首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到19条相似文献,搜索用时 140 毫秒
1.
马麝(Moschus chrysogaster)是我国特有种,在贺兰山分布数量不足百头,对贺兰山马麝进行生境适宜性评价是保护和恢复贺兰山马麝种群的前提和依据。2014—2016年通过样线法对贺兰山马麝的野外分布情况进行调查,确定了750个马麝出现位点,结合13个环境因子变量,利用最大熵(MAXENT)模型,并根据最大约登指数划分贺兰山马麝适宜生境及不适宜生境的分布区,对贺兰山地区马麝的生境适宜性进行评价。研究结果表明:在众多影响贺兰山马麝分布的环境因子中,针叶林、距水源距离、距护林点距离、海拔高度、距矿区距离和距道路距离六种环境因子影响较大;贺兰山地区适宜马麝分布的生境面积极小,仅占贺兰山地区总面积的3.27%,面积为120.24 km2,而不适宜生境面积为3 555.72 km2。利用受试者工作特征性曲线对模型进行检测,结果表明预测水平达到优秀,可以为马麝保护工作提供参考。为保护和恢复马麝种群,建议管理部门加强管理力度,严格控制人为干扰,识别和建立马麝各适宜生境之间的生态廊道,加强对零散分布的潜在适宜生境区域的利用。  相似文献   

2.
饲养林麝的种群特征和幼麝的存活研究   总被引:16,自引:1,他引:15  
对饲养在上海崇明岛东平林场的林麝种群特征以及 1998~ 2 0 0 0年间该种群所出生的 74只幼麝存活情况进行分析研究。结果表明 :该林麝种群中能繁殖的个体占 5 1 1% ,种群数量逐渐增长。种群存活率曲线呈C型 ,说明林麝的死亡主要发生在幼麝时期。从不同年龄段性比变化来看 ,初生幼麝的性比接近 1∶1,由于雌幼麝比雄幼麝具有更高的存活率 (P <0 0 5 ) ,进入亚成体以后雄性比例逐渐下降 ,显示幼麝时期存在偏雄性死亡。早出生幼麝的存活率明显高于晚出生幼麝 (P <0 0 5 )。引起幼麝死亡的主要原因是疾病 (45 .9% )。  相似文献   

3.
马麝诸种群地理分化初步探讨   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
马麝是我国的一种重要经济动物,是古北界特有种,主要分布在我国青藏高原及其临近地区。为保护物种多样性,本利用分子生物学技术在分子水平探讨了马麝各地理种群之间遗传多样性问题。用线粒体细胞色素b(Cytochrome b)的DNA序列进行系统进化分析显示:马麝四川种群、甘肃种群和西藏两种群在大约100万年前具有共同祖先。四川种群最先分化出来,甘肃马麝与西藏马麝的关系最近,四川马麝与西藏马麝、甘肃马麝间的关系较远,甘肃马麝与四川马麝约在80万年前分化,而甘肃与西藏察隅和类乌齐两种群马麝间分化时间则分别为34万年和57万年前,四川马麝与西藏察隅和类乌齐两种群马麝分化时间在90万年和100万年前。结果初步表明分布于甘肃、四川和西藏的马麝种群可能为不同的亚种。  相似文献   

4.
我国麝养殖是解决麝类野生种群保护和中医药麝香来源的关键环节,是极为重要的野生动物养殖业。通过调查得出,截至2011年全国养殖麝已达8400余头,主要分布于四川、陕西等省份;养殖麝种群雄雌比率为1∶0.97,成幼比率为1∶0.53,表明养殖麝种群处于快速增长状态,种群结构基本合理。结合目前麝养殖业资料的调查,分析了养殖规模、养殖技术、种源管理、产业政策对麝养殖产业发展的作用并提出提升麝养殖业发展的对策。  相似文献   

