基于红外相机技术和人工巢试验分析白冠长尾雉巢潜在捕食者

为了了解保护区内外的白冠长尾雉繁殖生态,2014年3—7月在河南董寨国家级自然保护区和保护区外湖北平靖关村利用人工巢试验(以鸡蛋为诱饵)、红外相机技术和栖息地样方调查搜集巢捕食信息,对其巢捕食率、巢潜在捕食者和影响巢捕食的栖息地因子进行研究.两轮试验分别为繁殖期前期3—4月和繁殖期中期5—6月.试验共放置巢149个,其中红外相机监测62个,累计相机日1315个,拍摄照片7776张,视频6950个.结果表明: 保护区外(平靖关)巢捕食率高于保护区内(董寨),繁殖期前期和繁殖期中期保护区内外差异均极显著.平靖关捕食者种类数(11和6种)在繁殖期前期和中期均高于董寨(7和5种),平靖关捕食者比例较高的是啮齿类和鸦科鸟类,董寨捕食比例较高的是貉.平靖关坡度和乔木盖度对巢捕食影响显著,而董寨的落叶盖度对其影响显著.在红外监测的人工巢中共发现野生白冠长尾雉访问人工巢13巢18次.     

白冠长尾雉雄鸟的冬季活动区与栖息地利用研究

2001年和2002年冬季,利用无线电遥测技术在河南董寨国家级自然保护区内对白冠长尾雉(Syrmaticusreevesii)雄鸟的冬季活动区和栖息地利用进行了研究。对遥测位点超过30个的5只雄性个体的研究表明,白冠长尾雉雄鸟的冬季活动区面积为10.03±1.17hm2(最小凸多边形法,MCP)、8.60±0.35hm2(90%调和平均转换法,90%HMT)和9.50±1.90hm2(95%固定核法,95%FK),明显小于其繁殖期的活动区面积。核心区面积为1.88±0.37hm2。核心区的栖息地组成在个体间变化较大,但主要是针阔混交林、松林、杉木林和灌丛。在研究区尺度上,白冠长尾雉雄鸟对栖息地有明显的选择性,但在活动区内则是随机利用栖息地。乔木胸径、灌木高度、2.0m层盖度及灌丛与森林的距离对雄性白冠长尾雉冬季的栖息地选择有重要影响。根据本项研究结果,我们建议在白冠长尾雉的栖息地管理中首先应加强对现存栖息地的保护,同时应通过适当的造林来扩大栖息地面积,此外还要注意对大面积的现有灌丛进行改造。     

利用红外照相技术分析野生白冠长尾雉活动节律及时间分配

2012年3月-2013年3月,利用红外相机技术在湖北省广水市蔡河镇对野生白冠长尾雉的活动节律和时间分配进行了研究。利用16台红外相机在40个相机位点对白冠长尾雉进行了监测。累计1774个相机日,拍摄到2242个独立视频,其中白冠长尾雉的视频占18%,共记录538只次,雌雄比为1.43:1。结果表明,白冠长尾雉每日有两个活动高峰期,上午雄性个体的活动高峰期比雌性个体早两个小时。白冠长尾雉的主要行为是移动和觅食,分别占到总频次的40.71%和33.10%,其余5种行为依次为: 警戒9.29%,梳理7.14%,休息5.00%,对抗2.62%,育幼2.14%。雌性白冠长尾雉的警戒行为频次比例显著高于雄性个体(P < 0.05)。不同季节之间取食行为、移动行为、对抗行为比例之间有显著差异,冬季的取食行为比例明显高于夏季(P < 0.05),夏季移动行为比例显著高于秋季(P < 0.05)和冬季(P < 0.05),而警戒、梳理、休息和育幼行为比例则无显著差异。     

利用红外相机研究白冠长尾雉日活动节律与人为干扰的关系

白冠长尾雉(Syrmaticus reevesii)为我国特有珍稀濒危鸟类, 其面临的人为干扰压力日趋严重。为更好地了解白冠长尾雉对不同人为干扰强度的响应, 我们于2018年3月至2019年4月, 在其东部分布区的河南连康山国家级自然保护区(连康山)、湖北中华山鸟类省级自然保护区(中华山)和湖北平靖关村及三潭风景名胜区(平靖关), 利用红外相机技术研究了其日活动节律, 并借助重叠系数测算了其与人为干扰在时间上的重叠程度以及与人为干扰之间的关系。结果表明, 连康山的人为干扰强度最高, 而中华山和平靖关的人为干扰强度接近且均低于连康山。雄性白冠长尾雉繁殖期和非繁殖期的日活动节律在三地之间的差异均不显著; 雌性白冠长尾雉繁殖期日活动节律在平靖关与连康山之间存在显著差异, 而非繁殖期日活动节律在中华山与连康山之间、平靖关与连康山之间均存在显著差异。各地白冠长尾雉日活动高峰和人为干扰出现的高峰也存在差异, 呈现出较为明显的错峰活动现象, 其中在人为干扰最强的连康山, 白冠长尾雉的活动与人为干扰的重叠程度最低。这些结果表明白冠长尾雉的日活动节律可能受人为干扰的影响, 且在行为方面表现出一定的可塑性, 它们可以通过调整日活动节律来适应人为干扰。     

