盐（NaCl）与碱（Na2CO3）对星星草胁迫作用的差异

对生长在蛭石中8周龄的星星草(Puccinellia tenuiflora(Criseb.)Scribn.et Merr.)用 12.5—800mmol/L 的中性盐 NaCl或碱性盐 Na_2CO_3进行胁迫处理,测定植物日相对生长率等胁变指标。结果表明星星草的抗盐性高于抗碱性,可耐受的最高浓度分别为:中性盐NaCl 600 mmol/L、碱性盐 Na_2CO_3 200mmol/L_o NaCl胁迫下,随胁强增高,脯氨酸明显积累,柠檬酸含量则逐渐下降;Na_2CO_3胁迫下,脯氨酸仅稍有积累而柠檬酸含量却急剧升高。两种胁迫下都表现出:随胁强增大,Na~ 含量明显上升,K~ 含量下降。但是,NaCl胁迫对K~ 含量影响不大,而Na_2CO_3胁迫则导致根及茎叶中的K~ 含量明显下降。诸胁变指标中唯有叶片电解质外渗率对两种胁迫来说变化特点相似。     

NaCl胁迫对圆柏幼苗生长和离子吸收及分配的影响

以当年生圆柏幼苗为实验材料,采用温室调控盆栽土培法研究了不同浓度NaCl(0、100、200、300mmol·L-1)胁迫21d对其生长情况及不同器官(根、茎、叶)中K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)的吸收和分配的影响,以探讨圆柏幼苗对盐环境的生长适应性及耐盐机制。结果表明:(1)随着NaCl胁迫浓度的增加,圆柏幼苗生长,包括株高、地径、相对生长量以及生物量的积累均呈下降趋势,而其根冠比却增加。(2)在各浓度NaCl胁迫处理下,圆柏幼苗根、茎、叶中Na~+含量较对照均显著增加,而且叶中Na~+含量显著高于茎和根,叶中Na~+含量是根中的5倍。(3)随着NaCl胁迫浓度的升高,圆柏幼苗各器官中K~+、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)含量以及K~+/Na~+、Ca~(2+)/Na~+及Mg~(2+)/Na~+比值均呈下降趋势。(4)在NaCl胁迫条件下,圆柏幼苗根系离子吸收选择性系数SK,Na、SCa,Na、SMg,Na显著提高,茎、叶离子转运选择性系数SCa,Na、SMg,Na则逐渐降低,叶中离子转运选择性系数SK,Na则随着NaCl胁迫浓度的升高显著降低,大量Na~+进入地上部,减缓了盐胁迫对根系的伤害。研究认为,圆柏幼苗的盐适应机制主要是通过根系的补偿生长效应及茎、叶对Na~+的聚积作用来实现的,同时也与根对K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)的选择性运输能力增强和茎、叶稳定的K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)的选择性运输能力有关。     

外源H_2O_2对混合盐碱胁迫下燕麦幼苗叶片脯氨酸积累和代谢途径的影响

为探讨H_2O_2对盐碱胁迫下植物脯氨酸代谢的调控机理,以燕麦新品种‘定莜6号’幼苗为材料,采用水培法研究了外源H_2O_2对混合盐碱胁迫下燕麦脯氨酸积累和代谢途径的影响。结果表明,75 mmol·L-1混合盐碱(Na Cl∶Na_2SO_4∶Na HCO_3∶Na_2CO_3=12∶8∶9∶1)胁迫可促进燕麦幼苗叶片脯氨酸的积累,提高脯氨酸合成的鸟氨酸途径关键酶鸟氨酸δ-氨基转移酶(δ-OAT)活性,抑制脯氨酸合成的谷氨酸途径关键酶Δ1-吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶(P5CS)及脯氨酸降解限速酶脯氨酸脱氢酶(Pro DH)活性。在75 mmol·L-1混合盐碱胁迫下添加0.01~1 000μmol·L-1H_2O_2可显著提高燕麦幼苗叶片的脯氨酸含量,其中10μmol·L-1H_2O_2的作用最明显;10μmol·L-1H_2O_2上调了75 mmol·L-1混合盐碱胁迫下燕麦幼苗叶片的P5CS和δ-OAT活性,降低了Pro DH活性。此外,10μmol·L-1H_2O_2使75 mmol·L-1混合盐碱胁迫下燕麦幼苗叶片内源性H_2O_2含量急剧升高后迅速降低。表明外源H_2O_2能够提高混合盐碱胁迫下燕麦幼苗内源H_2O_2的含量,并通过活化脯氨酸合成的谷氨酸途径和鸟氨酸途径,抑制脯氨酸的降解,促进混合盐碱胁迫下燕麦幼苗脯氨酸的积累。     

