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1.
Leading Moravian sheep breeders, who joined with university professors and other educated citizens to form a Sheep Breeders' Society in 1814, looked to science to provide a reliable basis for breeding. Their activities reached a climax in the 1830s, when they defined and focused on heredity as the central research goal. Among the members taking part was Abbot Cyrill F Napp, who in 1843 would accept Mendel into the monastery. The contributions of Abbot Napp to the sheep breeders' view of heredity are here described. After 1900, when Moravian animal breeding sought to embrace Mendelism, in competition with other theories, a major influence was exerted by Jaroslav Krízenecky (1896-1964). In 1963, Krízenecky accepted responsibility for establishing the Mendel Museum (Mendelianum) in Brno as a vehicle for historical research into the origin and essence of Mendel's discovery.  相似文献   

2.
In early 19th-century Moravia, breeders of animals and plants joined with other interested citizens in the Moravian and Silesian Agricultural Society to debate economic priorities. Several of the senior members had a profound influence upon breeding theory: J.K. Nestler, Professor of Natural History and Agriculture at the University of Olomouc, left a collection of influential writings. In the context of sheep breeding he defined 'inheritance capacity' (Vererbungsf?higkeit), 'hereditary history' (Vererbungsgeschichte) and 'developmental history' (Entwicklungsgeschichte). His linking of the last two terms, as two sides of the same coin, puts Mendel's use of the second one in context. Professor F. Diebl taught the same topics as Nestler at the Philosophical Institute in Brno, with a bias towards plants. Diebl's lectures were attended by Mendel who gained top marks in three examinations. Diebl stressed the importance of artificial pollination to produce new varieties and recognised peas and beans as suitable subjects for the procedure. Prelate Cyrill Napp, abbot before Mendel, had a deep interest in heredity and how it was transmitted through both sexes. He generously supported Mendel's research. A happy blend of economic and academic influences, together with original talent and inner drive, led to Mendel's great discovery.  相似文献   

3.
This paper discusses how a genetical approach to plant physiology can contribute to research underpinning the production of new crop varieties. It highlights the interactions between genetics and plant breeding and how the current advances in genetics and the new science of genomics can contribute to our understanding of the genetical control of key agronomic traits ‐ the process of ‘translating’ traits to identified and mapped genes. Advances in genomics, such as the sequencing of whole genomes and expressed sequence tags, are producing information on genes and gene structures, but without knowing their function. A great deal more biology will be necessary to translate gene structure to function ‐ the process of translating genes to traits. Combining these ‘forward’ and ‘reverse’ genetic approaches will allow us to get comprehensive knowledge of the biology of agronomic traits at the physiological, biochemical and molecular levels, so that the ‘circuitry’ of our crop plants can be elucidated. This will enable plant breeders to manipulate crop phenotype using marker‐assisted breeding or genetic engineering approaches with a precision not previously possible.  相似文献   

4.
The difference in formulation of the question of heredity on a different level of knowledge in Brno in the 1830s and after 1850 is discussed in this article. In order to solve the problem the most important source is foreshown in the new philosophy of plant physiology and in physics. Mendel was pleased to have met excellent teachers of both these fields. This explanation is an example of Mirko Grmek's thesis: 'l'histoire des sciences est le laboratoire de l'épistomologie'.  相似文献   

5.
Scholars studying the history of heredity suggest that during the 19th-century biologists and anthropologists viewed characteristics as a collection of blended qualities passed on from the parents. Many argued that those characteristics could be very much affected by environmental circumstances, which scholars call the inheritance of acquired characteristics or “soft” heredity. According to these accounts, Gregor Mendel reconceived heredity – seeing distinct hereditary units that remain unchanged by the environment. This resulted in particular traits that breed true in succeeding generations, or “hard” heredity. The author argues that polygenist anthropology (an argument that humanity consisted of many species) and anthropometry in general should be seen as a hardening of heredity. Using a debate between Philadelphia anthropologist and physician, Samuel G. Morton, and Charleston naturalist and reverend, John Bachman, as a springboard, the author contends that polygenist anthropologists hardened heredity by conceiving of durable traits that might reappear even after a race has been eliminated. Polygenists saw anthropometry (the measurement of humans) as one method of quantifying hereditary qualities. These statistical ranges were ostensibly characteristics that bred true and that defined racial groups. Further, Morton’s interest in hybridity and racial mixing demonstrates that the polygenists focused as much on the transmission and recognition of “amalgamations” of characters as they did on racial categories themselves. The author suggests that seeing race science as the study of heritable, statistical characteristics rather than broad categories helps explain why “race” is such a persistent cultural phenomenon.  相似文献   

6.
The discoveries of Gregor Mendel, as described by Mendel in his 1866 paper Versuche uber Pflanzen-Hybriden (Experiments on plant hybrids), can be used in undergraduate genetics and biology courses to engage students about specific nature of science characteristics and their relationship to four of his major contributions to genetics. The use of primary source literature as an instructional tool to enhance genetics students' understanding of the nature of science helps students more clearly understand how scientists work and how the science of genetics has evolved as a discipline. We offer a historical background of how the nature of science developed as a concept and show how Mendel's investigations of heredity can enrich biology and genetics courses by exemplifying the nature of science.  相似文献   

