太湖水质评价中底栖动物综合生物指数的筛选及生物基准的确立

对太湖8个区域共60样点进行底栖大型无脊椎动物采样,共获得底栖动物24种,其中软体动物14种,节肢动物5种,甲壳动物5种.根据Hilsenhoff 生物指数确定了15个相对清洁的样点和45个污染样点,然后进行21种生物指数的综合评估,结果表明,总分类单元数、(甲壳动物 软体动物)分类单元数、%(甲壳动物 软体动物)、%腹足纲、Goodnight-Whitley指数、Hilsenhoff 生物指数和%直接收集者等7个底栖动物生物指数可以用作判别太湖水质的敏感生物指数.通过5, 3, 1记分法对6种生物指数统一量纲后,获得变化范围为7～35的综合生物指数,运用四分法划分了太湖水质判别的生物基准:7～14很差,15～21差,22～28一般,29～35好,并对60个样点进行重新记分,获得了太湖水质的基本生态分区现状,太湖的东南区属水质较好的区域,而西北区属水质较差的区域.该水质生物基准基本适合评价太湖不同区域的水质状况.     

深圳大鹏半岛主要河流底栖动物群落结构及水质生物学评价

2013年5月对深圳大鹏半岛4条主要河流(葵涌河、王母河、鹏城河和东涌河)的大型底栖动物群落结构进行了调查,并利用香农-维纳多样性指数和生物指数(BI)对河流水质进行了生物学评价。在大鹏半岛主要河流的15个样点共采获大型底栖动物35种,隶属3门7纲21科,其中水生昆虫26种,约占底栖动物种类数的74%。但底栖动物的种类组成与分布极不均匀,EPT(蜉蝣目+襀翅目+毛翅目)等对水质变化较敏感的类群主要分布于葵涌河的源头及受人为干扰活动较少的东涌河,而耐污能力较强的摇蚊科幼虫、霍甫水丝蚓和颤蚓等则为葵涌河中、下游样点、王母河和鹏城河的优势物种。生物指数(BI)相较于香农-维纳多样性指数,更适用于水质评价。结果显示,除葵涌河源头、鹏城河和东涌河样点的水质处于清洁至轻污染外,其余大部分样点处于中污染至重污染状态。推测大鹏半岛的王母河及葵涌河中、下游河段的生活污水及工业废水已对底栖动物的群落结构与河流水质造成了一定的影响。     

黄河三角洲石油生产对东营湿地底栖动物群落结构和水质生物评价的影响

为了解石油开采对湿地生态系统的影响,2009年10月调查了黄河三角洲东营湿地34个样点的水体物理化学属性和大型底栖无脊椎动物群落结构。共获得3门6纲12目41科70属84个大型底栖无脊椎动物分类单元。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(r=-0.446,P=0.02)和TN显著负相关,BI指数与理化指标无显著相关性;软体动物分类单元数与盐度(r=-0.422,P=0.028)显著负相关,与pH值(r=0.435,P=0.023)显著正相关;软体动物个体百分数同样与盐度(r=-0.395,P=0.041)呈显著负相关,与pH值(r=0.565,P=0.002)呈极显著正相关;寡毛类分类单元数与TN(r=0.524,P=0.005)极显著正相关。水体石油含量与生物指数无显著相关性。典范对应分析(CCA)显示,TN、pH、盐度是影响东营湿地底栖动物群落结构的主要环境变量,水体石油污染并不是主要的胁迫因子。寡毛类和软体动物是该地区对环境变化的主要指示生物类群。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数水质生物评价结果显示,溢洪河支流、广利河上游、挑河上游、东张水库属于清洁;轻污点位有9个,其余点位为中污或重污。     

