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1.
江苏海门蛎岈山牡蛎礁是我国目前现存的面积最大的潮间带活体牡蛎礁,但由于人类活动干扰及泥沙淤积等原因,该自然牡蛎礁面积不断缩小,影响着该牡蛎礁的生态功能与保护管理。于2013—2014年开展了首期江苏海门蛎岈山牡蛎礁恢复工程,基于生态监测结果评估该牡蛎礁恢复工程的生态效果。多层礁体上活体牡蛎丰度显著高于单层礁体(P0.05);随着礁体的发育,恢复礁体上牡蛎丰度显著下降(P0.05)。非参数Kruskal-Wallis检验结果显示,在两个生活周期内(2013-09—2013-11,2014-03—2014-05)牡蛎均呈现快递的生长(Q=10.519,Q=6.527,P0.05),而在越冬期内(2013-11—2014-03)牡蛎几乎停止了生长(Q=0.35,P0.05)。随着礁体的发育,恢复牡蛎礁上大型底栖动物群落的物种丰度并没有增加,但其平均总密度和总生物量均呈现显著性的增长(P0.05);礁体构建后1a时恢复牡蛎礁中大型底栖动物的平均总密度和生物量均接近于自然牡蛎礁(P0.05),但显著高于未恢复区(P0.05);恢复牡蛎礁与自然牡蛎礁具有显著不同的大型底栖动物群落(ANOSIM,P=0.001)。研究结果表明该牡蛎礁恢复工程取得初步成功。  相似文献   

2.
牡蛎礁是生态系统服务价值最高的海洋生境之一,目前我国自然牡蛎礁分布和生态现状的基础信息仍然较缺乏。于2019年3月对河北唐山曹妃甸-乐亭海域自然牡蛎礁的空间分布、生态环境、牡蛎生物学和礁体动物群落开展了调查,并评估了该牡蛎礁的生态系统服务价值。该海域自然牡蛎礁分布于溯河(SR)、溯河口海域(SRE)和捞鱼尖海域(LYJ),总面积约15 km~2,是目前我国面积最大的自然牡蛎礁。基于96个牡蛎样品的16S rDNA检测,共识别出92个长牡蛎Crassostrea gigas、3个侏儒牡蛎Nanostrea fluctigera和1个巨蛎属未知种Crassostrea sp.。自然牡蛎礁中牡蛎平均密度介于104—3912个/m~2之间,不同礁区间牡蛎平均密度的大小排序为:SRE>SR>LYJ (P<0.05),平均生物量的大小排序为:SR>SRE>LYJ (P<0.05),平均壳高的大小排序为:SR>SRE=LYJ (P<0.05)。在该牡蛎礁内记录到49种礁体动物,其中软体动物16种、节肢动物16种、环节动物8种、棘皮动物5种、腔肠动物2种...  相似文献   

3.
牡蛎幼体迁移与附着影响着牡蛎的空间分布、资源补充、种群维持及生态服务功能。本研究通过野外调查,监测了1个完整潮汐周期(9个潮时采样)内象山港2个试验点(采苗场和产卵场)表层、底层水体中熊本牡蛎幼体的时空动态,并开展野外附着试验,检验了熊本牡蛎在2个试验点和3个潮区(上层T、中层M和底层B)附着及生长的空间格局。结果表明: 在1个完整潮汐周期内,2个试验点表层水体中牡蛎幼体丰度均有显著的时间变化,采苗场表层水体中熊本牡蛎幼体丰度最大值(20.8±5.6 ind·L-1)出现于高平潮时,显著高于其他8个潮时;而产卵场相反,高平潮时牡蛎幼体丰度最低(0.1±0.1 ind·L-1);2个试验点底层水体中牡蛎幼体丰度在不同潮时之间均无显著差异。采苗场附着牡蛎总丰度、成活率和壳高在不同潮区间差异显著,牡蛎总丰度大小顺序为B>T=M,成活率和壳高的大小顺序为T>M>B,活体牡蛎丰度在潮区之间无显著差异。产卵场附着牡蛎总丰度、成活率、活体牡蛎丰度和壳高在不同潮区之间均无显著差异。表明高平潮时是熊本牡蛎附着的主要时段,产卵场和采苗场具有相似的牡蛎稚贝附着密度。  相似文献   