盐分胁迫对啤酒大麦幼苗生长、离子平衡和根际pH变化的影响

盐分胁迫不仅影响植物的生长,而且会影响植物根际微域环境。根际pH的改变对土壤养分的有效性和微生物群落组成的变化有重要影响。为了探究啤酒大麦幼苗对不同类型盐分胁迫的生理生态响应机制和根际pH变化影响的生理机制,采用水培法,通过不同类型盐分(对照、混合Na盐、混合Cl盐和NaCl)胁迫处理啤酒大麦幼苗,对其生长、离子平衡和根际pH变化进行了研究。结果表明,1)在3种不同类型盐分胁迫下,啤酒大麦幼苗地上部干重、含水量均有所降低,而根冠比增加,尤其在NaCl胁迫下啤酒大麦幼苗地上部干重较对照显著降低了17.88%,而根干重和根冠比则分别增加了19.12%和43.86%。不同类型盐分胁迫抑制了啤酒大麦幼苗根长的生长,尤其在混合Na盐胁迫下根长降低明显(P0.05),但促进了根表面积和根体积的增加,尤其在混合Cl盐胁迫下,根表面积和根体积分别增加了41.76%和84.38%。2)不同类型盐分胁迫下啤酒大麦幼苗地上部离子平衡发生改变,在混合Na盐和NaCl胁迫下啤酒大麦幼苗主要吸收Na~+,地上部K~+/Na~+、Ca~(2+)/Na~+和Mg~(2+)/Na~+显著降低;混合Cl盐和NaCl胁迫下则过量吸收Cl~-,抑制了H_2PO_4~-、NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)的吸收。3)在混合Na盐、混合Cl盐和NaCl盐分胁迫下,啤酒大麦幼苗对阴离子的吸收总量高于对阳离子的吸收总量,离子平衡计算结果表明根际呈碱化现象,与原位显色结果一致,且在混合Cl盐胁迫下根际碱化程度最大。     

外源亚精胺对盐胁迫下燕麦幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

为探讨外源喷施亚精胺(Spd)对燕麦幼苗生长和耐盐性的影响,该研究选用燕麦品种‘白燕5号’为试验材料,通过水培试验研究70 mmol/L盐胁迫下(NaCl和Na_2SO_4摩尔比1∶1混合),叶面喷施不同浓度的亚精胺对燕麦幼苗生长、根系活力、抗氧化酶活性以及丙二醛、游离脯氨酸和离子含量的影响。结果显示:(1)盐胁迫显著抑制了燕麦幼苗生长,喷施0.75 mmol/L Spd使盐胁迫下幼苗地上、地下干重和根系活力分别显著提高34.1%、23.8%和24.7%。(2)喷施0.75 mmol/L Spd使幼苗叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性较对照分别显著增加了17.0%、22.9%和23.7%,根系中分别显著增加了43.0%、19.4%和91.2%,并使幼苗叶片和根系中的MDA含量分别显著降低了25.2%和12.8%。(3)喷施0.75 mmol/L Spd使燕麦幼苗叶片和根系游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量分别显著增加了63.3%和362.6%,并使叶片Na~+/K~+、Na~+/Ca~(2+)和Na~+/Mg~(2+)值分别降低了6.7%、16.3%和4.9%。研究表明,在盐胁迫环境下,叶面喷施适宜浓度(0.75 mmol/L) Spd可通过提高燕麦幼苗抗氧化和渗透调节能力,维持生物膜系统的稳定,有效减轻渗透胁迫和离子毒害对幼苗的伤害,从而增强其耐盐性,促进幼苗生长。     