流溪河底栖动物群落结构及基于完整性指数的健康评价

2015年2月、6月、9月、12月对流溪河21个采样河段底栖无脊椎动物进行了调查。结果表明:4个季节共检出54科95属114种,其中昆虫纲81种,占总数71.05%;软体动物门的腹足纲、瓣鳃纲共23种,占总数20.18%;蛭纲、寡毛纲和甲壳纲等10种,占总数的8.77%。根据6个参照点和15个受损点的底栖动物数据,对21个生物指数进行分布范围、判别能力和Pearson相关性分析,确定流溪河底栖动物完整性指数(B-IBI)指标体系,该体系由多样性指数、EPT分类单元数、摇蚊百分数、颤蚓百分数、敏感类群分类单元数和耐污类群百分数构成。采用比值法计算各生物指数并对各指数值加和得到B-IBI指数值。评价结果表明:在21个河段中,5个为健康,3个为亚健康,10个健康评价为一般,3个较差;总体来看,流溪河处于一般的健康状态;流溪河上游(桂峰水、石坝河、吕田河)等源头支流处于相对健康状态;干流中下游、牛栏河及其他多处支流水质一般或较差。分析表明:上述方法适用于评价流溪河水质健康,可用该方法进行长期监测评价;人类活动程度对底栖动物群落结构影响较大。     

辽河流域大型底栖动物耐污值

大型底栖动物耐污值是构建河流生物评价指标的基础。受自然地理区域影响,同一分类单元的耐污值会出现地域上的差异,因此计算和修订适用于某一研究区域的耐污值是准确评价该区域河流健康状况的前提。目前尚未有针对我国北方河流大型底栖动物耐污值计算和修订的报道,基于2009年春季、秋季和2010年夏季在辽河流域308个样点的大型底栖动物数据,采用Simpson多样性指数的水质分级标准对所有样点的水质等级进行了划分,并利用累积分位数法计算获得了辽河流域大型底栖动物195个分类单元的耐污值;同时参考专家经验和相关文献核定了其余71个分类单元的耐污值。依据耐污值敏感特征划分标准,辽河流域大型底栖动物优势类群以敏感种和一般耐污种为主,两者几乎占到总分类单元数的84%,耐污类群种类较少,仅占16%。其中敏感类群有齿蛉科Corydalidae,襀科Perlidae,原石蛾科Rhyacophilidae,细裳蜉科Leptophlebiidae等;一般耐污类群有纹石蛾科Hydropsychidae,四节蜉科Baetidae,扁蜷螺科Planorbidae等;耐污类群有颤蚓科Tubificidae、石蛭科Erpobdellidae等。     

基于底栖生物完整性指数的赣江流域河流健康评价

底栖生物完整性指数(B-IBI)是最为广泛应用的水生态系统健康评价指数之一。根据2009-2010年期间赣江流域60个采样点的底栖动物数据(15个参照点, 45个受损点), 对17个生物参数进行分布范围、判别能力和Pearson相关性分析, 确定了B-IBI指数体系由总分类单元数、甲壳和软体动物分类单元数、甲壳和软体动物%和BI指数构成。采用比值法统一各生物参数量纲, 将各个生物参数分值加和得到B-IBI指数值。根据参照点的B-IBI值的25%分位数值最终确定赣江流域河流健康评价标准。评价结果表明, 赣江流域60个采样点中19个为健康, 19个为亚健康, 14个为一般, 8个较差。综合来看, 赣江流域河流处于健康-亚健康状态: 上游各支流中绵水、贡江、上犹江和桃江为健康状态, 章水、濂水、梅江和平江为较差状态; 中游各支流健康评价结果多为健康-亚健康状态, 而乌江为较差状态; 下游各支流为健康-亚健康状态; 赣江干流上健康评价的结果均为健康。       

河流着生藻类多样性对城镇化的响应——以深圳市为例

着生藻类是河流生态状况的重要指示生物,然而关于城镇化对着生藻类多样性影响的研究还较缺乏。本研究基于深圳市9条主要河流74个样点2020年雨、旱季的调查数据,对比了城区、郊区河流样点的着生藻类α、β多样性。两次调查共鉴定出着生藻类301个分类单元,其中硅藻门种类最多。谷皮菱形藻（Nitzschia palea）、隐头舟形藻（Navicula cryptocephala）、平庸菱形藻（Nitzschia inconspicua）等污染指示种在城区组相对丰度更高,而清洁指示种微小曲丝藻（Achnanthidium minutissimum）在郊区组相对丰度更高。城镇化对着生藻类物种丰富度、香农维纳多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数等α多样性指数均无显著影响,但对着生藻类群落结构有显著影响。城区组样点的着生藻类β多样性（用主坐标分析质心指示）低于郊区组,城区组与郊区组藻类β多样性差异在旱季更为显著。两组样点的藻类β多样性差异主要来源于物种周转组分。与城区组着生藻类群落显著相关的环境因子包括总氮、高锰酸钾指数、电导率、pH、浊度和水深,而与郊区组着生藻类群落显著相关的是总氮、溶解性无机磷和电导率。研究发现,城市人类活动导致的总氮、溶解性无机磷、高锰酸钾指数、电导率等指标的显著增高导致着生藻类β多样性的降低。为了保护河流生物多样性,建议有效控制城区生产生活污水排放,减少人类活动对河流的干扰。     