4.
本研究通过监测浙江健跳港牡蛎礁海域的牡蛎幼体补充量,并开展田间实验,比较了两种底物(牡蛎壳、岩石)的牡蛎附着效果,从而确定合理的牡蛎礁修复方式,推荐适宜的建礁材料。结果显示:牡蛎自然补充群体中共有4种牡蛎,即近江牡蛎(Crassostrea ariakensis)、熊本牡蛎(C. sikamea)、福建牡蛎(C. angulate)和猫爪牡蛎(Talonostrea talonata),补充量中以熊本牡蛎占绝对优势,相对丰度达95%以上。牡蛎补充量介于0~44 200 个/m2,月平均补充量为(7 165±1 246) 个/m2。附着底物筛选实验结果表明潮区(P<0.001)和底物类型(P=0.004)均显著影响牡蛎补充量,两因子之间存在显著的互作效应(F1,16=8.214,P=0.011)。4个实验组间附着牡蛎密度的排序为:高礁区岩石>高礁区牡蛎壳>低礁区岩石=低礁区牡蛎壳(P<0.05);相对于牡蛎壳,岩石是更为适宜的牡蛎附着底物。本研究得出浙江健跳港牡蛎礁为底物受限型,可在退化礁区投放岩石修复牡蛎礁。  相似文献   

5.
牡蛎     
一.引言在精致的粤菜中有一种鲜美的调味品蠔油,和供制佳肴的蠔豉,但蠔油和蠔豉是什么东西做成的呢?当我们到海滨去散步,在退潮后的岩岸边缘可以看到许多像石头似的贝壳附着在上面,这种具有形状不整齐的贝壳的动物叫做牡蛎。就是制造蠔油和蠔豉的原料。牡蛎属软体动物门,瓣鳃纲,假瓣鳃目,牡蛎科(Ostreidae),牡蛎属(Ostrea)。我国古书上关於牡蛎的名称很多,如蠔(岭表录异记)、蛎(临海水土记)、蛎房(泉南杂志)、蠔山,蛎黄、(?)蛎、石牡蛎(本草纲目)等。牡蛎名字之由来,据明朝李时珍著的“本草纲目”上记载:“蛤蚌之属,皆有胎生卵生,独此化生,纯雄无雌,故得牡名,曰蛎曰蠔,言其粗大也。”目前我国沿海各地渔民由於习惯而冠以各种不同俗名,如广东、福建沿海称蠔,养殖牡蛎的渔民称蠔民。山东半岛通称海蛎子,浙江一带称为蛎黄。牡蛎的种类很多,应用广泛,除作食用外,并可  相似文献   

6.
采用AFLP技术对太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)、近江牡蛎(Crassostrea rivularis)和褶牡蛎(Crassostrea plicatula)3个牡蛎群体共60个个体进行了遗传多样性分析。结果表明,14对引物共扩增得到662个位点,其中多态性位点619个,多态性位点比例为93.50%。太平洋牡蛎、近江牡蛎和褶牡蛎多态位点比例依次为73.26%、70.54%和75.08%,Nei氏基因多样性指数分别为0.256 9±0.197 7、0.226 1±0.195 2和0.268 3±0.194 1,Shannon信息指数分别为0.382 3±0.276 2、0.341 4±0.274 1和0.398 8±0.270 9。上述结果表明,3个牡蛎群体的遗传多样性水平褶牡蛎最丰富,太平洋牡蛎次之,近江牡蛎最小。基因分化系数Gst和基因流系数Nm表明这3个牡蛎群体之间存在一定的基因交流。UPGMA聚类分析表明,太平洋牡蛎和近江牡蛎先聚为一支,而后与褶牡蛎聚在一起。  相似文献   