5.
濒危植物羽叶丁香种群结构与动态特征   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
姜在民  和子森  宿昊  赵涵  蔡靖 《生态学报》2018,38(7):2471-2480
羽叶丁香(Syringa pinnatifolia Hemsl.)是中国特有的珍稀濒危物种,首次对中卫香山和贺兰山甘沟保护区两地的天然种群进行调查,通过建立种群静态生命表,绘制种群存活曲线描绘其种群结构特征,利用种群数量动态预测和时间序列分析定量研究其未来的发展趋势。结果显示,中卫香山种群属于增长型,贺兰山甘沟种群属于衰退型,二者对外界干扰均比较敏感。两地羽叶丁香种群均不同程度地缺乏幼苗,种群发展主要靠中老龄个体维持,存活曲线都趋向于Deevey-Ⅱ型,死亡率曲线和危险率曲线均显示随着年龄的增长,各龄级呈波状上升趋势,且中卫香山种群波动更明显,生存分析也显示中卫香山种群更早进入衰退期,结合生境气候条件,贺兰山甘沟地区更适宜羽叶丁香的生存。动态指数和时间序列分析显示羽叶丁香种群具有前期缺乏,中期稳定,后期衰退的动态特征,幼龄个体的缺乏是导致其濒危的重要原因之一。因此,建议在目前封山育林保护基础上,加强羽叶丁香高效繁育技术研究,并适当进行人工抚育,以保证其种群的正常更新。  相似文献   

6.
近交衰退:我们检测到了吗   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
近交衰退产生的原因是近交增加了有害等位基因纯合几率,导致个体适应能力下降。种群变小是导致近交衰退的主要原因,但在实际研究中发现近交衰退并非一定明显表现出来,这可能有以下几个主要的原因遗传负荷的淘汰、在较好的环境下近交衰退会表现不明显、并非能在所有性状中检测到近交衰退、近交衰退只出现在某些发育阶段和不同家系、种群、个体中的近交衰退程度不同。这提示我们近交衰退与生态及遗传密切相关。  相似文献   

7.
王永奇  盛岩  刘文华  李斐然  唐婕  孟秀祥 《生态学报》2015,35(15):4986-4992
林麝是濒危资源动物,林麝驯养是保育濒危林麝资源及可持续利用麝香的有效方式。基于对2001至2012年间的陕西凤县林麝驯养的监测和调查,分析了其种群动态、性比和年龄结构。结果表明,陕西凤县的林麝驯养在近10余年获得了快速发展,全县共有150余个麝场,麝场数呈指数式增长,增长率达27.33%,但其平均驯养规模无明显增长,平均存栏种群仅为16.38头。凤县的驯养麝种群总体增长近似指数式增长,增长率达27.22%,目前存栏种群已达3712头。区分性别和年龄,各亚群的增长均呈指数式增长,幼年麝的增长率(30.30%)高于成年麝(27.16%),雄麝的增长率(28.30%)高于雌麝(27.78%)。在2001至2012年间,幼麝种群的雌雄性比((102.64±3.15)%,n=12)和成年麝种群的雌雄性比((100.85±2.585)%,n=10)均显著偏雌(P0.01),但幼麝、成年麝种群间的性比差异不显著(P0.05)。在2005年及2010—2012年间,幼麝(0.5岁龄)占种群的比例为31.91%,亚成体麝(1.5岁龄)占种群的比例为21.11%,成麝(2.5—12.5岁龄)比例为42.72%,老年麝(13.5岁龄及以上)仅占种群的4.26%。合并年龄分析,育龄前个体(幼麝和亚成体麝)的平均比例为53.02%,表明凤县驯养林麝属快速增长种群,其增长潜力较大。在林麝驯养实践中,管理部门可制定准入制度或适当重组现有麝场,促进较大的驯养种群构建,并建立通畅的麝香交易渠道,控制林麝种源的过热交易,以利于林麝驯养种群的性比平衡及可持续的繁育、增长。  相似文献   

8.
2009年10月2012年12月,采用样线调查法和问卷调查法对贺兰山国家级自然保护区内分布的白尾海雕Haliaeetus albicilla的越冬种群数量及时间、分布范围及生境类型进行了调查。根据最小种群数量评估法分析结果表明,在贺兰山地区的白尾海雕种群数量为92012年12月,采用样线调查法和问卷调查法对贺兰山国家级自然保护区内分布的白尾海雕Haliaeetus albicilla的越冬种群数量及时间、分布范围及生境类型进行了调查。根据最小种群数量评估法分析结果表明,在贺兰山地区的白尾海雕种群数量为914只,越冬时间为11月至次年2月,主要活动于悬崖峭壁或沟谷开阔地。  相似文献   