引进红树拉关木和两种乡土红树离子平衡及光合作用的比较研究

为了比较引进红树与乡土红树的耐盐性差异,该研究以引进红树植物拉关木(Laguncularia racemosa)和乡土红树植物木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)与秋茄(Kandelia obovata)幼苗作为实验材料,分析其在不同Na Cl浓度(100、200、300、400 mmol·L~(-1))处理下各器官离子浓度(Na~+、Cl~–、K~+、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+))和叶光合作用的变化。结果表明:(1)高盐胁迫(400 mmol·L~(-1)Na Cl,28 d)处理下,拉关木根系Na~+增幅较小,秋茄根、叶Cl~–含量增幅均高于木榄和拉关木,说明拉关木在较高的盐浓度时能限制根系对Na~+、Cl~–的吸收,减少向地上部分运输。(2)高盐胁迫均增加3种红树根、叶的K~+浓度(木榄叶K~+略有降低,差异不显著),表明3种红树均可吸收K~+,来限制Na~+对植物的伤害;同时,降低3种红树根Ca~(2+)浓度,但拉关木根Ca~(2+)下降幅度小于秋茄和木榄,说明拉关木具有更强的防止Ca~(2+)流失的能力。(3)拉关木根维持Na~+/K~+、Na~+/Ca~(2+)平衡的能力强于秋茄和木榄。(4)高盐胁迫引起秋茄与木榄光合速率均降低,而拉关木光合速率却增加了54.1%。综上所述,拉关木能限制根系对Na Cl的吸收,有效维持Na~+/K~+、Na~+/Ca~(2+)的平衡,并保持较高的光合速率,这表明拉关木与木榄和秋茄相比具有更高的耐盐性。     

盐碱胁迫对流苏幼苗生长及离子分布的影响

采用NaCl、Na_2SO_4、NaHCO_3、Na_2CO_(3 )四种盐按不同总盐浓度(50、100、200、300 mmol·L~(-1))和比例混合为不同处理盐碱溶液,对1a生流苏幼苗进行处理,分析了幼苗生长变化、离子代谢途径。结果表明:盐碱胁迫下流苏的生长受到显著影响。流苏幼苗的相对株高、地径生长量以及生物量均随着盐碱胁迫的加重而减少;而其根冠比却不断增加。随着盐碱浓度的增加,各器官中Na~+含量显著高于对照,其排序为:叶根茎;根中K~+含量呈下降趋势,叶中K~+含量先升后降,茎K~+含量变化较平缓,其排序为:叶茎根;各器官中K~+/Na~+呈下降趋势;流苏根的K~+-Na~+选择性吸收系数S_(K, Na)值呈下降趋势,茎、叶的S_(K, Na)值呈先升后降的趋势。研究认为,流苏幼苗对低盐碱环境具有一定的主动适应性,其盐碱适应机制主要是由于根系具有补偿生长效应及叶对Na~+进行区隔化,同时也与茎、叶选择性运输K~+的能力较强有关。     