7.
四个鲤鱼种群遗传多样性的AFLP分析   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
本文采用AFLP技术对黑龙江野鲤、黄河鲤、建鲤和荷包红鲤4个鲤鱼种群共96个个体进行了遗传多样性分析。结果显示,8对选择性扩增引物共扩增得到502个位点,其中多态性位点273个,多态性比率为54.38%。同时对4个种群的Shannon多样性指数,Nei's基因多样性等参数进行了分析,结果表明,4个种群的Shannon多样性指数分别为0.2114±0.2705,0.1825±0.2694,0.1888±0.2587和0.1600±0.2426,Nei's基因多样性指数分别为0.1398±0.1872,0.1225±0.1863,0.1235±0.1774和0.1036±0.1636;总基因多样性(Ht)平均值为0.1721±0.0350;种群内基因多样性(Hs)平均值为0.1224±0.0190;基因分化系数(Gst)为0.2892,种群内的基因多样性占总群体的71.08%,种群间为28.92%,而基因流系数(Nm)为1.2291。另一方面,分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果表明,种群平均近交系数(Fst)为0.31191,变异31.19%来自种群间,68.81%来自种群内。4个种群中黑龙江野鲤的种内多态性比例最高,而荷包红鲤种群最低,并且4个鲤鱼种群当前的种质资源良好,具有一定的种群稳定性;建鲤已经开始分化,与亲本荷包红鲤亲缘关系逐渐分化,逐步形成自己稳定的遗传结构。本研究为探讨鲤鱼种群的遗传特性和遗传分化提供参考,也为其种质资源的保护及合理利用提供科学依据。  相似文献   

8.
为获得高效的熊本牡蛎的三倍体诱导方法, 分别比较了6-DMAP、高盐和低盐3种诱导方法在不同的诱导浓度(盐度)、起始诱导时间和持续诱导时间下的卵裂率、孵化率和三倍体率, 同时比较了3种方法获得的幼虫的生长、存活和三倍体率变化情况。结果表明, 在6-DMAP诱导组中, 三倍体率和诱导效率分别可达37.97%—58.01%和34.30%—42.50%, 培育期间幼虫的平均存活率27.19%, 生长率13.03 μm/d, 三倍体率降低了24.94%; 在低盐诱导组中, 三倍体率和诱导效率分别可达7.32%—42.25%和2.17%—31.41%, 培育期间幼虫的平均存活率33.92%, 生长率12.71 μm/d, 三倍体率降低了20.64%; 在高盐诱导组中, 三倍体率和诱导效率分别可达7.47%—63.03%和6.58%—49.41%, 培育期间幼虫的平均存活率31.66%, 生长率13.08 μm/d, 三倍体率降低了17.64%。综合来看, 高盐诱导是诱导三倍体熊本牡蛎的最优方法, 其诱导条件的最佳组合为盐度55, 起始诱导时间受精后15min, 持续诱导时间20min。研究为熊本牡蛎的三倍体诱导提供了技术支持, 对熊本牡蛎的多倍体育种具有重要的理论指导意义。  相似文献   

9.
河口地区牡蛎礁的生态功能及恢复措施   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
在许多温带河口区,牡蛎礁是具有重要生态功能的特殊生境。牡蛎礁在净化水体、提供栖息生境、保护生物多样性和耦合生态系统能量流动等方面均具有重要的功能。近100年来,由于过度采捕、环境污染、病害和生境破坏等原因,许多温带河口区牡蛎种群数量持续下降,河口生态系统的结构与功能受到破坏,富营养化越来越严重。为了修复河口生态系统、净化水质和促进渔业可持续发展,近20年来,世界各地开展了一系列牡蛎礁的恢复活动,尤其美国在东海岸及墨西哥湾建立了大量的人工牡蛎礁,许多研究结果证实,构建的人工牡蛎礁经过2~3年时间,就能恢复自然生境的生态功能。本文介绍了我国首次牡蛎增殖放流工程-长江口南北导堤牡蛎礁,近2年的监测结果显示,长江口导堤牡蛎种群数量快速增长,附近水生生态系统的结构与功能得到明显改善。最后,针对目前牡蛎礁恢复过程中存在的不足,提出了需进一步研究的课题,包括牡蛎基础生物学(病害和分子系统进化),牡蛎礁恢复的关键技术、科学程序及成功的评价标准等。  相似文献   

