AA) frequencies in the Vicia-AA test and in terms of micronuclei (MCN) frequencies in both Vicia-MCN test and Alllium-MCN test. On average, the results showed a 1.7-3.9-fold increase of AA frequencies and a 3.5-4.5-fold increase of MCN frequencies in Vicia root tips as compared with the negative control. Similarly, results of Allium-MCN test also showed a significant increase in MCN frequencies in the treated samples. In addition, pycnotic cells (PNC) appeared in Allium root tips of treated groups. The frequencies of MCN, AA and PNC increased dose-dependently and the cell cycle delayed at the same time in bisulfite treated samples. Results of the present study suggest that the Vicia and Allium cytogenetic bioassays are efficient, simple and reproducible in genotoxicity studies of bisulfite.     

The use of Tradescantia and Vicia faba bioassays for the in situ detection of mutagens in an aquatic environment.

Tests have shown plant bioassays to be excellent for mutagenicity studies. Most studies with plant bioassays, however, have been carried out either in the laboratory, or if, in situ, as monitors of atmospheric contaminants. The primary purpose of this study was to assess the utility of in situ plant mutagenicity bioassays in monitoring water contaminants. The assay systems tested were the Tradescantia stamen hair and micronucleus assays for the detection of gene mutations and chromosomal aberrations respectively, and the Vicia faba bioassay system which detects chromosomal aberrations in root tips. The assays were used to test the effluent from a pulp and paper mill located on the north shore of Lake Superior. Assays were performed in a creek containing raw effluent and in the bay of Lake Superior into which the creek emptied. All in situ treatments were carried out for 24 h. The effluent from the creek was heavy with pulp and debris which coated the plant cuttings and the Vicia faba seedlings and may have restricted the uptake from the effluent. In the creek, at test sites 11.5 km from the source, the effluent was toxic to the Vicia faba roots as evidenced by a reduction in the mitotic index. The data for the Tradescantia stamen hair assay in the creek were equivocal. The cuttings from the creek test sites and the air and water control sites appeared to have undergone a physiological delay. Within a day or two after the return to the laboratory, that is 6-8 days after testing, flowering almost ceased and did not fully resume until about day 35. This reduction in flowering was particularly severe with the cuttings from the effluent and air control sites, making it very difficult to interpret the results. In contrast, the Tradescantia micronucleus and Vicia faba chromosomal aberration data were unequivocal; each produced positive responses at both test sites relative to the air and water controls. The results obtained for the bay sites with all 3 assays were in agreement. In that section of the bay visibly contaminated by the creek effluent, increases in stamen hair mutants, micronuclei, and chromosome aberrations were measured. In general, there was a considerable reduction in the number of mutant events observed for the water samples brought back from the test sites and tested in the laboratory.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Clastogenic and mitodepressive effects of the insecticide dichlorvos on root meristems of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vicia faba</Emphasis>

Plant bioassays are an important and integral part of the test battery used in detecting genotoxic/carcinogenic contamination in the environment. Highly sensitive biomonitoring of plant models have been developed, which enables the detection of hazards arising from pesticides, insecticides, industrial contamination, heavy metals and radiation. Root tips of Vicia faba ssp. minor were treated with 1-60 mM of the organophosphorus insecticide dichlorvos (DDVP) for 2 h, followed by a 20-h recovery period. Maleic acid hydrazide (MH) was used as a positive control for the mitotic index, micronucleus and chromosomal aberration assays performed on the Vicia model system. All treatments with DDVP significantly decreased the mitotic activity and increased the frequency of chromosomal aberrations at the metaphase. The frequency of micronuclei was significantly increased at DDVP concentrations starting from 10 mM. The results demonstrate clastogenic and mitodepressive effects of DDVP on Vicia faba cells.     

Chromosome aberrations caused by the effect of ultrasound in the meristematic cells ofvicia faba

In our present work the formation of chromosome aberrations has been studied in dependence on the tima interval between sonication and fixation of the primary root tips of Vicia faba. Maximum occurrence of aberrations was recorded immediately after sonication. The results of our experiments pointed to the fact that the frequency of the induced changes was independent on the sonic waves intensity within the range of 0-2—3-0 W/cm² and on ultrasond treatment duration within the range of 1—20 min. Studies of the distribution of chromosome abnormalities caused by ultrasound between the large and small chromosomes of theVicia faba meristematic cells in various time intervals showed that the frequency of the aberrations in both chromosome groups was proportional to its total metaphase lengths. Analysis of the type of aberrations observed in various time intervals after sonication indicated the simultaneous formation of chromosome and chromatide abnormalities.     