根环境供氧状况对盐胁迫下棉花幼苗光合及离子吸收的影响

以溶液培养的棉花(Gossypium hirsutum L.)幼苗为材料,测定了不同盐胁迫程度和不同根环境供氧状况条件下棉花幼苗的叶片气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数和植株的Na~+、K~+离子含量等的变化,以探索根环境供氧状况对盐胁迫下棉花光合作用和离子吸收的影响。结果表明,盐胁迫和根环境供氧不足均导致净光合速率下降。在处理后的前期,盐胁迫对棉花叶片光合作用的不利影响大于供氧不足(不通气)的影响,而后期根环境供氧不足的不利影响快速增大,并逐渐超过盐胁迫的影响。在低浓度盐胁迫和根环境不通气处理的初期,棉花叶片光合速率下降的主要原因是气孔因素(气孔关闭或部分关闭引起的CO_2供应不足);随着盐胁迫程度的增大和胁迫持续时间的延长,光合速率下降的原因逐渐转变为非气孔因素(光合系统损伤引起的光合能力下降)。相同程度盐胁迫下,根环境通气处理的棉花叶片的净光合速率和PSⅡ最大光化学效率等均显著高于根环境不通气处理的,说明根环境供氧不足加重了盐胁迫对光合作用的不利影响。对棉花植株各器官离子积累量的测定、分析发现,盐胁迫导致了棉花根系拒Na~+、吸K~+的能力和选择性运输K~+的能力降低,使棉花根系和叶片的Na~+含量增多、K~+含量减少、[Na~+]/[K~+]比值升高;而根环境通气则可显著提高盐胁迫下根系的拒Na~+、吸K~+能力和根系向叶片选择性运输K~+的能力,降低根系和叶片的[Na~+]/[K~+]比值。试验还发现,根系K~+、Na~+含量受盐胁迫的影响较大,而叶片K~+、Na~+含量受根环境通气状况的影响更大一些。综合分析可见,盐胁迫和根环境供氧不足均可导致棉花叶片光合速率下降、光合机构损伤以及离子平衡失调,而根环境通气可以缓解盐胁迫对棉花叶片光合作用的不利影响、增加根系和叶片对K~+的选择吸收和积累、降低[Na~+]/[K~+]比值,从而增强棉花植株对盐胁迫的适应性和抵抗力。     

褪黑素对盐胁迫下香椿幼苗生长及离子吸收和光合作用的影响

以香椿幼苗为材料,采用水培法研究不同浓度褪黑素(0、50、100、200和400μmol/L)对盐(150 mmol/L NaCl)胁迫下香椿幼苗生长指标、矿质元素离子(Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+))含量、净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)和胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)等光合作用指标的影响,以探究外源物质褪黑素对盐胁迫下香椿幼苗生长和生理的调控作用。结果表明:(1)在盐胁迫条件下,香椿幼苗的生长受到显著抑制,叶绿素含量和P_n显著降低,叶片和根系中Na~+含量比对照(CK)显著增加,而K~+、Mg~(2+)和Ca~(2+)含量以及离子含量的比值(K~+/Na~+、Mg~(2+)/Na~+和Ca~(2+)/Na~+)则明显下降,且丙二醛含量显著增加。(2)施加适宜浓度褪黑素能显著促进盐胁迫下香椿植株生长,降低其叶片和根系中Na~+含量,提高其K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)含量和离子含量比值以及叶片P_n、T_r、水分利用效率(WUE)和G_s和C_i,但却降低了气孔限制值(L_s)。(3)适宜浓度褪黑素使盐胁迫下香椿植株叶片的丙二醛积累明显下降,叶绿素含量显著上升。研究发现,外施适宜浓度的褪黑素能降低盐胁迫下香椿幼苗叶片和根系内Na~+浓度,增加K~+、Mg~(2+)和Ca~(2+)浓度,调控植物体内细胞的离子平衡状态,增强对营养元素的吸收,提高光合作用效率,从而提高香椿幼苗对盐胁迫的抗性,并以100μmol/L褪黑素处理的效果最佳。     

等渗Ca(NO3)2和NaCl胁迫对黄瓜幼苗生长及渗透调节物质含量的影响

采用营养液培养方法,以耐盐性较弱的‘津春2号’黄瓜品种为试材,研究了等渗Ca(NO3)2和NaCl胁迫对黄瓜幼苗生长、根系电解质渗透率、根系活力、Na+和K+含量及渗透调节物质含量的影响。结果显示:(1)在84mmol.L-1 NaCl和56mmol.L-1 Ca(NO3)2等渗胁迫下,黄瓜幼苗鲜重和干重均显著下降,且NaCl处理下降的幅度大于等渗Ca(NO3)2处理。(2)NaCl主要通过对黄瓜根系的伤害来抑制植株生长,表现为根系活力下降、根系质膜透性增大、Na+大量积累、K+含量显著下降、Na+/K+明显上升,最终导致根冠比下降;而Ca(NO3)2处理对根系质膜透性、K+含量、Na+/K+的影响均小于NaCl胁迫,且根系活力和根冠比上升,但Ca(NO3)2胁迫后叶片含水量和渗透调节能力均小于NaCl胁迫。(3)NaCl胁迫条件下,黄瓜幼苗内渗透调节物质以可溶性糖为主,而Ca(NO3)2胁迫以可溶性蛋白为主。研究表明,NaCl胁迫对黄瓜幼苗的伤害大于等渗Ca(NO3)2,NaCl主要通过破坏根系质膜结构影响植株生长,而Ca(NO3)2主要通过引起地上部生理干旱来影响植株生长。     