10.
公丕海  李娇  关长涛  李梦杰  刘超   《生态学杂志》2014,25(10):3032-3038
通过对莱州湾增殖型人工鱼礁附着生物的取样调查,分析了礁体附着优势种褶牡蛎壳干质量、总湿质量和附着厚度的季节变化及其随礁龄变化的差异,并对礁区的总固碳量进行了估算.结果表明: 增殖礁礁体附着褶牡蛎壳干质量和总湿质量均呈现明显的季节性变化(P<0.01),4月最低,12月最高.增殖礁礁龄对附着褶牡蛎壳干质量、总湿质量和附着厚度影响显著(P<0.01),均随礁龄的增加呈递增趋势.莱州湾圆管型增殖礁5、4和3年礁龄的礁体附着牡蛎固碳量分别为17.61、16.33和10.45 kg·m-3.2009—2013年,莱州湾金城海域64.25 hm2海洋牧场圆管型增殖礁礁体上附着牡蛎总固碳量约为297.5 t C,相当于封存了1071 t CO2,而封存固定这些CO2所需费用约1.6×105~6.4×105美元.因此,增殖礁附着牡蛎具有巨大的生态效益.  相似文献   

11.
Among the increasing number of species introduced to coastal regions by man, only a few are able to establish themselves and spread in their new environments. We will show that the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) took 17 years before a large population of several million oysters became established on natural mussel beds in the vicinity of an oyster farm near the island of Sylt (northern Wadden Sea, eastern North Sea). The first oyster, which had dispersed as a larva and settled on a mussel bed, was discovered 5 years after oyster farming had commenced. Data on abundance and size-frequency distribution of oysters on intertidal mussel beds around the island indicate that recruitment was patchy and occurred only in 6 out of 18 years. Significant proportions of these cohorts survived for at least 5 years. The population slowly expanded its range from intertidal to subtidal locations as well as from Sylt north- and southwards along the coastline. Abundances of more than 300 oysters m–2 on mussel beds were observed in 2003, only after two consecutive spatfalls in 2001 and 2002. Analyses of mean monthly water temperatures indicate that recruitment coincided with above-average temperatures in July and August when spawning and planktonic dispersal occurs. We conclude that the further invasion of C. gigas in the northern Wadden Sea will depend on high late-summer water temperatures.Communicated by H.D. Franke  相似文献   

12.
An intertidal oyster reef (~260 ha) was created by planting hatchery-reared seed oysters (Crassostrea rivularis) on an artificial concrete modular reef in the Deepwater Navigation Channel Regulation Project of the Yangtze River estuary. We examined the development of reef communities (oyster, barnacle and motile epibenthic macrofauna), characterized nekton use and assessed the habitat value of the constructed reef. The C. rivularis oyster population showed a rapid exponential increase with time and reached maximum density (3410 ± 241 ind./m2) and biomass (3175 ± 532 g/m2) after one year of restoration. The barnacle Balanus albicostatus was the most abundant sessile macrofauna and had a significantly greater density in the high intertidal zone than in the low intertidal zone (P < 0.05). The reef also supported diverse motile epibenthic macrofauna (11 mollusks, 11 crustaceans, 4 annelids and 2 fishes), and the reef-associated communities were numerically dominated by Neanthes japonica, Perinereis aibuhitensis, Nerita yoldi and Littorinopsis intermedia. A total of 50 nekton species (31 fishes, 9 shrimps and 10 crabs) utilized the constructed intertidal oyster reef, and grass shrimp Palaemon spp. dominated the nekton communities in term of abundance. Since the constructed intertidal oyster reef supports a variety of reef communities and abundant nektons, it should be recognized as an important and protective fish habitat in the Yangtze River estuary.  相似文献   