铅、镉及其复合污染对蚕豆根尖细胞的诱变效应

应用蚕豆根尖微核技术研究了Cd(1mgL^-1～25mgL^-1)、Pb(1mgL^-1～25mgL^-1)及其复合污染对根尖细胞的毒害作用,分析了重金属及复合重金属污染对蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂和微核及染色体畸变的影响。结果表明：Cd、Pb及其复合处理对蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂及染色体行为存在不同程度的影响。具体表现为：低浓度促进细胞分裂,高浓度则抑制细胞分裂;对染色体畸变的影响表现为：当浓度为1．0mgL^-1时Cd即产生显著效应,而Pb浓度达10．0mgL^-1时,表现出稳定的,强度较大的诱变效应,且随浓度的增加毒害增强。Cd、Pb间存在交互作用,Cd达低浓度时与Pb的交互作用明显而高浓度则不明显,且Cd、Pb间存在部分拮抗作用。     

Comparison of the effects of radiation and deoxyribonucleic acids on the mitosis in roots ofVicia faba

Differences as well as similarities in the action of ionizing radiation and deoxyribonucleic acids from various sources on mitosis in root cells ofVicia faba were established. The time course of occurrence of aberrations were examined. Whereas in irradiated broad beant the maximum percentage of aberrations was observed immediately after irradiation, the aps plication of non-isologous DNA was followed by maximum aberrations after 8–16 hours. As all the time-intervals studied, an incraasad number of aberrations was found during metaphase-as compared with anaphases, both after irradiation and after application of DNA. A comparison of isologous, homologous and heterologous DNA as inductors of chromosomal aberrations supported our previous findings and showed that the efficiency of DNA depends on the genetic difference between donor and acceptor. During a study of distribution of aberrations between large and small chromosomes of meristematic cells ofVicia faba, at various time-intervals it was obsarved that after irradiation the distribution of aberrations between individual chromosomes is proportional to their total length, whereas the effect of heterologous DNA is mostly in the damage to small chromosomes. It was also found that aftar irradiation mostly chromatid aberrations are formed at shorter time-intervals and only later chromosomal aberrations will appear. On the other hand, heterologous DNA brings about in all time-intervals a predominance of chromatid aberrations.     

蚕豆叶片SOD活性监测大气SO2污染的可行性研究

 本文从实验室熏气和野外大气暴露两方面对利用蚕豆叶片SOD活性评价和监测大气SO2污染的可行性进行了研究。低浓度SO2(0.1312、0.2601mg·m-3)处理,引起叶片SOD活性升高,一定时间后,SOD活性趋于稳定,且0.2601mg·m-3SO2处理时,SOD活性较高,表现出SOD活性增量与SO2浓度相关,为利用SOD活性监测和评价SO2污染提供了可能性。大气暴露试验结果表明SOD活性与大气硫酸盐化速率存在极显著的相关性。利用SOD活性和大气硫酸盐化速率分别对大气SO2污染程度进行了评价,结果基本一致,并根据SOD活性估测了大气硫酸盐化速率,符合程度较高,置信分析表明估测结果可信。以上结果表明,利用蚕豆叶片SOD活性监测和评价大气SO2污染是可行的。     

The influence of exogenous DNA of different origin on the mitosis and chromosomes of irradiated meristematic cells ofVicia faba

In this paper we compare the influence of heterologous and isologous DNA on the radiation damage repair of primary root meristematic cells ofVicia faba. Roots, irradiated by exposure of 150 r were cultivated at different time intervals either in tap water, or in a solution of heterologous or isologous DNA. In comparing mitotic activity of meristematic cells it was found that both types of DNA studied enhance the recovery of irradiated cells. The frequency of postmetaphase chromosomal aberrations of irradiated cells was influenced also by post-irradiation action of exogenous DNA. While heterologous DNA exhibited synergical effect with radiation in the sense that it increased the post-irradiation incidence of aberrations in all time intervals studied, isologous DNA had a strong repair effect—the application caused a significant decrease of the percentage of post-metaphase aberrations. Both kinds of DNA caused changes in the relation of chromosome to chromatid aberrations; a higher percentage of chromatid aberrations was registered. The study of the distribution of aberrations between large and small chromosomes ofVicia faba showed that the post-irradiation application of heterologous DNA increases damage of small chromosomes while isologous DNA caused an increased repair ability in this chromosomal group.