9.
康发功  盛岩  马泠桃  孟秀祥 《生态学报》2015,35(15):4993-4999
马麝(Moschus sifanicus)分布于我国青藏高原及周边区域,雄麝可分泌麝香。因历史上的过度利用及生境丧失等原因,马麝已极度濒危。马麝驯养是保育野生马麝资源及可持续生产麝香的有效方式。我国于1990年在甘肃兴隆山保护区开始马麝驯养,并于1996年实现了可持续的活体取香。分析了兴隆山麝场1996—2006年间的麝香生产及与泌香雄麝种群增长和种群结构的关系,结果表明:兴隆山麝场11a间共取香430头次,麝香总产量达3846.6 g,年均麝香产量为(349.69±84.69)g(n=11)。泌香雄麝的种群数与麝香年产量存在极显著的相关(R=0.638,P0.01),增长模型y=e(6.4285-3.6578/t)(R2=0.735,df=9,F=24.94,P=0.0010.01)和y=e(4.2049-3.4523/t)(R2=0.700,df=9,F=21.02,P=0.0010.01)可分别模拟该麝场的麝香年产量及泌香雄麝种群的增长。泌香雄麝的平均泌香量为(8.93±0.56)g/头(n=68),各年度的雄麝平均泌香量与麝香年产量相关极显著(R=0.442,P0.01),其增长模式呈指数式增长(y=7.5126e0.0244t)(R2=0.373,df=9,F=5.36,P=0.0460.05)。各年龄组雄麝间的平均泌香量差异显著(ANOVA,F7,59=2.522,P=0.0240.05),1.5岁马麝的泌香(2.00±1.82)g,(n=10)显著高于其他各年龄组马麝(P0.05),其余年龄组间的平均泌香量无显著差异(P0.05)。雄麝的年龄组与麝香年产量呈极显著的负相关(R=-0.936,P=0.0010.01),1.5—6.5岁雄麝占种群比例91.16%,生产麝香(3560.1g)占总产量的92.55%。以麝香生产为主的麝场,其驯养雄麝种群配置应以6.5岁龄以下雄麝为主。  相似文献   

10.
贺兰山岩羊种群生态及保护   总被引:24,自引:0,他引:24  
作者于1994年11月、1995年7~8月和9~10月在宁夏贺兰山对岩羊种群生态进行了初步研究,发现贺兰山岩羊的最适生态分布见于海拔1801~2000 m,岩羊每天有两个活动高峰,分别为早晨和下午。在观察到的448只岩羊中,发现平均群大小为5.5只,2~8只为一群的占总数的70.8%。岩羊种群的雌雄性比为1∶1.2,雌幼比为1∶0.44,贺兰山的岩羊处于增长趋势。目前在贺兰山,影响岩羊生存的主要因素是偷猎、人为干扰和家畜竞争。  相似文献   

11.
林麝微卫星座位的分离和鉴定   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
利用改进的磁珠富集法从林麝(Moschus berezovskii)的基因组中分离到10个新的(AC)n重复微卫星座位,并分析其在24个林麝个体(取样于中国四川金凤山群体)中的多态性。其中,5个位点在24个林麝个体中具有4—13个等位基因,观察杂合度和期望杂合度分别是0.429—0.957和0.587—0.902,平均多态信息含量是0.730。表明这5个微卫星位点具有高度的多态性,可以用于林麝遗传多样性研究,对林麝的保护具有很重要的意义。  相似文献   

12.
Forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) are rare as a result of poaching for musk and habitat loss. Some captive populations of forest musk deer have been established for decades in China. However, little genetic information is available for conservation management. In this paper, genetic variations, population structures, and the genetic bottleneck hypothesis were examined using 11 microsatellite loci from captive populations in Miyalo, Jinfeng and Maerkang in Sichuan Province, China. Estimates of genetic variability revealed substantial genetic variation in the three populations. A total of 142 different alleles were observed in 121 forest musk deer and the effective number of alleles per locus varied from 6.76 to 12.95. The average values of observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity, and Nei's expected heterozygosity were 0.552, 0.899 and 0.894 respectively. The overall significant (P < 0.001) deficit of heterozygotes because of inbreeding within breeds amounted to 34.5%. The mean FST (P < 0.001) showed that approximately 90.2% of the genetic variation was within populations and 9.8% was across populations. The UPGMA diagram, based on Nei's unbiased genetic distance, indicated that the three populations were differentiated into two different groups and it agreed with their origin and history. Bottleneck tests indicated that all three populations have undergone a population bottleneck, suggesting a small effective population size. Acknowledging that the genetic structure of populations has crucial conservation implications, the present genetic information should be taken into account in management plans for the conservation of captive forest musk deer.  相似文献   