13.
捕食是影响牡蛎种群建立和牡蛎礁发育的重要生物因子之一。通过室内受控实验测定了日本蟳(Charybdis japonica)、脉红螺(Rapana venosa)和黄口荔枝螺(Thais luteostoma)对4组规格(W1:壳高10-20mm;W2:壳高20-30mm;W3:壳高30-40mm;W4:壳高>40mm)近江牡蛎(Crassostrea ariakensis)和熊本牡蛎(C.sikamea)的捕食偏好性和捕食效率。双因子方差分析结果表明,日本蟳对2种牡蛎的捕食效率没有显著性差异(P>0.05),但牡蛎规格大小显著影响着日本蟳的捕食效率(P<0.05),即日本蟳对W1组近江牡蛎的捕食效率显著高于W2和W4组(P<0.05),W3组的被捕食效率介于中间(P>0.05);日本蟳对W1组熊本牡蛎的捕食效率显著高于W2和W3组(P<0.05),W4组的被捕食效率与其他处理组均没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。牡蛎种类(P=0.590)和规格大小(P=0.357)对脉红螺的捕食效率均无显著性影响,不同规格的两种牡蛎均呈现较低的被捕食效率。黄口荔枝螺对2种牡蛎的捕食效率无显著性差异(P=0.917),但牡蛎规格大小显著影响其捕食效率(P=0.035),即对W1组熊本牡蛎捕食效率显著高于其他3个规格组(P<0.05),但其对不同规格近江牡蛎的捕食效率没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。2种牡蛎的壳厚与其壳高之间均存在极显著的正相关关系(P<0.001)。研究结果表明,3种无脊椎动物捕食者对近江牡蛎和熊本牡蛎并未表现出差异性的捕食偏好,但对不同规格牡蛎的捕食效率具有种间差异。  相似文献   

14.
After being ecologically extinct for almost a century, the discovery of a shellfish reef with native European flat oysters (Ostrea edulis) in the Dutch coastal area of the North Sea by the authors of this study called for an extensive survey to better understand some of the key requirements for the return of the native oyster in coastal waters. We assessed habitat conditions, its potential for increasing biodiversity, and the role of substrate provision by other bivalves such as the invasive alien Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). Using underwater visual census, O. edulis size-frequency distributions and attachment substrate was investigated, as well as the composition of the epibenthic community and substrata types inside quadrats that were distributed across the reef. This reef was found to be composed of native European flat oysters, invasive alien Pacific oysters and blue mussels (Mytilus edulis), alternated with sandy patches. The O. edulis population (6.8?±?0.6 oysters m?2) consisted of individuals of different size classes. In quadrats with native and non-native oysters the number of epibenthic species was 60% higher compared to adjacent sand patches within the reef. Notably, our results showed that the native oyster predominantly used shell (fragments) of the invasive Pacific oyster as settlement substrate (81% of individuals). Our results optimistically show that conditions for native oyster restoration can be suitable at a local scale in the coastal North Sea area and suggest that the return of native oysters may be facilitated by novel substrate provided by invasive oysters at sites where their distribution overlap.  相似文献   

15.
We measured sediment properties and the abundance and aerobic metabolism of microbes in Willapa Bay, Washington, USA, to test the response of sediment microbes to oyster aquaculture. Sites spanned the estuary gradient (practical salinity units ranged from 24 to 30 under seasonally low river flows) and six different low-intertidal habitat types: eelgrass (Zostera marina), unstructured tideflat, oyster hummocks (reefs of Crassostrea gigas), longline oyster aquaculture, hand-picked on-bottom oyster aquaculture, and dredged on-bottom oyster aquaculture. Aerobic metabolism was assessed by sole-source carbon use (SSCU) of 31 carbon sources on Biolog plates. Sediments generally became siltier and more organically enriched into the estuary, but no consistent differences in sediment properties occurred across habitat types. Bacterial cell density tracked organic content. Across the estuary gradient, overall aerobic SSCU increased less steeply than bacterial cell density, possibly as anaerobic metabolism became more important. Across habitats, aerobic SSCU differed significantly in both overall metabolism and diversity of carbon sources. Aerobic metabolism was generally lower for sediment microbes from intertidal on-bottom oyster aquaculture than from eelgrass. Humans indirectly alter microbial activity through biogenic habitats created during aquaculture, but, as has been shown for bivalves more generally, these changes were relatively small, particularly in comparison to sediment changes along estuarine gradients.  相似文献   