着生藻类和浮游藻类在三峡库区河流健康评价中的适宜性比较研究

藻类对水体环境变化敏感,其种类和数量与环境因素有密切联系并因环境的变化而发生变化,因此藻类常作为河流健康评价的指示生物。水体中的藻类根据生活习性不同分为着生藻类和浮游藻类,在河流健康评价中,以往的工作中有的采用浮游藻类用于河流健康评价,有的采用着生藻类用于评价,但浮游藻类和着生藻类究竟何者用于河流健康评价更适宜,抑或是二者在用于评价的适宜性上没有明显差别,迄今为止未开展过深入研究。选择三峡库区内的两条河流嘉陵江和乌江作为研究对象,于2015年9月,在两条河流上共布设11个研究断面,对嘉陵江、乌江的水环境理化因子、着生藻类和浮游藻类群落进行调查研究,应用着生藻类生物完整性指数(Periphytic algal index of biological integrity,Pe-IBI)和浮游藻类生物完整性指数(Phytoplankton index of biological integrity,Ph-IBI),并结合水体综合污染指数(Comprehensive pollution index,CPI),对嘉陵江、乌江的健康状况进行评价。研究结果表明,采用着生藻类生物完整性评价(Pe-IBI)能筛选出7个核心生物参数(藻类总分类单元数、蓝藻总分类单元数、绿藻总分类单元数、菱形藻比例、优势分类单元比例、香农多样性指数、均匀度)用于河流健康评价,着生藻类生物完整性指数(Pe-IBI)与水体综合污染指数(CPI)具有极显著的负相关关系,并且与水体中总氮、铅含量也有极显著的负相关关系,表明水环境质量越低则着生藻类的生物完整性越差;当采用浮游藻类生物完整性(Ph-IBI)用于河流健康评价时却只能筛选出1个核心生物参数(藻类密度),而且浮游藻类生物完整性指数(Ph-IBI)与水体综合污染指数(CPI)及12个水体环境指标并无明显的相关性。本研究表明,在河流水体中,与浮游藻类相比,着生藻类更能反映水体环境的状况,对河流水体环境的反映更为准确。因此,在以流动水体为特征的河流的健康评价中,采用着生藻类比采用浮游藻类更为适宜。     

河南南湾水库浮游硅藻的种群结构与水质污染评价初步研究

通过对南湾水库6个采样点浮游硅藻分析,该水库硅藻61个种及种下分类单元。用多样性指数(H′)、均匀性指数(E)及硅藻优势种生态谱分析,对水质进行了初步评价。结果表明,南湾水库水质属清洁-轻污染等级。     

基于B-IBI指数的温榆河生态健康评价

基于温榆河底栖动物和水质采样数据,采用底栖动物完整性指数(B-IBI)方法,进行温榆河生态健康评价,并探求河流水质与B-IBI指数的相关性。通过分布范围、判别能力以及相关性分析等,确定研究区B-IBI指标体系,包括总分类单元数、总生物量、优势分类单元个体相对丰度、敏感类群分类单元数、生物指数和粘附者个体丰度6个指标。根据参照点25%分位数确定温榆河底栖动物完整性评价标准,即B-IBI>1.821为健康,1.366—1.821为亚健康,0.910—1.366为一般,0.455—0.910为较差,0—0.455为极差。结果表明,温榆河27.3%河段处于健康状态,9.1%河段处于亚健康状态,13.6%河段处于一般状态,50%河段处于较差和极差状态。河流水质与B-IBI指数的相关系数为-0.549,表明生物指标作为水体评价的补充指标十分必要。     

