农田林网条件下大斑啄木鸟夏季和冬季日间行为模式

2005年7月至2008年1月,利用目标动物取样法对内蒙古乌拉特前旗地区农田林网中大斑啄木鸟(Picoides major)夏季和冬季的日间行为模式进行了分析.结果发现,大斑啄木鸟不同行为的活动次数差异极为显著,主要活动是觅食啄食;夏季具午间休息习性,日间行为节律明显,而冬季没有午休习性,日问行为节律不明显;不同性别大斑啄木鸟之间的日间行为差异不显著,但大斑啄木鸟在不同季节的日间行为差异极为显著,夏季活动时间明显长于冬季.     

斑块质量对大斑啄木鸟冬季觅食行为的影响

为了解大斑啄木鸟(Dendrocopos major)冬季对食物斑块的利用对策,2011年1月和2012年2～3月,在内蒙古乌拉特前旗的农田防护林中,采用目标动物取样法和全事件记录法,观察了大斑啄木鸟在食物斑块的觅食行为,利用主成分分析方法对斑块质量进行评价,通过比较不同质量斑块中大斑啄木鸟的觅食频次、停留时间、觅食成功频次及觅食成功率等指标,分析斑块质量对其觅食行为的影响。结果显示,在不同质量斑块中大斑啄木鸟的觅食频次、停留时间、觅食成功频次差异都极显著,但觅食成功率差异不显著;除停留时间外,不同性别间觅食差异不显著。大斑啄木鸟的觅食频次、停留时间、觅食成功频次与斑块质量呈显著正相关,觅食成功率与斑块质量相关性不显著。大斑啄木鸟倾向于在质量水平高的斑块觅食,表现为在这些斑块停留时间更长、往返次数更频繁;但觅食成功率不受斑块质量影响,这可能是大斑啄木鸟适应不同觅食环境的一种生存本能。     

大斑啄木鸟取食行为的研究

大斑啄木鸟(Dendrocopos major)是左家地区的常见鸟类,对它的研究,国内有过一些报道。1990年4—5月,笔者对它的取食行为做了较为系统的观察,现整理报道如下。     

四种同域分布洞巢鸟的巢址特征比较

洞巢鸟集团是中国东北地区温带次生林内鸟类群落的重要组成部分,对于其巢址特征的比较研究有助于深入了解鸟类群落动态的内在机制。作者于2008年4-7月,对吉林大岗林场4种主要洞巢鸟的巢址特征进行了调查,并从多尺度(巢树、巢址和活动区)比较分析,进而探讨了初级洞巢鸟与次级洞巢鸟的关系。共发现160个繁殖巢,其中初级洞巢鸟58巢,包括大斑啄木鸟(Dendrocopos major)24巢和灰头绿啄木鸟(Picus canus)21巢;次级洞巢鸟102巢,包括白眉姬鹟(Ficedula zanthopygia)38巢和普通?(Sitta europaea)45巢。初级洞巢鸟对巢树无显著选择性,而次级洞巢鸟对巢树有显著选择性,以白皮柳(Salix pierrotii)为主。灰头绿啄木鸟的洞口主要朝南,而其他3种洞巢鸟对洞口朝向没有显著的选择性。初级洞巢鸟巢址特征的差异主要表现在巢树和巢址尺度上,而次级洞巢鸟在3个尺度上均有显著差异。逻辑斯蒂回归分析表明,区分大斑啄木鸟和灰头绿啄木鸟洞巢的关键因子为洞口直径和洞巢内径,即洞巢的大小;区分白眉姬鹟和普通?洞巢的关键因子为巢树树冠高度和洞口深度。也就是说,初级洞巢鸟之间以及次级洞巢鸟之间巢址特征的最主要差异均在巢树尺度上。判别分析表明,普通?倾向于选择灰头绿啄木鸟提供的洞巢,而白眉姬鹟偏好于大斑啄木鸟提供的洞巢。由于啄木鸟所凿洞巢的大小不同,导致了次级洞巢鸟对其巢址的差异性选择。因此,洞巢的大小是影响同域分布的洞巢鸟巢址利用的最重要因素。     

笼养大斑啄木鸟行为时间分配和活动节律

2011年6～8月,在北京市野生动物救护中心露天笼舍内,采用瞬时扫描法对笼养条件下的4只大斑啄木鸟(Dendrocopos major)行为时间分配和活动节律进行了研究,利用单因素方差分析来说明不同性别大斑啄木鸟间行为时间分配差异以及研究对象在日间不同时间段行为节律差异.结果显示,笼养条件下大斑啄木鸟的各种行为活动具有一定的时间分配特点和日行为节律.大斑啄木鸟的行为主要表现为休息和飞行走动,占全部行为的36.24％和26.96％,其次为觅食行为,占17.69％.除觅食、理羽和其他行为外,雌雄间行为时间分配差异不显著(P＞0.05).大斑啄木鸟昼间活动的高峰期出现在上午,中午有午休现象,日间行为节律明显.飞行走动、休息、理羽、跳跃行为的发生频次在雌雄间无显著差异(P＞0.05),而雄性觅食的发生频次显著地大于雌性的(P＜0.05).     