16.
An assessment of natural stocks of the commercially important black pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera, was conducted in the lagoon of Takapoto Atoll, French Polynesia. The sampling methodology combined estimates of reef area from remote sensing, depth profiles across the lagoon, and in situ sampling using scuba. Confidence limits around estimates of mean oyster density began to stabilize after ten dives, and did not decrease further after 30. Densities of oysters increased steadily with depth, ranging from a mean of 1 per 100 m2 at 0–10 m to 8/100 m2 at 30–40 m. More than half of the stock occurred at depths greater than 30 m. The total stock was estimated to be 4.3 ± 0.67 million, equivalent to 834 metric tonnes (including shells). Accepted: 15 June 1999  相似文献   

17.
Ophiocoma scolopendrina exhibits a distinctive pattern of feeding activity on intertidal reef platforms off Kenya. With the first wave of the flooding tide, dense aggregations of these ophiuroids (up to 320 m−2) engage in a 1–2 min burst of surface-film feeding, vigorously sweeping the air-water interface and associated sea foam with the ventral surface of 2–4 arms. Suspension feeding (with arms extended in the water column) is the primary feeding mode throughout the rest of the tidal cycle (involving 25–65% of the population at a time), while bottom feeding (with arms extended along the substratum) is infrequent (<10%). Field experiments showed that surface-film feeding is regulated by water depth and can be triggered by suspended particles. This feeding mode appears to be an adaptation to the intertidal habitat, enabling the ophiuroids to exploit a nutrient-rich surface film during a temporal refuge (low tide) from fish predation. Dense populations of O. scolopendrina may represent an important trophic link between producers of particulate organic material and higher-level consumers in coral reef environments.Tara Oak and Robert E. Scheibling contributed equally to this paper. The order of authorship is alphabetical  相似文献   

18.
We have identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) in the flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) for resistance to Bonamia ostreae, a parasite responsible for the dramatic reduction in the aquaculture of this species. An F2 family from a cross between a wild oyster and an individual from a family selected for resistance to bonamiosis was cultured with wild oysters injected with the parasite, leading to 20% cumulative mortality. Selective genotyping of 92 out of a total of 550 F2 progeny (i.e., 46 heavily infected oysters that died and 46 parasite-free oysters that survived) was performed using 20 microsatellites and 34 amplification fragment length polymorphism primer pairs. Both a two-stage testing strategy and QTL interval mapping methods were used. The two-stage detection strategy had a high power with a low rate of false positives and identified nine and six probable markers linked to genes of resistance and susceptibility, respectively. Parent-specific genetic linkage maps were built for the family, spanning ten linkage groups (n = 10) with an observed genome coverage of 69–84%. Three QTL were identified by interval mapping in the first parental map and two in the second. Good concordance was observed between the results obtained after the two-stage testing strategy and QTL mapping.  相似文献   

19.
The bioerosive potential of the intertidal chiton Acanthopleura gemmata on One Tree Reef was determined by quantification of CaCO3 in daily faecal pellet production of individuals transplanted into mesocosms after nocturnal-feeding forays. Mean bioerosive potential was estimated at 0.16 kg CaCO3 chiton−1 yr−1. Bioerosion rates were estimated for populations on two distinct chiton habitats, reef margin (0.013 kg CaCO3 m−2 yr−1) and beachrock platform (0.25 kg CaCO3 m−2 yr−1). Chiton density on the platform was orders of magnitude greater than on the reef margin. The surface-lowering rate (0.16 mm m−2 yr) due to bioerosion by the beachrock population is a substantial contribution to the total surface-lowering rate of 2 mm m−2 yr−1 previously reported for One Tree Reef across all erosive agents. At high densities, the contribution of A. gemmata to coral reef bioerosion budgets may be comparable to other important bioeroders such as echinoids and fish.  相似文献   

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