Benthic macroinvertebrates along the Czech part of the Labe and lower section of the Vltava rivers from 1996–2005, with a particular focus on rare and alien species

In the Czech part of the Labe River and the lower part of the Vltava River, we examined if the benthic macroinvertebrate composition changed from 1996 to 2005 due to expected improvements in water quality resulting from socioeconomic changes in the Czech Republic since the 1990s. Special attention was given to rare and alien species. The four biological metrics used (Number of taxa, BMWP, Number of sensitive taxa, and Number of EPT taxa) demonstrated that there was indeed an improvement in water quality as well as a slight improvement of the Labe microhabitats during the investigated period. An increasing Number of taxa over time was observed at most sites. Two main concurrent ecological processes are recently in progress in the Labe: a recovery of native species and an expansion of alien species, some of which are considered invasive. The caddisfly Setodes punctatus and the beetle Pomatinus substriatus, considered as regionally extinct in the Czech Republic until 2005, were rediscovered during our investigations. Findings of the crustacean Hemimysis anomala (invasive) and the chironomids Stenochironomus sp. and Lipiniella sp. were the first records of these taxa in the Czech Republic.     

Development of a regional macroinvertebrate index for large river bioassessment

Large river bioassessment protocols lag far behind those of wadeable streams and often rely on fish assemblages of individual rivers. We developed a regional macroinvertebrate index and assessed relative condition of six large river tributaries to the upper Mississippi and Ohio rivers, Midwest USA. In 2004 and 2005, benthic macroinvertebrates, water chemistry, and habitat data were collected from randomly selected sites on each of the St. Croix, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Scioto, Wabash, and Illinois rivers. We first identified the human disturbance gradient using principal components analysis (PCA) of abiotic data. From the PCA, least disturbed sites showed strong separation from stressed sites along a gradient contrasting high water clarity, canopy cover, habitat scores, and plant-based substrates at one end and higher conductivity and nutrient concentrations at the other. Evaluation of 97 benthic metrics identified those with good range, responsiveness, and relative scope of impairment, as well as redundancies with other metrics. The final index was composed of Diptera taxa richness, EPT taxa richness, Coleoptera taxa richness, percent oligochaete and leech taxa, percent collector-filterer individuals, predator taxa richness, percent burrower taxa, tolerant taxa richness, and percent facultative individuals. Each of the selected metrics was scored using upper and lower thresholds based on all sites, and averaging across the nine metric scores, we obtained the Non-wadeable Macroinvertebrate Assemblage Condition Index (NMACI). The NMACI showed a strong response to disturbance using a validation data set and was highly correlated with non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination axes of benthic taxa. The cumulative distribution function of index scores for each river showed qualitative differences in condition among rivers. NMACI scores were highest for the federally protected St. Croix River and lowest for the Illinois River. Other rivers were intermediate and generally reflected the mixture of land use types within individual basins. Use of regional reference sites, though setting a high level of expectation, provides a valuable frame of reference for the potential of large river benthic communities that will aid management and restoration efforts.     

A pilot macroinvertebrate-based multimetric index (MMI-CS) for assessing the ecological status of the Chishui River basin,China

As the only undammed river in the Yangtze River basin and an important rare fish reserve, the Chishui River has attracted the world's attention. It was recently selected as a reference river for a pilot biomonitoring assessment within the European Union-China River Basin Management Programme. As the outcome of the project, a pilot multimetric index (MMI-CS) was developed for future assessment of the ecological status of the Chishui River basin. In this study, eight core metrics were selected and used to build the multimetric system. These metrics included the total number of taxa (TotalTax), the number of taxa of sprawlers (SprwlTax), the number of intolerant taxa (IntolTax), the Hilsenhoff biotic index (HBI), the percentage of Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera and Plecoptera (EPTPct), the number of Ephemeroptera taxa (EphemTax), the percentage of collectors (CllctPct) and the average score per taxon (ASPT). Five ecological status ratings (“Excellent”, “Good”, “Fair”, “Poor” and “Very Poor”) were established. The results of the evaluation showed that the index was reasonable and effective. The results of the assessment showed that sites with higher ecological status were distributed mainly in the upper and middle reaches of the region and that sites with lower ecological status were centrally distributed in the lower reaches. Moreover, the index should be refined and validated using additional datasets obtained in different seasons in the future for routine bioassessment within the framework of sustainable management.     