牛叠肚幼苗对盐碱胁迫的生理响应及其耐盐阈值

以盆栽牛叠肚组培苗为试材,比较研究了不同浓度中性盐(NaCl、Na2SO4)和碱性盐(NaHCO3、Na2CO3)胁迫对其生长和生理指标的影响。结果显示:(1)牛叠肚幼苗生长在碱性盐(NaHCO3、Na2CO3)处理下表现出"低促高抑"现象,而在中性盐(NaCl、Na2SO4)处理下均受到不同程度的抑制。(2)随着盐碱胁迫浓度的升高,牛叠肚叶片的相对电导率呈增加趋势,丙二醛(MDA)积累波动变化;Na2SO4和NaHCO3处理下二者之间的变化趋势相似,而NaCl和Na2CO3处理下二者之间变化趋势则不同。(3)牛叠肚叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性随胁迫浓度增加先升高后下降,而过氧化物酶(POD)活性呈先下降后升高趋势,说明牛叠肚主要通过SOD和POD的互补作用来降低氧化伤害。(4)以相对株高生长量下降50%为标准,求得牛叠肚幼苗对NaCl、Na2SO4、NaHCO3、Na2CO34种单盐的耐受阈值分别为85.18(0.50%,W/V)、40.77(0.58%,W/V)、171.00(1.44%,W/V)、114.20(1.21%,W/V)mmol·L-1。研究表明,各盐碱胁迫使牛叠肚幼苗的生长受到不同程度的抑制,但其在一定浓度范围内通过提高抗氧化酶(SOD、POD)活性来减轻盐碱伤害,维持植株的正常生理代谢;牛叠肚幼苗对碱性盐(NaHCO3、Na2CO3)的耐受能力强于中性盐(NaCl、Na2SO4)。     

Effects of four types of sodium salt stress on plant growth and photosynthetic apparatus in sorghum leaves

Sorghum variety Longza 17 was used as the experimental organism in a study of the effects of different types of sodium salt (two neutral salts, NaCl and Na₂SO₄; and two alkaline salts, NaHCO₃ and Na₂CO₃), at an equivalent Na⁺ concentration (100?mmol·L^?1) on leaf growth parameters and PSII and PSI function by using the Fast Chlorophyll Fluorescence Induction Dynamics technique and 820?nm light reflectance curves. The results showed that at Na⁺ concentration of 100?mmol·L^?1, different types of sodium salt stress significantly inhibited the growth of sorghum plants. Different types of sodium salt stress showed significant inhibition on the activities of PSII and PSI in sorghum leaves, the impact of different types of sodium salt on the activities of PSII and PSI in sorghum leaves was consistent, listed from greatest to least impact as Na₂CO₃ > NaHCO₃ > Na₂SO₄ > NaCl. The effects of alkaline salt stress on the growth and photosynthetic properties of sorghum were greater than those under the neutral salt stress, therefore, in addition to considering the impact of Na⁺ concentration in the sorghum planting area, emphasis should also be given to the influence of the degree of alkalization, especially the higher alkalinity of Na₂CO₃.     