7.
Molecular breeding in sesame is still at infancy due to limited number of microsatellite markers available and the low level of polymorphism exhibited by them. Therefore, whole genome sequencing was used for development of microsatellite markers so as to ensure availability of substantial number of polymorphic markers for use in marker assisted breeding programs. Whole genome sequencing of sesame variety ‘Swetha’ was done using Illumina paired-end sequencing and Roche 454 shotgun sequencing technologies (GCA_000975565.1 in GenBank). ‘GinMicrosatDb’, a genome-wide microsatellite marker database has been developed using the whole genome sequence data of sesame variety ‘Swetha’. The database consists of microsatellites localized on both linkage groups and scaffolds with their genomic co-ordinates. It provides five sets of forward and reverse primers for each of the microsatellite loci along with the flanking sequences, primer GC content, product size and melting temperature etc. The distribution of microsatellites can be viewed and selected through a genome browser as well as through a physical map. The newly identified microsatellite markers are expected to help sesame breeders in developing marker tags for traits of economic importance thereby bringing about greater efficiency in marker-assisted selection programs.  相似文献   

8.
The ‘rediscovery’ of Mendel’s laws in 1900 was a turning point in modern research of heredity/genetics. According to the traditional view, adopted and fostered by many textbooks of genetics, Mendel’s principles were presented in the first half of 1900 simultaneously and independently by three biologists (H. de Vries, C. Correns, E. v. Tschermak-Seysenegg). Having thus laid the foundations of further development, the ‘rediscovery’ continues to attract considerable interest. Since the 1950s, however, serious questions arose concerning both the chronology and specific conceptual achievement of the scientists involved. Not only the independence but also parallelism was analysed in the context of individual research programmes of these three scholars. The youngest of them, Erich v. Tschermak-Seysenegg, was even excluded from the list of ‘rediscoverers’. The aim of this paper is to use new archival evidence and approximate the contribution of the physiologist and ophthalmologist Armin von Tschermak-Seysenegg (1870–1952) to the events of 1900 and 1901.  相似文献   

9.
Recent estimates suggest that 9% of bird species are cooperative breeders. However, little is known about the breeding behavior of many species, particularly those in the Indomalayan and Neotropical regions. Our objective was to provide an overview of the prevalence of cooperative breeding among Chinese songbirds. Examination of the social behavior, diet, and migratory status of 55 known cooperative‐breeding species of songbirds in China revealed that 90.9% live in small groups, 89.1% are residents in at least one or all their subspecies, 81.8% are insectivores, and 14.5% are omnivores. In contrast, 58.2% of the 55 species are resident insectivores that live in small groups, 10.9% are resident omnivores that live in small groups, and 12.7% include subspecies that are resident insectivores. We used these combinations of traits of known cooperative breeders and phylogenetic relationships to infer that an additional 106 species of songbirds in China are probable cooperative breeders and 22 species are possible cooperative breeders. Our analysis suggests that a maximum of 27.2% (183 of 674 species) of Chinese passerines are cooperative breeders, with more occurring in subtropical southern China than in temperate northern China. Cooperative breeding is the main breeding system of species in the families Corvidae, Pycnonotidae, and, especially, Timaliidae (105 of 183 species, 57%). Based on our analyses, cooperative breeding might be more common than previously assumed, particularly among species in the families Timaliidae, Corvidae, and Sturnidae, and species in southern, subtropical China. Because most cooperative‐breeding species in our study were either inferred cooperative breeders or possible cooperative breeders, additional study of these species is needed to confirm our results. A better understanding of the prevalence of cooperative breeding in birds will improve our insight into the evolutionary and ecological factors that select for cooperative breeding.  相似文献   

10.
This paper explores whether we can interpret the notion of ‘forensic culture’ as something akin to what Knorr-Cetina called an ‘epistemic culture’. Can we speak of a ‘forensic culture’, and, if so, how is it similar to, or different from, other epistemic cultures that exist in what is conventionally called ‘science’? This question has important policy implications given the National Academy Science’s (NAS) recent identification of ‘culture’ as one of the problems at the root of what it identified as ‘serious deficiencies’ in U.S. forensic science and ‘scientific culture’ as an antidote to those problems. Finding the NAS’s characterisation of ‘scientific culture’ overly general and naïve, this paper offers a preliminary exploration of what might be called a ‘forensic culture’. Specifically, the paper explores the way in which few of the empirical findings accumulated by sociologists of science about research science seem to apply to forensic science. Instead, forensic science seems to have developed a distinct culture for which a sociological analysis will require new explanatory tools. Faithful sociological analysis of ‘forensic culture’ will be a necessary prerequisite for the kind of culture change prescribed by external reformist bodies like the NAS.  相似文献   

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