植物转基因的进展与禾谷类作物转基因的评估

植物转基因技术主要包括病原生物感染系统转基因和理化法直接转基因,这是近五年多来发展极为迅速的领域,我国已有许多研究报道,并有不少综述.本文即在此基础上深入介绍植物转基因的研究进展,及其在禾谷类作物上应用所面临的问题。     

转基因植物的基因漂流风险

讨论了近10年有关转基因植物漂流方面的5个主要研究领域,转基因进入相关植物野生种或近缘种中的实证性研究,以花粉为煤体的基因漂流特性研究,基因漂流实验和风险评价方法研究,基因漂流风险安全性评价标准的争论和基因漂流的长期生态效应研究,提出了目前应进一步开展的研究课题。     

关于建立植物转基因飘流状况国家和省级地理信息系统的建议

转基因逃逸是转基因作物环境释放的主要潜在生态风险,一旦把转基因和它的地理信息结合起来,地理信息系统（GIS）就成为监控转基因逃逸的理想工具,首先,可以根据转基因作物商业化生产情况建立一定数量的观察站,并在特定的地点和时间内检测野生近缘植物和其它一些相关植物中是否存在转基因,这样就可以获得在特定的地区和时期内转基因逃逸的大致状况,然后在此基础上,可以建立地区（省）或国家级转基因逃逸地理信息系统,国家级系统可能在风险管理中更有实际意义。     

植物转基因方法及进展

本文从技术原理和方法进展着手,着重在土壤农杆菌系统、植物病毒系统和DNA直接导入法中阐述了植物转基因载体的选择和构建;以及各种方法的适用范围、应用上的例子和进展,并且比较了相互的优缺点。另外,本文还探讨了转导入植物细胞的外源基因的组织方式及其转录表达效率。     

转基因植物

转基因植物的研究始于70年代末80年代初,当时在少数植物种(如烟草、马铃薯)上由野生型 Ri 和 Ti 质粒转化的细胞再生出植株(Ackermann;Wullems 等,DeGreve 等;Spano 等;Barton 等;Ooms 等;Davrd 等;Tepfer。     

转基因植物抗病毒机制

植物病毒病给全球农业生产造成巨大的损失.有效地防治植物病毒病,减少经济损失,满足日益增长的世界人口的食品需求,是科学家的重要目标之一.随着病毒分子生物学、植物基因工程研究的迅速发展,近年来,利用分子生物学及基因工程技术培育抗病毒工程植物已成为防治植物病毒病害的有效策略,许多具有重要经济价值的转基因作物已经开始陆续进入实际应用阶段.     

植物铁蛋白转基因的应用

植物铁蛋白是一种铁存放蛋白,既可以储存大量的可被植物利用的铁,又能抵抗环境胁迫。利用铁蛋白的转基因研究不仅可以缓解由于铁缺乏而引起的一系列疾病,而且能提高植物对环境的耐受性,在生物治疗中具有重要意义。文章就铁蛋白的结构以及铁蛋白转基因植物在上述几个领域中的研究进展作简单的介绍。     

植物学新絮—转基因植物

一九八三年,第一株含有合成蛋白质外源基因的转基因植物成功地诞生了,它标志着植物分子生物学又进入了一个新纪元,为植物遗传工程带来了广阔的前景.之后,在各国生物学家的共同努力下,又成功地育成了许多含有各种优良外源基因的转基因植物.这种遗传工程的方法消除了传统植物育种的盲目性,突破了“亲和性”的限制,只要有理想的供体和受体DNA,遗传工程技术就能使它们的基因结合表达,并稳定地遗传给后代.大大扩大了育种的范围.     

转基因植物对传粉蜂类影响的研究进展

随着转基因作物的大规模商业种植,其对非靶生物的安全性问题已经成为转基因生物风险评估的重要内容。有些转基因植物是需要蜂类传粉的显花植物．有些则可作为蜂类的食物来源。抗性转基因植物可能对蜂类产生直接和间接的影响。转基因植物的花粉或者花蜜可能对蜂类产生直接影响,测试化学杀虫剂安全性的相同方法被用来评估这种影响。很多研究测试了纯化的转基因蛋白质(如Bt,蛋白酶抑制剂)对蜜蜂和熊蜂的影响。间接影响来自于遗传转化可能使转基因植物的表型产生的异常变化,特别是花的改变。这种影响是用转基因植物进行评估的。转基因植物对蜂类的影响研究所测定的参数包括蜂类的肠道生理、取食和嗅觉学习行为、经口毒性和寿命等。对在实验室中以幼蜂或者成年蜂为对象、在封闭条件下针对蜂群的研究以及蜂类在转基因植物上的取食行为方面的研究进行了总结。结果表明,转基因植物是否对传粉蜂类产生影响以及影响的大小主要取决于转基因植物的生物学特征、转基因蛋白的性质和表达量。一般来说,Bt毒素蛋白和葡聚糖酶等蛋白质对蜂类没有影响;而某些蛋白酶抑制剂和几丁质酶则可能对蜂类产生不利影响,蜂类所摄取到这类蛋白质的剂量将决定影响的程度。然而,由于采用的研究方法各不相同,难以对不同的研究结果进行分析和比较,并得出明确的结论。     

全球转基因植物发展现状

１９８６年美国和法国的科学家在世界上第一次进行了抗除草剂转基因烟草的田间试验。自此之后,植物转基因的研究与应用在世界各地蓬勃发展,被认为是２１世纪农业的希望,是新的农业科技革命的重要组成部分。本文试对全球转基因植物的发展现状作一全面综述。１田间试验到...     