Structures of benthic insect communities in two southeastern Wyoming (USA) streams: similarities and differences among spatial units at different local scales

Four sites on each of two southeastern Wyoming streams, Medicine Bow River (MBR) and Rock Creek (RC), were investigated during the summer and autumn of 2001 and 2002. This investigation resulted in inventories of benthic insect communities being obtained from these two streams. It also resulted in twelve metrics being calculated from benthic insect communities, and these metrics were compared between two spatial units at different local scales. Of the metrics used, five indicated taxa richness, four indicated relative abundance, two indicated diversity, and one involved a biotic index for organic pollution. More specifically, we used each metric to compare the montane with the plains sub-basin, as well as to compare two distinctly different types of substrates within each of the sub-basins. Also, metrics were compared between the two streams. Results indicated that few differences were observed between naturally-occurring substrates within sub-basins. In addition, few differences were observed between the two streams. In contrast, however, several differences were observed between the montane and plains sub-basins. Such differences were caused from naturally-occurring variations in hydraulic and ecological conditions. These findings suggest that the spatial scale should be carefully considered when selecting metrics for use in monitoring programs that are designed to detect anthropogenic disturbances in lotic systems. Handling editor: K. Martens     

Effects of stream size on taxa richness and other commonly used benthic bioassessment metrics

Benthic macroinvertebrate samples were collected from natural substrates in disturbed and undisturbed South Carolina upper coastal plain streams to determine if taxa richness and other bioassessment metrics were significantly related to stream size as predicted by the River Continuum Concept (RCC). Linear, quadratic, and lognormal regression models indicated that stream width was positively related to total number of taxa; number of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) taxa; and total number of organisms. Linear regression showed that the expected number of taxa at undisturbed sites ranged from 35 in 2.0 m wide streams to 64 in 16.0 m streams. Comparable values were 8–20 for EPT and 109–261 for number of organisms. Stream width was inversely related to biotic index values indicating a decrease in average organism tolerance with increasing stream size. ANCOVA showed that the effects of stream size were similar for disturbed and undisturbed sites. Rank correlations and multidimensional scaling (MDS) showed that Lepidoptera and Trichoptera were more abundant in larger streams and Annelida in smaller streams. Stream size related changes in benthic macroinvertebrate community composition are often ignored in bioassessment protocols; however, failure to adjust metrics for stream size can lead to erroneous conclusions. Adjustments are possible by analyzing regression residuals stripped of stream size related variance, dividing the area beneath the maximum taxa richness line into equal size units for metric scoring, or scaling metrics based on predicted reference values. Electronic supplementary material Electronic supplementary material is available for this article at and accessible for authorised users.     

应用底栖动物完整性指数B-IBI评价溪流健康

B-IBI指数是溪流生态系统健康评价常用指标之一。据安徽黄山地区溪流的33个底栖动物样点数据(11个参照点,22个受损点),对21个生物参数进行分布范围、Pearson相关性和判别能力分析,确定B-IBI指数由总分类单元数、EPT分类单元数、前3位优势分类单元%、粘附者%、敏感类群%和BI指数构成。分别用3分制、4分制和比值法统一各参数量纲,B-IBI指数值即为累加各构成指数的分值或比值。B-IBI箱线图分析表明,上述3种方法计算出的B-IBI值有较高判别能力(IQ=3),能很好地判别参照水体和受损水体,且3者之间具高相关性(r>0.90)。分别依据参照样点和所有样点B-IBI值建立健康评价标准,比较3分制、4分制和比值法对评价结果的准确性,表明用比值法统一各参数量纲并依据所有样点的B-IBI值建立的健康评价标准的准确性优于3分制和4分制法。建立了适合祁门县溪流生态系统健康评价B-IBI标准B-IBI>3.59健康,2.7～3.59亚健康,1.8～2.69一般,0.9～1.79差,B-IBI<0.9极差。祁门县21个样点的水体,14个健康,6个亚健康,1个一般。B-IBI与电导率(r=-0.62,p<0.01)和生境质量(r=0.65,p<0.01)显著相关。     