Effects of various mixed salt-alkaline stresses on growth,photosynthesis, and photosynthetic pigment concentrations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Medicago ruthenica</Emphasis> seedlings

Soil salinization and alkalinization frequently co-occur in naturally saline and alkaline soils. To understand the characteristics of mixed salt-alkali stress and adaptive response of Medicago ruthenica seedlings to salt-alkali stress, water content of shoots, growth and photosynthetic characteristics of seedlings under 30 salt-alkaline combinations (salinity 24–120 mM and pH 7.03–10.32) with mixed salts (NaCl, Na₂SO₄, NaHCO₃, and Na₂CO₃) were examined. The indices were significantly affected by both salinity and pH. The interactive effects between salt and alkali stresses were significant, except for photosynthetic pigments. Water content of shoots, relative growth rates of shoots and roots and pigment concentrations showed decreasing trends with increasing salinity and alkalinity. The root activity under high alkalinity and salinity treatments gradually decreased, but was stimulated by the combined effects of low alkalinity and salinity. The survival rate decreased with increased salinity, except at pH 7.03–7.26 when all plants survived. Net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO₂ concentration decreased with increased salinity and pH. M. ruthenica tolerated the stress of high salt concentration when alkali concentration was low, and the synergistic effects of high alkali and high salt concentrations lead to the death of some or all seedlings. M. ruthenica appeared to be saltalkali tolerant. Reducing the salt concentration or pH based on the salt components in the soil may be helpful to abate damage from mixed salt-alkaline stress.     

Salt tolerance of two differently drought-tolerant wheat genotypes during germination and early seedling growth

Summary Osmotic and specific ion effect are the most frequently mentioned mechanisms by which saline substrates reduce plant growth. However, the relative importance of osmotic and specific ion effect on plant growth seems to vary depending on the drought and/or salt tolerance of the plant under study. We studied the effects of several single salts of Na⁺ and Ca²⁺−NaCl, NaNO₃, Na₂SO₄, NaHCO₃, Na₂CO₃, and Ca(NO₃)₂—on the germination and root and coleoptile growth of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, TAM W-101 and Sturdy, the former being more drought tolerant than the latter. The concentrations used were: 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.16, and 0.32 mol L⁻¹. Significant two- and three-way interactions were observed between cultivar, kind of salt, and salt concentration for germination, growth of coleoptile and root, and root/coleoptile ratio. Salts differed significantly (P<0.001) in their effect on seed germination, coleoptile and root growth of both cultivars. Germination of TAM W-101 seeds was consistently more tolerant than that of Sturdy to NaCl, CaCl₂, Ca(NO₃)₂, and NaHCO₃ salts at concentrations of 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.16 mol L⁻¹. The osmotic potential, at which the germination of wheat seeds was reduced to 50% of that of the control, was different depending on the kind of salt used in the germination medium. NaCl at low concentrations (0.02 and 0.04 mol L⁻¹) stimulated the germination of both wheat cultivars. At concentrations of 0.02 to 0.16 mol L⁻¹, Ca²⁺ salts (CaCl₂ and Ca(NO₃)₂) were consistently more inhibitory than the respective Na⁺ salts (NaCl and NaNO₃) for germination of Sturdy. This did not consistently hold true for TAM W-101. Among the Na⁺ salts, NaCl was the least toxic and NaHCO₃ and Na₂CO₃ were the most toxic for seed germination. Root and coleoptile (in both wheat cultivars) differed in their response to salts. This differential response of coleoptile and root to each salt resulted in seedlings with a wide range of root/coleoptile ratios. For example, the root/coleoptile ratio of cultivar TAM W-101 changed from 2.09 (in the control) to 3.77, 3.19, 2.8, 2.44, 1.31, 0.32, and 0.0 when subjected to 0.08 mol L⁻¹ of Na₂SO₄, NaCl, CaCl₂, NaNO₃, Ca(NO₃)₂, NaHCO₃, and Na₂CO₃, respectively. Na₂CO₃ at 0.08 mol L⁻¹ inhibited root growth to such an extent that germinated wheat seeds contained coleoptile but no roots. The data indicate that, apart from the clear and more toxic effects of NaHCO₃ and Na₂CO₃ and lesser toxic effect of NaCl on germination and seedling growth, any toxicity-ranking of other salts done at a given concentration and for a given tissue growth may not hold true for other salt concentrations, other tissues and/or other cultivars. The more drought-tolerant TAM W-101, when compared to the less drought tolerant Sturdy, showed higher tolerance (at most concentrations) to NaCl, CaCl₂, Ca(NO₃)₂ and NaHCO₃ during its seed germination and to Na₂SO₄ and CaCl₂ for its root growth. This supports other reports that some drought-tolerant wheat cultivars are more tolerant to NaCl. In contrast, the coleoptile growth of drought-sensitive Sturdy was noticeably more tolerant to NaNO₃, Ca(NO₃)₂ and NaHCO₃ than that of drought-tolerant TAM W-101. Based on the above and the different root/coleoptile ratios observed in the presence of various salts, it is concluded that in these wheat cultivars: a) coleoptile and root tissues are differently sensitive to various salts, and b) at the germination stage, tolerance to certain salts is higher in the more drought-tolerant cultivar.     