青木川自然保护区川金丝猴食性的季节性变化

2005 ～2008 年于陕西省青木川自然保护区使用瞬时扫描法观察了川金丝猴的食性。结果表明,川金丝猴冬季和夏季共取食42 种植物,可鉴定植物归属23 科34 属。川金丝猴食物类型包括果实、花、树叶、树皮、树芽。夏季取食21 种植物的果实或树叶;冬季取食25 种植物。树叶是其冬季主要食物,取食频次占总取食频次的73.0% ;夏季取食果实的频次占总取食频次的72.2% ,灯台树果实是其主要食物。啃食树皮行为主要发生在落叶阔叶林、针叶林与落叶阔叶混交林;在常绿和落叶阔叶混交林中,树皮啃食强度则相对较小。与其它地区金丝猴的食性比较,该地区川金丝猴食物谱较宽。蔷薇科和壳斗科植物在川金丝猴食物组成中最多,杨柳科、桦木科、山茱萸科、槭树科和忍冬科植物也取食较多。     

阿拉善荒漠啮齿动物优势种觅食活动对不同放牧方式的响应

阿拉善荒漠脆弱生态系统对人为干扰反应较敏感，不同放牧方式导致该生态系统的植被资源类型、密度、分布、盖度、基质以及动物感知捕食风险等各不相同。同域分布的荒漠啮齿动物在不同干扰下的觅食差异性对于荒漠地区生物多样性的维持具有重要意义。本文于2020年通过红外相机陷阱技术对阿拉善荒漠区同域共存的三趾跳鼠(Dipus sagitta)、五趾跳鼠(Orientallactaga sibirica)和子午沙鼠(Meriones meridianus) 3种优势鼠种在3种不同放牧方式下的摄食行为进行观测，结果显示：(1)不同放牧方式下3种啮齿动物优势种的种群密度与摄食行为成正比，放牧增加了五趾跳鼠种群密度，其摄食行为也在放牧强度大的生境中占比更多；子午沙鼠在放牧强度较小且植被盖度较高的生境中种群密度较高，摄食行为也多集中于此；三趾跳鼠在不同放牧方式下种群密度差异不大，相对来说在放牧强度更大的生境中花费的觅食努力更大；(2)相同放牧方式下，子午沙鼠面对食物会采取“觅食+取食+贮食”相结合的摄食策略，而三趾跳鼠和五趾跳鼠更倾向于“觅食+原地取食”的摄食策略。由此表明，尽管不同鼠种具有差异化的摄食策略，但是...     

秦岭金丝猴的觅食生物学

通过长期观察并综合有关文献,介绍了秦岭金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellana)的取食生境、取食行为和食物组成。金丝猴的食物组成具有季节性变化,取食生境一般有3种、取食行为有6种。     

黑枕绿啄木鸟营土洞巢繁殖的新发现

黑枕绿啄木鸟(Picus canus)隶属鴷形目(Piciformes)啄木鸟科(Picidae),是典型的森林益鸟。国内有10个亚种,除新疆、西藏外,遍布全国。 黑枕绿啄木鸟的繁殖生态,郑作新(1963),郑光美(1982),刘益康(1984),杜恒勤(1987),张仲信(1990,1991)等,均报道营巢于树洞或侵占斑啄木鸟(Dendrccopos major)树洞巢产卵繁殖。1990年5—6月作者在山东省徂徕山,发现黑枕绿啄木鸟营土洞繁殖,这在国内外尚未见报道。鉴于有其生态学意义,并对探讨其巢洞的形成和保护利用有一定价值,特简报如下。 一、巢地生境 徂徕山属鲁中山区,位于泰沂山脉南侧,东经117°16′至117°20′,北纬36°02′至36°07′,最高峰为中部太平顶,海拔1028m。总面积16000公顷。土壤棕色。林木有刺槐(Robinia pseudoacia)、松类(Pinus)、毛白杨(Populus tomentosn)、板栗(Castanen mollissima)、核桃(Juglans regia)、黄荆(Vitex negundo)、     

