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mtDNA基因树拓扑距离比较和基因分群 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
基因树间拓扑距离数据的比较进一步证明:与分割拓扑距离相比,能经拓扑距离是一种更为精确的测度,利用相对通经拓扑距离构建了8个基因的拓扑距离树。基因的拓扑距离树能直观地反映不同基因树的拓扑结构差异大小,可用来对基因进行分群。此外,发现不同DNA序列用于构建多基因树中其系统发生信息存在“累加”,“合取”,“含盖”,“相斥”等数学关系。这可解释在mtDNA基因组中一些基因比另一些基因更适合用来的构建树的结果。结果提示从GenBank中应选择具有累加基因的DNA序列或蛋白质氨基酸序列合并来构建物种。在讨论中还提出了一种获得真树的新建树策略。 相似文献
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组分距离方法构建基于核糖体蛋白质或氨酰tRNA合成酶的原核生物亲缘树 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
最近新发展的基于计算短串频度, 推断原核生物系统发生关系的K串组分距离方法, 以整个蛋白质组作为数据集. 采用每个物种的全部核糖体蛋白质或氨酰tRNA合成酶, 得到一致结果. 已知后一组蛋白质在单个使用时, 产生彼此不同的进化树. 我们构建进化树不需做任何序列联配, 所得亲缘树包括16个古细菌、105个细菌和2个真核生物. 大部分低层分支与《伯杰系统细菌学手册》(第2版), 即2003年第4次发布的细菌系统分类大纲相一致, 而且对高层分支关系给出一些建议. 相似文献
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随着越来越多基因组的测序完成,基于全基因组的非比对的系统发生分析已成为研究热点。不同的生物物种或个体基因组之间的核酸组分不完全相同。遗传语言-DNA序列的信息很大程度上反映在其k—mer频数中。基于基因组序列k-mer频数的系统发生树则从新的角度为我们提供物种之间的亲缘关系。本文定义基于k-mer,频数的信息参数,并用它表征基因组序列,计算不同基因组之间信息参数的距离,用邻接法对84个病毒构建了系统发生树,发现构建的系统发生树很大程度上与已有的系统发生树相吻合。 相似文献
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依据血小板同种抗原5个系统的遗传多态性, 采用聚合酶链反应序列特异性引物技术, 对1 000名中国汉族无关献血者HPA-1~3, 5和15系统进行基因分型, 计算基因频率。使用DISPAN软件及PHYLIP软件计算不同群体间遗传距离并绘制系统树。系统树显示, 亚洲人群先与欧洲人群相聚, 之后再与非洲人群相聚, 非洲人群位于系统发生树的最顶部; 印度人群处于亚洲人群与欧洲人群之间; 南美洲巴西白人与欧洲人群聚在一起; 大洋洲的波利尼西亚人与亚洲人群聚在一起。此研究从一个侧面证明了人类“非洲起源说”, 印证亚洲人群由南亚向东南亚再向东亚迁徙的路线, 并推断出欧洲人群由南欧向北欧、西欧迁徙的线路。HPA能有效估算不同人群间遗传距离, 分析人类迁徙过程, HPA可作为遗传标记应用于人类进化的研究。 相似文献
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登革病毒的系统发生树 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
登革病毒在除欧洲以外的所有大陆都有流行,弄清登革病毒在全世界的流行趋势及其致病机理对控制登革流行非常重要。本文就登革病毒系统发生树的构建方法及系统发生树的登革病毒分子流行病学、致病机理研究中的应用作一综述。 相似文献
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应用CGH数据和树模型探索癌症的发病机理 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
比较基因组杂交技术(comparative genomic hybridization, CGH)主要用于检测肿瘤的染色体缺失和扩嘱, 迄今已积累了大量的实验数据, 为全基因组分析肿瘤的发生机制提供了可能。树模型在生物信息学领域通常被用于研究生物形成和进化的历史, 物种之间的进化关系常以系统发生树来表示。树模型同样可以作为一种有力的生物信息学工具来分析CGH数据, 探索癌症的发病机理。文中介绍了两种常见的树模型—— 分支树和距离树, 详细叙述了重建树模型的基本原理和方法, 分析了创建树模型时要注意的几个技术问题, 并对其在肿瘤研究中的应用进行了回顾和总结。肿瘤的树状模型作为单路径线性模型的泛化, 克服了以往单路径线性模型的缺点, 理论上能更加精确地概括到肿脉的多基因、多路径、多阶段的发生发展模式, 从不同角度探讨肿瘤发生发展的分子机制。该模型除可用于分析肿瘤的CGH数据外, 还可用于分析其他多种类型的数据, 包括微阵列CGH(array-CGH)技术等产生的高分辨率数据。 相似文献
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以贾第虫、毛滴虫、内变形虫和微孢子虫等为代表的几类寄生原生动物曾因为"无线粒体", 再加上其他一些似乎介于原核和真核细胞之间的原始特点和分子系统树中它们往往处在真核生物的最基部等证据, 而被有些人认为是目前已知的一类最原始的真核生物类群--Archezoa, 其进化地位应该是处在真核细胞通过"内共生"产生线粒体之前的极早阶段. 这一观点一度被部分学者认为对探讨真核细胞(生物)的起源、进化极为重要, 是进化生物学上的重要突破. 然而, 近年来不断有研究对此提出质疑. 我们首先扩增、测序并鉴定了蓝氏贾第虫、阴道毛滴虫和痢疾内变形虫的DNA拓扑异构酶Ⅱ序列, 再结合GenBank数据库中已有的脑炎微孢子虫和其他一系列处在不同进化地位的真核生物的相应序列数据, 用多种方法构建出分子系统树, 对这些"无线粒体"原生动物的进化地位进行了探讨. 结果表明, 由于DNA拓扑异构酶Ⅱ的特点和可以克服"长枝吸引"等以往分子系统分析中的不足, 所构建的系统树不仅能有效地反映出已普遍接受的真核生物各主要类群的系统关系, 而且显示出这些"无线粒体"原生动物不同于以前系统树所推测的进化地位: 它们并非是最早分支出来的真核生物, 而是在具有线粒体的生物如动基体类或菌虫类等之后才分化的、分别属于不同进化地位的类群. 结合近来在它们中发现了类似线粒体细胞器的证据, 我们认为这些"无线粒体"的原生动物虽然其中有些种类(如以贾第虫为代表的双滴虫类)进化地位很低等, 但总体上并非过去所认为的那么极端原始, 它们应该是线粒体产生之后因适应长期的无氧条件下的内寄生生活方式才分别分化出来的多源发生的不同生物类群. 相似文献
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Birgitta Siixn-Tullberg 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》1993,47(4):1182-1191
In a published paper, a method for testing the correlation between two discrete characters was presented and applied to test whether in butterfly larvae origins of gregariousness are concentrated to lineages with aposematic coloration. The relationship was found to be nonsignificant. However, the butterfly data on which the test was applied had been compiled in another study to investigate evolutionary sequences and was biased, because there was an overrepresentation of aposematic, as compared to cryptic, branches in the sample. In the paper presented here, aposematic and cryptic clades of the original phylogeny were resolved to the same degree, and the resulting set of branches may be regarded as unbiased with respect to the hypothesis being tested. A method for testing the contingency of states in two characters was then applied to the new data set, resulting in a highly significant relationship between origins of gregariousness and aposematic coloration. I argue that when using statistical methods on phylogenetic data, it is crucial to resolve various parts of the phylogeny to the same comparable systematic unit in order not to get a distorted sample of taxa/branches. 相似文献