Expression of a carbonic anhydrase gene is induced by environmental stresses in Rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.)

Expression of the gene (OsCA1) coding for carbonic anhydrase (CA) in leaves and roots of rice was induced by environmental stresses from salts (NaCl, NaHCO₃ and Na₂CO₃), and osmotic stress (10%, w/v, PEG 6000). CA activity of rice seedlings more than doubled under some of these stresses. Transgenic Arabidopsis over-expressing OsCA1 had a greater salt tolerance at the seedling stage than wild-type plants in 1/2 MS medium with 5 mM NaHCO₃, 50 mM NaCl, on 100 mM NaCl. Thus CA expression responds to environmental stresses and is related to stress tolerance in rice.     

NaCl和Na2CO3胁迫对栓皮栎种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为了阐明栓皮栎种子萌发期对盐碱胁迫的耐受性,研究了不同浓度(0、50、100、200和400 mmol/L)NaCl和Na2CO3胁迫对其种子萌发、生长、保护酶活性和有机渗透调节物质等的影响,结果表明:(1)盐碱胁迫对栓皮栎种子的萌发率和发芽指数均没有显著影响;随着Na+浓度的升高,NaCl和Na2CO3处理下的胚根长度、胚根生长速率、胚根鲜重均受到抑制,呈现下降趋势;活力指数和耐盐指数在NaCl胁迫下表现为较低浓度(50 mmol/L)促进,较高浓度(100,200,400 mmol/L)抑制,而在Na2CO3处理下则不断下降;相对盐害率在两种处理下均表现波动趋势。(2)通过建立活力指数、胚根长度等与Na+浓度的回归方程,发现在NaCl胁迫下栓皮栎种子活力指数、胚根鲜重、胚根长度和胚根生长速率的临界值分别为300.0、300.0、333.6、369.6 mmol/L。(3)在NaCl和Na2CO3胁迫下,随Na+浓度的增加,丙二醛含量增幅显著;NaCl处理下的SOD(superoxide dismutase)活性呈现先升高后降低的趋势,而Na2CO3处理下则均低于对照;POD(peroxidase)活性变化不显著;CAT(catalase)活性均表现为先降低后升高;脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量均随着Na+浓度的升高而呈现不同程度上升趋势。(4)等Na+浓度时,NaCl处理下的各项生长指标均高于Na2CO3处理,丙二醛、保护酶活性及渗透调节物质含量均低于Na2CO3处理,说明Na2CO3对栓皮栎种子的影响比NaCl更为显著。     

Tissue-Specific and Cation/Anion-Specific DNA Methylation Variations Occurred in C. virgata in Response to Salinity Stress

Salinity is a widespread environmental problem limiting productivity and growth of plants. Halophytes which can adapt and resist certain salt stress have various mechanisms to defend the higher salinity and alkalinity, and epigenetic mechanisms especially DNA methylation may play important roles in plant adaptability and plasticity. In this study, we aimed to investigate the different influences of various single salts (NaCl, Na₂SO₄, NaHCO₃, Na₂CO₃) and their mixed salts on halophyte Chloris. virgata from the DNA methylation prospective, and discover the underlying relationships between specific DNA methylation variations and specific cations/anions through the methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism analysis. The results showed that the effects on DNA methylation variations of single salts were ranked as follows: Na₂CO₃> NaHCO₃> Na₂SO₄> NaCl, and their mixed salts exerted tissue-specific effects on C. virgata seedlings. Eight types of DNA methylation variations were detected and defined in C. virgata according to the specific cations/anions existed in stressful solutions; in addition, mix-specific and higher pH-specific bands were the main type in leaves and roots independently. These findings suggested that mixed salts were not the simple combination of single salts. Furthermore, not only single salts but also mixed salts showed tissue-specific and cations/anions-specific DNA methylation variations.     