高黎贡山赧亢白眉长臂猿春季食物选择

2007年3月9日—4月28日,在高黎贡山赧亢跟踪观察白眉长臂猿(Hoolock hoolock)的春季食性及取食行为,将其行为分为食果、食果汁和食叶。采用瞬时扫描法记录白眉长臂猿的取食行为,取食的种类、部位和地点等。在其活动区域内,以取食树为中心设置20m×20m的利用样方和以随机方式设置同样大小的可利用样方各19个。在样方内收集与取食树及食物资源相关的6个因子的数据。统计食物种类和资源量、选择指数、取食点的选择性等。结果表明,赧亢白眉长臂猿春季取食的食物共10种,其中果实类植物3种,果汁类植物1种,嫩叶类植物6种。10种食物中,白眉长臂猿对印度木荷(Schima khasiana)的果实和缅甸木莲(Maglietia haokeri)的嫩叶呈弱选择,对其他8种食物资源均呈强选择。Mann-WhitneyU-检验结果表明,利用样方和可利用样方间的食物资源量及食物种类数均差异极显著,以利用样方的资源量大,每一样方食物种类较多。果实是赧亢白眉长臂猿春季的主要食物资源,而嫩叶是补充。呈强选择的食物并不一定是取食频次高的食物;反之,取食频次高的食物也不一定呈强选择。白眉长臂猿常选择易处理的果实和粗灰分含量少的嫩叶,且果实是它摄取水分的主要来源。白眉长臂猿通常选择食物资源和种类相对集中的区域取食,这可以减少动物因寻找食物所耗费的能量,同时获得多种食物,满足其生理对营养的需求。     

Magellanic woodpecker ( Campephilus magellanicus) abundance and foraging in Tierra del Fuego, Chile

The Magellanic woodpecker (Campephilus magellanicus) is a vulnerable and poorly studied bird in the sub-antarctic deciduous and evergreen beech (Nothofagus) forests of South America. On Tierra del Fuego island (Chile), we compared Magellanic woodpecker abundance and its foraging habitat in two forest types: pure N. pumilio and mixed forests composed by N. pumilio and N. betuloides, including managed and non managed stands. At a regional scale, abundance of woodpeckers was greater in landscapes including both forest types than in pure N. pumilio landscapes. When both forest types occurred together, woodpecker abundance did not differ between them. The number of trees with foraging signs was correlated with Magellanic woodpecker abundance and was also associated with N. betuloides and snag densities, but was not affected by forest management. Occurrence of pecking on foraging trees was greater in mixed Nothofagus than pure N. pumilio stands. Woodpeckers foraged disproportionately more on larger diameter and more decayed trees. Moreover, trees used for foraging were positively correlated with canopy cover and snag density and were negatively correlated with distance to nearby peatlands and beaver ponds. Direct observation revealed that the flying distance between trees was negatively correlated with proportion of trees with foraging signs. Woodpeckers chose trees that were visited before, suggesting a pattern of tree recognition within foraging territories.Communicated by F. Bairlein     

Forest Management Considerations for Conservation of Black Woodpecker Dryocopus martius and White-backed Woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos Populations in Quinto Real (Spanish Western Pyrenees)

The woodlands of Quinto Real (Quinto Real, Erreguerena and Legua Acotada) are a 3,000 hectare beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest managed by the shelterwood system applied to even-aged (regular) stands. This study analyses how forest management determines the local distribution of the white-backed woodpecker (Dendrocopos leucotos) and black woodpecker (Dryocopus martius) and its relationship with the type, structure and size of the stands used for nesting by both species, as well as their dead wood requirements. The most suitable nesting habitat of both species is the mature forest (stands of regular large final crop trees), but the size of the mature fragments and a minimum quantity of dead wood is also important.     

Nest site selection in middle and great spotted woodpeckers <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dendrocopos medius</Emphasis> &; <Emphasis Type="Italic">D. major</Emphasis>: implications for forest management and conservation

Success of species conservation depends to a large extent on comprehensive management that considers all critical aspects of a species’ niche. Many studies have examined habitat factors in relation to occurrence, abundance or foraging behaviour of European woodpecker species, while relatively little is known about nest site selection. I compared habitat structures used for nesting by middle and great spotted woodpeckers Dendrocopos medius and D. major with available structures in an oak forest in the Swiss lowlands. I first tested if nest trees were randomly selected among available trees by focusing on species, condition and diameter of nest trees, and on the presence of the fruiting body (hereafter sporophore) of polypores (wood-decomposing fungi). Second, I examined if the nesting niches of the two species were differentiated. Both species showed strong preferences for oaks, large trees, dead trees and for trees with sporophores. Nest sites of the two species differed most strongly with respect to the presence of sporophores, cavity age and tree condition, pointing towards interspecific competition for nest sites. Old living or dead trees with sporophores are central components of the nesting niche of middle and great spotted woodpeckers. Conservation plans for the threatened middle spotted woodpecker have so far mostly focused on the needs in terms of distribution and foraging; future conservation strategies and forest management must take into account the preference for dead and decaying trees with sporophores as another vital resource. This will also provide benefits for other woodpecker species as well as for the community of secondary cavity nesters.     