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A comparison of MSA tools 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) is essential in phylogenetic, evolutionary and functional analysis. Several MSA tools are available in the literature. Here, we use several MSA tools such as ClustalX, Align-m, T-Coffee, SAGA, ProbCons, MAFFT, MUSCLE and DIALIGN to illustrate comparative phylogenetic trees analysis for two datasets. Results show that there is no single MSA tool that consistently outperforms the rest in producing reliable phylogenetic trees. 相似文献
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In recent studies, phylogenetic networks have been derived from so-called multilabeled trees in order to understand the origins of certain polyploids. Although the trees used in these studies were constructed using sophisticated techniques in phylogenetic analysis, the presented networks were inferred using ad hoc arguments that cannot be easily extended to larger, more complicated examples. In this paper, we present a general method for constructing such networks, which takes as input a multilabeled phylogenetic tree and outputs a phylogenetic network with certain desirable properties. To illustrate the applicability of our method, we discuss its use in reconstructing the evolutionary history of plant allopolyploids. We conclude with a discussion concerning possible future directions. The network construction method has been implemented and is freely available for use from http://www.uea.ac.uk/ approximately a043878/padre.html. 相似文献
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山东荣成人群线粒体DNA多态性研究 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
人类线粒体DNA(mtDNA)COⅡ/tRNA^lys区有两个9-bp(CCCCCTCTA)的串联重复序列,此重复序列中一个重复单位的缺失,在亚态地区人群中很普遍。对210名山东荣成人的mtDNA COⅡ/tRNA^lys区的9-bp 缺失情况进行了检测,并从中随机选取95个样本,利用PCR-RFLP法对另外6个区进行了多态性分析,以确定其单位型。结果表明,荣成人9-bp缺失频率为12.4%,相对于已检测的中国其他群体,此缺失频率处于中等水平。同时多态性分析也表明在95个被检测对象中存在27种不同的单倍型。此外还发现了两个未报道过的新酶切位点,序列分析表明是由点突变造成的。 相似文献
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Published cladistic reconstructions of galagonid phylogeny based on morphological, behavioral, and genetic data have had few elements in common. A recent molecular study indicated that 2 of the 3 generic groupings derived from morphological data were not consistent with tree topologies constructed from the analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences. In this study, we compiled and analyzed a data set based on craniodental morphology in 13 galagonid and 8 outgroup taxa, comprising 3 dwarf-lemur and 5 loris species, and subjected it to cladistic analysis. Our aim was not only to generate a new phylogenetic hypothesis based on these data, but also to investigate the conditions under which congruence could be achieved between these results and those obtained previously. The data set was found to be highly sensitive to the choice of outgroup, with the lorises showing high interspecific variability in cranial structure. Congruence between the craniodental and molecular trees could be achieved only if Arctocebus was used as the outgroup and two characters were preferentially weighted. Further progress in the reconstruction of galagonid phylogeny will require seeking consensus in a variety of other data sets, including postcranial morphology, behavior, and additional gene sequences. The effect of different outgroups on molecular analysis needs attention. 相似文献
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C.T. Friz 《Biochemical Systematics and Ecology》1984,12(4):369-374