13.
王静  孙军平  徐涛  祁军  张远林  张学炎  孟秀祥 《生态学报》2020,40(21):7997-8004
综合采用样线法、粪堆计数法及重复调查法对甘肃省兴隆山国家级自然保护区的野生马麝(Moschus chrysogaster)进行了种群调查,结合生境分析,确定了其种群分布、数量特征及影响因素。结果表明,兴隆山保护区分布有野生马麝(1159±275)头,平均种群密度为(3.51±0.83)头/km2;各植被类型生境中的野生麝种群数量及密度存在差异,灌丛生境分布有70%的野生马麝种群,达(807±170)头,种群密度为(6.49±1.63)头/km2;针叶林种群密度最大,达(8.85±83.25)头/km2,分布有野生麝(123±45)头;针阔混交林分布最少,仅(41±15)头,种群密度为(5.00±1.84)头/km2;人工林生境无野生马麝分布。保护区各植被类型生境中的野生马麝种群分布差异反映了马麝对适宜生境功能的需求,食物、保温和隐蔽性是制约野生马麝冬季分布和种群数量的关键因素。此外,因生境及人为干扰强度的不同,保护区各区域的野生马麝种群分布存在差异。建议通过减少人为干扰、地表植被管理及人工林管理优化等措施增加生境适宜性,促进兴隆山自然保护区野生马麝种群的快速恢复和增长。  相似文献   

14.
Himalayan musk deer (Moschus leucogaster; hereafter musk deer) are endangered as a result of poaching and habitat loss. The species is nocturnal, crepuscular, and elusive, making direct observation of habitat use and behavior difficult. However, musk deer establish and repeatedly use the same latrines for defecation. To quantify musk deer habitat correlates, we used observational spatial data based on presence–absence of musk deer latrines, as well as a range of fine spatial‐scale ecological covariates. To determine presence–absence of musk deer, we exhaustively searched randomly selected forest trails using a 20‐m belt transect in different study sites within the Neshyang Valley in the Annapurna Conservation Area. In a subsequent way, study sites were classified as habitat or nonhabitat for musk deer. A total of 252 plots, 20 × 20 m, were systematically established every 100 m along 51 transects (each ~0.5 km long) laid out at different elevations to record a range of ecological habitat variables. We used mixed‐effect models and principal component analysis to characterize relationships between deer presence–absence data and habitat variables. We confirmed musk deer use latrines in forests located at higher elevations (3,200–4,200 m) throughout multiple seasons and years. Himalayan birch (Betula utilis) dominated forest, mixed Himalayan fir (Abies spectabilis), and birch forest were preferred over pure Himalayan fir and blue pine (Pinus wallichiana) forest. Greater crown cover and shrub diversity were associated with the presence of musk deer whereas tree height, diameter, and diversity were weakly correlated. Topographical attributes including aspect, elevation, distance to water source, and slope were also discriminated by musk deer. Over‐ and understory forest management can be used to protect forests likely to have musk deer as predicted by the models to ensure long‐term conservation of this rare deer.  相似文献   

15.
Forest musk deer ( Moschus berezovskii ) were once distributed widely in China. However, wild populations have declined dramatically because of poaching and habitat loss. Captive breeding populations have been established for several decades, but the genetic backgrounds of most captive populations were unclear and the population sizes increased very slowly. To provide useful information for conservation and management of this species, we investigated the genetic diversity and population structure of forest musk deer by analysing a 582-bp fragment of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region (CR) in three captive breeding populations in Sichuan Province, China. Ninety-four variable sites and 27 haplotypes were observed in 109 individuals, and the nucleotide and haplotype diversities were relatively high compared with those of other endangered mammals. Of the three investigated populations, the Maerkang population had the highest nucleotide diversity ( π  = 0.0568), haplotype diversity ( h  =   0.836) and average intra-population genetic distance (0.062). The analysis of molecular variance demonstrated that most variation occurred within samples and that there was significant differentiation of the three populations. Estimates of gene flow indicated that there were few genetic exchanges among the three populations. Building pedigree records and increasing gene flow between populations will be helpful for conserving these populations and this species.  相似文献   