Do increases in the availability of standing dead trees affect the abundance,nest-site use,and niche partitioning of great spotted and middle spotted woodpeckers in riverine forests?

Standing dead trees may be a limited resource for woodpeckers in managed forests, especially for species that rely on dead wood for their nest or roost cavity, and as foraging sites. Effective conservation strategies for woodpeckers require a detailed knowledge of species’ responses to dead wood availability. To investigate the importance of standing dead wood (snags) for the abundance and nest-site use of the great spotted woodpecker Dendrocopos major and middle spotted woodpecker Leiopicus medius in mature riverine forests, we compared the responses of birds between two periods—before mass mortality, and during a pulse in standing dead trees. The density of standing dead trees available for cavity excavation by the great spotted woodpecker and the middle spotted woodpecker increased significantly during the study period: 37-fold and 4-fold, respectively. Temporal trends in the abundance of both woodpecker species from 2000 to 2015 were not significant. Great spotted woodpeckers were significantly more likely to use dead trees and places with wounds in species other than oak and ash during the outbreak period than in the pre-outbreak period. Middle spotted woodpeckers were significantly less likely to excavate cavities in tree species other than oak and ash in the outbreak period, but dead trees were more likely selected. An interspecific comparison suggests that the probability of a nest-hole having been excavated by a middle spotted woodpecker increased with a nest-hole sited in ash, in a dead tree, in a limb/branch, and decreased with a nest-hole in a closed forest. These findings suggest that woodpecker species, especially weak excavators, may benefit from an increase in dead wood availability leading to nest niche shifts into more favorable substrates for cavity excavation. However, a strong increase in dead wood availability does not modify the general pattern of niche partitioning between great spotted and middle spotted woodpeckers. Conservation plans for the specialized middle spotted woodpecker must consider the preference for dead and decaying trees. The decreasing number of large ashes and oaks, and the lack of natural regeneration of the latter species, may negatively affect the middle spotted woodpecker in the future.     

Magellanic Woodpecker (Campephilus magellanicus) sap feeding and its role in the Tierra del Fuego forest bird assemblage

Several woodpecker species feed on phloem-sap flowing from pecked trees. We report sap consumption by the magellanic woodpecker (Campephilus magellanicus) inhabiting beech (Nothofagus) forests of Tierra del Fuego island (Chile). Magellanic woodpeckers drilled sap wells in N. betuloides trees close to their nests and also when they were moving in family groups. Three other bird species were observed foraging and competing for sap: the austral parakeet (Enicognathus ferrugineus) and two small passerines, the patagonian sierra-finch (Phrygilus patagonicus) and the white-crested elaenia (Elaenia albiceps). The abundance of these three bird species was greater in sites around sap wells than in other forest sites, suggesting that magellanic woodpecker is an important species in maintaining the Nothofagus forest bird assemblage.     

Novel primer sets for species‐specific amplification of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA genes in four Japanese woodpeckers (Picidae,Piciformes)

In birds, feathers and faeces can be used as a source of DNA for genetic analyses. If the materials are derived from an absentee bird(s), however, the species must first be identified. Here, we developed four pairs of primers for amplification of mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA fragments in the black woodpecker Dryocopus martius, a vulnerable species in Japan, and three other sympatric woodpeckers including Dendrocopos leucotos, D. major and Picus awokera. Because each primer pair gave a PCR product in only one of the examined species, these primer sets will be useful in identifying the species of woodpeckers.     