Genetically modified organisms and risks of their introduction

The major goal of this review is to assess food risks of the introduction of genetically modified (GM) crops. The author analyzes the properties of the several classes of target proteins used in the transgenic constructions and discusses the problems that arise due to the pleiotropic action of transgenic proteins, the horizontal transfer of the transgenic constructions, primarily in bacteria, and their instability. Particular consideration is given to elevated risks of using the GM plant varieties for producing pharmaceutical preparations, due to the probability of uncontrolled cross-pollination between the GM plants and the plants grown for foodstuff production. The author emphasizes the requirement for assessing in detail all hypothetic risks in each particular case of cultivating GM varieties; as a control, such assessment must involve a comprehensive comparison with the conventional parental forms.Translated from Fiziologiya Rastenii, Vol. 52, No. 1, 2005, pp. 115–128.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Kulikov.     

Will escaped transgenes lead to ecological release?

One potential effect of transgenes escaped from cultivation, either in crop plants themselves or introgressed into wild relatives, is release of the plants from ecological constraints that currently limit or control their distribution and abundance. Release may occur only within the community that the species presently occupies, or it may allow range expansion into new communities. Experience with ecological range expansions of invading plant species suggests that when ecological release occurs, the consequences can be severe. To assess properly the likelihood of ecological release, the factors that currently limit species' distributions and abundances must be determined by manipulative experiments. The effect of transgenes on these factors must then be investigated throughout the life cycle of the species and on a case-by-case basis. For ruderal annual species, seed survival and seedling establishment phases may be particularly important.     

An approach for post‐market monitoring of potential environmental effects of Bt‐maize expressing Cry1Ab on natural enemies

Post‐market monitoring (PMM) consistent with Swiss and European Union legislation should ensure the detection and prevention of adverse effects on the environment possibly deriving from commercial cultivation of genetically modified (GM) crops. Insect‐resistant GM crops (such as Bt‐maize) raise particular questions regarding disturbances of biological control functions provided by beneficial insects such as predators and parasitoids (so‐called natural enemies). Consensus among regulators, scientists and the agricultural biotech industry on appropriate PMM plans allowing the detection and possibly prevention of such adverse effects is still lacking. The aims of this study were to identify the necessity for PMM of Bt‐maize expressing Cry1Ab on natural enemies and to develop an appropriate PMM plan. The approach chosen consisted in determining what type of monitoring is most appropriate to address potential effects of Bt‐maize on natural enemies during commercial cultivation. This included identifying whether there remain substantial scientific uncertainties that would support case‐specific monitoring. Existing pre‐market risk assessment data indicate that Bt‐maize (Cry1Ab) comprises a negligible risk for disturbances in biological control functions of natural enemies. As a consequence, a faunistic monitoring of specific groups of natural enemies is not considered an appropriate approach to detect failures in biological control functions. Alternatively, an approach is proposed that consists in indirectly analysing biological control functions by surveying outbreaks of maize herbivores. Unusual herbivore outbreaks could indicate failures in biological control functions of natural enemies. Data could be collected via questionnaires addressed to farmers growing Bt‐maize. Significant correlations between unusual occurrences of specific maize herbivores and the cultivation of Bt‐maize would subsequently need specific studies to determine possible causalities in more detail. The here proposed approach has the advantage of covering different natural enemy groups. It represents a cost‐effective strategy to obtain scientifically sound data as a basis for regulatory decision‐making.     

Does Cry1Ac Bt‐toxin impair development of worker larvae of Africanized honey bee?

The western honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) is a widespread pollinator species. The present study aimed to test if Africanized honey bee larvae are negatively affected by the ingestion of diet contaminated with the Bacillus thunringiensis toxin Cry1Ac, which is expressed in GM cotton plants. The toxin activity was confirmed in bioassays with the velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis), a soybean pest species susceptible to Cry1Ac. The honey bee larvae were subjected to ingestion of either pure larval diet (control), diluted larval diet (diluted control) or larval diet diluted in a Cry1Ac solution at a concentration compatible with the maximum possible field exposure. Although diluted diet slightly increased larval mortality, Cry1Ac ingestion did not affect survival, developmental time, and neither adult body mass nor size, indicating that GM plants are unlikely to significantly impair the development of honey bee larvae. The larval‐rearing system reported here was suitable to assess the lethal and sub‐lethal effects of GM expressed toxins against honey bee larvae.