16.
Musk deer (Moschus spp.) have been over-exploited leading to steep population declines. The demand for musk for its use in medicine and perfumery industries poses the biggest threat to musk deer. The present study aimed to assess the depletion level of musk deer over time in northwest Yunnan by using hunter reports and dung transect data. Hunters were asked to recall musk gland catch-effort changes between the early 1990s and over two years (January 2009 to December 2010). Surveys using dung transect methodology were conducted on musk deer population in poaching and non-poaching sites. The results obtained revealed that the hunting frequency is constant in the two periods. Annual musk gland catch per hunter significantly declined from 7.4 (SD = 1.8) in the early 1990s to 0.7 (SD = 0.9) over the 2009–2010 period. A significantly higher proportion of hunters used snares over the 2009–2010 period (74%) than in the early 1990s (18%). The majority of the informants (70%) reported that the average distance from the village at which hunters operated has increased over the later two year period. The mean dung encounter rate values in the non-poaching site were about six times higher than that in poaching sites. Hunter responses were consistent with dung transect data that suggest musk deer population is seriously compromised throughout its range in northwest Yunnan. The present study has shown that catch-effort data from hunter reports can provide pertinent information about the current hunting practices and problems of prey depletion and for design of conservation interventions for hunted species.  相似文献   

17.
Chinese water deer is a rare and vulnerable animal in China because of the poaching for medical use and the habitat loss. In this study, the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of 40 Chinese water deer from three populations in Zhoushan Archipelago were investigated with ten highly polymorphic microsatellite loci, including 4 screened from the nuclear DNA in the study, and 6 selected from the literature. According to the results, these captive populations had a higher genetic diversity than other rare cervid species, such as forest musk deer. No signs of inbreeding were detected. Low genetic differentiation among these populations was found. The probable reasons included the isolation by distance, the exchange among islands, or the supplement of the wild Chinese water deer. We proposed the deer raisers to strengthen the exchanges from different islands or mainland, and if possible, some deer would be returned to the wild to expand the wild population.  相似文献   

18.
冯慧  黄原  任轶  冯成利  刘晓农 《生态学报》2014,34(20):5887-5895
林麝(Moschus berezovskii)曾广泛分布于中国,由于盗猎和栖息地缩小,秦岭地区野生种群数量迅速下降,圈养繁殖种群已成立了几十年,但大多数圈养种群的遗传背景不清,种群规模增长非常缓慢。为了给这一物种的保护和管理提供有用的信息,调查了陕西省林麝1个圈养种群3个野生种群线粒体DNA(mt DNA)D-Loop 632 bp片段的遗传多样性和种群结构。在69个个体中其碱基组成为A+T的平均含量63.2%高于G+C含量36.8%,共检测到变异位点171个(约占总位点数的27.05%)。核苷酸多样性(Pi)为0.04424,平均核苷酸差异数(K)为19.908。69个个体分属32个单倍型,单倍型间的平均遗传距离(P)为0.070。32个单倍型构建的NJ系统树聚为3个分支,4个林麝群体中的单倍型是随机分布的。4个群体的平均遗传距离为0.043(标准误SE为0.005),凤县养殖场群体与留坝和陇县群体的亲缘关系较远。单倍型间的平均遗传距离为0.043,可见其遗传分化尚未达到种群分化的水平。结果表明,陕西省林麝群体mt DNA D-loop区序列存在着较丰富的变异和遗传多样性,凤县野生群体和凤县养殖场群体的核苷酸多样性和单倍型多样较高,养殖场种群没有出现近亲繁殖及遗传多样性下降的情况。凤县野生群体和凤县养殖场群体两者遗传分化较小,存在着较高的基因流水平。  相似文献   

19.
Musk deer are of high conservation priority owing to poaching pressure because of its musk pod. Representation of musk deer status using genetics is poorly documented in India, and it is not confirmed as to how many species of musk deer are present. We characterize for the first time, the genetic diversity of musk deer from Uttarakhand using Cytochrome Oxidase sub-unit (COI) gene (486?bp) and compared with the data available for other species. Results revealed the presence of six haplotypes in the Uttarakhand population amongst 17 sequences. Of these, 12 sequences shared the single haplotype. The intra-species sequences divergence was 0.003–0.017, whereas divergence with other species of musk deer was 0.071–0.081. Bayesian phylogenetic tree revealed that samples from Uttarakhand formed a separate clade with respect to other species of musk deer, whereas three species distributed in China clustered in the same clade and showed low sequences divergence, i.e., 0.002–0.061. Because of different ecomorph reported, we suggest using the barcoding based approach for inter and intra-species distinction and delineating species boundaries across the range for effective conservation. Besides, systematic classification, DNA barcoding would also help in dealing wildlife offence cases for disposal of the legal report in court.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号