Effects of buffer capacity on growth,photosynthesis, and solute accumulation of a glycophyte (wheat) and a halophyte (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Chloris virgata</Emphasis>)

Two species with different resistances to alkaline pH, the glycophylic Triticum aestivum (wheat) and the halophilic Chloris virgata, were chosen as test organisms. The salt-alkaline (SA) mixed stress conditions with different buffer capacities (BC) but with the same salt molarities and pH were established by mixing neutral (NaCl, Na₂SO₄), and alkaline salts (NaHCO₃ and Na₂CO₃) in various proportions. Growth, photosynthetic characteristics, and solute accumulation of the seedlings were monitored to test the validity of BC as a decisive index of alkali-stress (AS) intensity in SA mixed stress. At the same salinities and pHs, the relative growth rate, the content of photosynthetic pigments, and net photosynthetic rates of wheat and C. virgata decreased, while Na⁺ content and Na⁺/K⁺ ratios in shoots increased with increasing BC. Hence BC was a true measure of AS intensity at mixed SA stress and the alkali-resistance mechanism of plants was easy to interpret. BC of soil solution is an important parameter for estimating the alkalization degree of salt-alkalized soil.     

黄瓜幼苗对氯化钠和碳酸氢钠胁迫的生理响应差异

采用营养液培养方法,分别用不同浓度（0、25、50和75 mmol·L^-1）的NaCl和NaHCO₃对黄瓜幼苗进行胁迫处理,研究黄瓜幼苗对NaCl和NaHCO₃胁迫的生理响应差异.结果表明：随着胁迫强度的增加,黄瓜植株地上部和地下部生长量、叶片叶绿素含量和相对含水量均呈明显下降趋势,但NaHCO₃处理下降幅度大于NaCl处理.随着处理浓度的增加,黄瓜地上部Na⁺含量显著上升,K⁺含量显著下降,在相同的Na⁺浓度下,NaHCO₃处理比NaCl处理下降幅度更大,具有更低的K⁺/Na⁺.与NaCl处理相比,NaHCO₃处理的黄瓜叶片电解质渗漏率、丙二醛、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量增加幅度更大.NaCl和NaHCO₃处理使黄瓜叶片超氧化物歧化酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶活性受到显著诱导,而使过氧化物酶活性受到明显抑制.     

Seed germination,seedling survival,and physiological response of sunflowers under saline and alkaline conditions

Salinization and alkalization of soil are widespread environmental problem and the alkali stress is more destructive than the effects caused by salt stress. To compare the mechanism of salt and alkali stresses, a sunflower variety (Helianthus annuus L. cv. Baikuiza 6) was tested under saline or alkaline conditions by mixing two neutral salts (NaCl and Na₂SO₄) or two alkaline salts (NaHCO₃ and Na₂CO₃). The results showed that saline conditions differed greatly from alkaline conditions in their threshold intensities where sunflower can germinate, survive and grow. Under saline conditions, the emergence time was delayed, and the emergence rate and seedling survival rate also decreased with increasing salinity. However, under alkaline conditions, the rate of seedling survival decreased sharply but the emergence time and emergence rate did not change. In addition, the damaging effects of alkali stress on growth and photosynthesis were more severe than those of saline. In shoots, the main inorganic osmolyte and cation was K⁺ rather than Na⁺; the primary organic osmolytes were organic acid and soluble sugar rather than proline. Organic acid, NO₃ ⁻, and Cl⁻ (only under saline condition) were the main source of anion. In addition, the osmotic adjustment and ion balance differed among sunflower roots, stems, and leaves. In conclusion, saline and alkaline conditions are two different stress conditions and there are special responses to two stress conditions for sunflower.