A tool to assess the ecological condition of tropical high Andean streams in Ecuador and Peru: The IMEERA index

The main objective of this study was to develop a highland Andean streams ecological assessment tool for managers to determine the biological quality in this broad area of South America. Sampling was conducted during the dry season at 123 sites in eight watersheds of high Andean streams from south of Peru to North of Ecuador. The sites were at elevations above 2000 m a.s.l., and ranged in anthropogenic disturbance from none or little (reference) to highly disturbed. Using the physicochemical, hydromorphological and aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblage attributes of the reference sites, two different elevation bioregions were identified (from 2000 to 3500 m a.s.l. and those sites at altitudes higher than 3500 m a.s.l.). Differences between these two bioregions were related to the change in altitude of the most relevant environmental factors, i.e., temperature, oxygen content of the water and the extent of forested vegetation in the basin and in the riparian zone. These features were paramount to having different macroinvertebrate assemblages as demonstrated by an MDS analysis of our data. Two versions of the multi-metric index IMEERA were developed (the acronym comes from the Spanish name ‘Índice Multimétrico del Estado Ecológico para Ríos Altoandinos’) that corresponded to the two bioregions. In the lower altitude bioregion (Bosque river type, IMEERA-B index), the pressure gradient was driven by the organic pollution and the hydromorphological degradation. While in the higher elevation bioregion (Páramo and Puna river types; IMEERA-P river type), the gradient was driven by the organic pollution and the habitat heterogeneity. The IMEERA B index includes six macroinvertebrate metrics using its richness, habit characteristics and tolerance/intolerance to disturbances (EPT taxa, % clingers, % climbers, intolerant taxa, ABI and % tolerant taxa). The IMEERA P index was calculated using four metrics corresponding to macroinvertebrate richness and its tolerance/intolerance to disturbances (total taxa, intolerant taxa, ABI and % tolerant taxa). The index was validated with a set of independent data from the headwaters of Guayllabamba River in Ecuador.     

An improved macroinvertebrate multimetric index for the assessment of wadeable streams in the neotropical savanna

Multimetric indices (MMIs) have been successfully used to assess ecological conditions in freshwater ecosystems worldwide, and provide an important management tool especially in countries where biological indicators are fostered by environmental regulations. Nonetheless, for the neotropics, the few published papers are limited to small local scales and lack standardized sampling protocols. To fill the gaps left by previous studies, we propose a stream MMI that reflects anthropogenic impacts by using macroinvertebrate assemblage metrics from a data set of 190 sites collected from four hydrologic units in the Paraná and São Francisco River Basins, southeastern Brazil. Sites were selected through use of a probabilistic survey design allowing us to infer ecological condition to the total of 9432 kilometers of wadeable streams in the target population in the four hydrologic units. We used a filtering process to determine the least- and most-disturbed sites based on their water quality, physical habitat structure, and land use. To develop the MMI, we followed a stepwise procedure to screen our initial set of biological metrics for influence of natural variation, responsiveness and discriminance to disturbances, sampling variability, and redundancy. The final MMI is the sum of 7 scaled assemblage metrics describing different aspects of macroinvertebrate assemblage characteristics: Ephemeroptera richness, % Gastropoda individuals, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, % sensitive taxa richness, % scraper individuals, temporarily attached taxa richness, and gill respiration taxa richness. The MMI clearly distinguished the least-disturbed sites from the most-disturbed sites and showed a significant negative response to anthropogenic stressors. Of the total length of wadeable streams in the study area, 38%, 35%, and 27% were classified by the MMI as being in good, fair, and poor condition, respectively. By reducing the subjectivity of site selection, rigorously selecting the set of reference sites, and following a standardized metric screening method, we developed a robust MMI to assess and monitor ecological condition in neotropical savanna streams. This improved MMI provides an effective ecological tool to guide decision makers and managers in developing and implementing improved, cost-effective environmental policies, regulations, and monitoring of those systems.