Immunological distances were determined for four strains of the free-living amoeba classified as Amoeba proteus, two strains classified as Polychaos dubia and a single strain classified as Chaos carolinensis. The data show that the ShP strain does not belong to the proteus group; that A. proteus is more closely related to C. carolinensis and is derived from Chaos as is the ShP strain; that P. dubia and C. carolinensis are the more distantly related species and appear to be the first of the above to have diverged from a common ancestor; and that the amoebae have a long evolutionary history. The accuracy of the phylogenetic tree and the distance Wagner network was discussed. Since the amoebae may be polyphyletic in origin, the latter was assumed to be a more accurate representation of the immunological distance data. 相似文献
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Ronald W. DeBry 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》1992,46(5):1347-1357
If we adopt a statistical approach to systematics and recognize that phylogenies are estimated with error, then we can begin to explore statistically justified methods for testing a variety of comparative hypotheses, including those concerning the evolution of life-history characters and biogeography. In this paper I examine two biogeographic hypotheses concerning the rodent genus Microtus. Like many comparative hypotheses, these can be phrased so that each predicts the existence of a particular monophyletic group. Neither of the predicted groups appear on the single best phylogeny as determined by both Dollo parsimony and maximum likelihood analysis of restriction site maps of mitochondrial DNA. Simulation studies, however, suggest that often the best phylogeny from a single data set has only a low probability of being exactly correct. We must also examine those trees that, while not the single best-supported tree, are not rejected by the data. If we find the best phylogeny for which a hypothesis is satisfied, then likelihood methods can be used to test whether that phylogeny is significantly worse then the best tree overall. If that tree can be rejected, then so can the hypothesis. Computational constraints limit the use of likelihood methods for searching among topologies, so parsimony is used as a data exploratory tool. One of the predicted groups cannot be rejected, even though the most parsimonious tree which includes that group requires 11 more steps than does the most parsimonious tree. 相似文献
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Wanlin Li;Aleksandr Koshkarov;Nadia Tahiri; 《Ecology and evolution》2024,14(8):e70054
Phylogenetic trees represent the evolutionary relationships and ancestry of various species or groups of organisms. Comparing these trees by measuring the distance between them is essential for applications such as tree clustering and the Tree of Life project. Many distance metrics for phylogenetic trees focus on trees defined on the same set of taxa. However, some problems require calculating distances between trees with different but overlapping sets of taxa. This study reviews state-of-the-art distance measures for such trees, covering six major approaches, including the constraint-based Robinson–Foulds (RF) distance RF(−), the completion-based RF(+), the generalized RF (GRF), the dissimilarity measure, the vectorial tree distance, and the geodesic distance in the extended Billera-Holmes-Vogtmann tree space. Among these, three RF-based methods, RF(−), RF(+), and GRF, were examined in detail on generated clusters of phylogenetic trees defined on different but mutually overlapping sets of taxa. Additionally, we reviewed nine related techniques, including leaf imputation methods, the tree edit distance, and visual comparison. A comparison of the related distance measures, highlighting their principal advantages and shortcomings, is provided. This review offers valuable insights into their applicability and performance, guiding the appropriate use of these metrics based on tree type (rooted or unrooted) and information type (topological or branch lengths). 相似文献