On the phylogenetic position of the Okinawa woodpecker (Sapheopipo noguchii)

The Okinawa woodpecker Sapheopipo noguchii is the rarest extant woodpecker species. The monotypic genus Sapheopipo was considered to be a representative of an old lineage of woodpeckers that led to the Eurasian genera Picus and the Blythipicus–Gecinulus species. This view, based on similarities in color patterns, external morphology and foraging behavior, has been adopted in all major accounts of the family. The alternative view, that this woodpecker may be related to the widespread white-backed woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos, which evolved distinctive subspecies on other East Asian islands, has not been generally accepted. We analyzed partial sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) gene to test these hypotheses. The data suggest that the Okinawa woodpecker is a member of the genus Dendrocopos, with white-backed woodpecker and great spotted woodpecker D. major as close relatives. Color patterns support the genetic results and indicate a closer relationship with the white-backed woodpecker. Consequently, the correct taxonomic designation of the Okinawa woodpecker would be Dendrocopos noguchii (Seebohm in Ibis 5(5):173–182, 1887) in the tribe Campetherini rather than Picini.This revised version was published online in February 2005 with corrections to tables 1 and 2.     

Sexual dimorphism in relation to winter foraging in the white-backed woodpecker ( Dendrocopos leucotos)

Male white-backed woodpeckers (Dendrocopos leucotos) in a 250-km² study area in western Norway are significantly larger than females in bill length and depth, wing and tarsus lengths, and bodyweight. During the winters (October–March 1985–2002), most pairs were observed within their breeding territory where both sexes foraged mainly in grey alder and birch trees, and visited trees of the same tree height and stem width. However, males foraged more frequently on dead trees and on trees broken by storms. Males also used more trees with less bark cover, foraged nearer the ground and used foraging sites of larger diameter. Furthermore, males practised more deep wood-pecking and less bark-pecking than females. Unlike in other sexually dimorphic woodpecker species, the foraging niche breadth in wintering white-backed woodpeckers showed only minor sexual differences, and the sexes overlapped significantly in all parameters examined. Since previous studies in the area have shown that the sexes overlap considerably in use of their territory, it was expected, as found in other size dimorphic woodpeckers, that the larger male would displace the supposedly socially subordinate female to suboptimal feeding sites. In our area, the sexes were rarely seen together, and no sign of aggression between the sexes was observed. Despite the sex-specific differences found in the foraging behaviour of the birds, it is not obvious how the differences should be related to size dimorphism.Communicated by F. Bairlein     

Do factors describing forest naturalness predict the occurrence and abundance of middle spotted woodpecker in different forest landscapes?

Conservation biologists often use some specialized species as surrogates for communicating conservation needs, e.g. to signal states and changes in ecosystem. This requires a detailed knowledge of a species’ habitat demands and relationship between its occurrence and abundance, and certain environmental conditions. This paper explores the relationship between the occurrence and abundance of middle spotted woodpecker (Leiopicus medius) and structural, compositional, and functional elements of forest naturalness in three different forest landscapes in Poland, which encompass a wide spectrum of species’ habitats. Neither compositional nor functional elements of forest naturalness seemed to affect species’ distribution. In all studied areas, environmental variables related to the structural elements of forest naturalness, e.g. the share of old and uneven-aged stands, number of large living trees, positively influenced the occurrence and abundance of middle spotted woodpecker. Mature, unevenly structured forests might occur as a result of sustainable forest management, aimed at preserving the continuity of old stands and the maintenance of diverse age and species’ structure, providing suitable habitat condition for the species. Therefore, both presence and abundance of middle spotted woodpeckers can serve as indicators of wildlife-friendly forest management in deciduous forests.     

Great spotted woodpeckers Dendrocopos major exert multiple forms of phenotypic selection on Scots pine Pinus sylvestris

Relatively few animal species extract seeds from closed conifer cones because of the forces required to spread apart or penetrate the woody scales. Those species that forage on seeds in closed cones tend to forage selectively, and therefore act as selective agents on cone structure. However, little is known about the foraging preferences and thus phenotypic selection that is exerted on conifers by many species that forage extensively on seeds in closed cones, including especially woodpeckers (Picidae). Great spotted woodpeckers Dendrocopos major are one of the main predators of seeds in closed cones of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris in central and eastern Europe. To estimate the cone preferences of these woodpeckers foraging on Scots pine, we contrasted traits of cones that were and were not foraged on by woodpeckers. Woodpeckers preferred to forage on shorter cones when scales were thin (smaller apophyses) but preferred cones of intermediate length when scales were thicker, providing evidence for correlational selection. The preference for intermediate‐sized cones indicates that woodpeckers exert disruptive selection on cone length when cones have thicker scales, but the overall selection on cone length across all scale types indicates directional favoring the evolution of longer cones. Woodpeckers avoided cones with thicker scales, which would lead to directional selection favoring the evolution of thicker scales. Preferences for intermediate‐sized cones have been found in tree squirrels and directional selection favoring the evolution of cones with thicker scales may be a common outcome of the foraging behavior of birds.