河南陕西两地白冠长尾雉的集群行为

20 0 1年 4月至 2 0 0 3年 6月 ,在河南董寨国家级自然保护区和陕西佛坪县瓦寨子对白冠长尾雉 (Syr maticusreevesii)的集群行为进行了研究。对 17只遥测个体的跟踪结果和 32 8次集群活动的野外记录分析表明 ,白冠长尾雉雌雄两性的集群方式有极显著的差异 ( χ2 =18 177,df=3,P =0 0 0 0 )。雄鸟有很强的领域性 ,优势个体全年以单独活动或双雄共同活动的方式占据稳定的活动区 ,很少与其他雄性个体集群 ;雌鸟有很强的集群倾向 ,除繁殖季节因孵卵、育雏而离开群体单独活动外 ,通常以 4～ 6只的群体游荡于雄性个体的活动区之间 ,与该活动区的雄鸟形成不稳定的混合群 ,偶尔与其他群体形成暂时性的、更大的混合群。两性集群方式的差异可能与其各自经受的捕食压力和交配竞争强度 (雄 >雌 )差异有关     

河南董寨白冠长尾雉繁殖期栖息地选择

2001年至2003年春季,采用样线调查和媒鸟招引,在河南董寨国家级自然保护区对我国特有珍稀雉类白冠长尾雉（Syrmaticus reevesii）的栖息地选择进行了调查,结合RS和GIS分析了在景观水平上对栖息地的选择性,并借助逐步逻辑斯谛回归分析了影响繁殖期白冠长尾雉栖息地的关键尺度和主要因素。结果表明,在白云保护站,占区雄性白冠长尾雉在不同栖息地类型中的出现频率不同,出现最多的是混交林,其次是杉木林,随后是松林、灌丛、阔叶林;在董寨自然保护区内,在115 m尺度和250 m尺度上,针叶林的面积比例均是影响其栖息地选择的关键因子,而到农田的距离是距离因素中最重要的因素。根据回归分析和AIC_C及ΔAIC_C值,115 m尺度上栖息地变量对白冠长尾雉繁殖期的栖息地选择影响最大。综合分析表明,影响白冠长尾雉繁殖期栖息地选择的主要因子为115 m尺度上针叶林的面积比例和到农田的距离。建议在制定白冠长尾雉栖息地保护策略时,应加强现有适宜栖息地的管理,改善栖息地布局,并从景观尺度上开展针叶林对白冠长尾雉种群影响方面的研究工作。     

白冠长尾雉育雏期的栖息地选择

20 0 1年 4～ 8月 ,在河南省董寨国家级自然保护区对白冠长尾雉 (Syrmaticusreevesii)育雏期的栖息地进行了调查。野外共遇见 2 4个不同的家族群 ,平均大小为 (2 96± 0 35 )只。白冠长尾雉的家族群主要在针阔混交林中活动 ,这些地方的坡向以东南方向居多、坡度较缓而坡位靠下 ,与林缘的距离大于 6 0m而与水源的距离通常小于 30m。逐步判别分析的结果表明 ,与林缘的距离、乔木胸径、灌木盖度、草本植物的种类和高度等是影响白冠长尾雉家族群栖息地选择的关键因子 ;植被结构 ,尤其是草本植物的特征 ,是影响家族群栖息地选择的主要方面。建议在对白冠长尾雉采取保护措施时 ,从提供丰富的食物资源和良好的隐蔽条件入手。注意保护现存栖息地 ,在育雏期保护好草本植物。     

人为干扰对白冠长尾雉的活动区面积和栖息地利用的影响

人类活动会改变地区原始的生态环境，对当地动物种群的空间利用产生影响。因此，了解人为干扰条件下濒危物种对空间的利用情况有助于更好地进行保护。活动区和栖息地利用是对动物空间需求最好的度量，掌握这些信息对有效保护鸟类具有重要意义。本研究于2020和2021年对湖北省广水市平靖关村周边的白冠长尾雉(Syrmaticus reevesii)进行追踪，获得了47组白冠长尾雉的活动区面积和栖息地利用信息。将实际栖息地利用率的置信区间与理论利用率相比得到白冠长尾雉对栖息地的偏好，并采用广义线性混合模型对栖息地利用率和活动区面积的影响因素进行逐步剔除分析。结果发现，该地区白冠长尾雉主要利用针阔混交林、落叶阔叶林和灌木林，但按照干扰强度划分后，低干扰区的白冠长尾雉只倾向于利用针阔混交林。雄性个体对落叶阔叶林的利用率与居民点的距离呈负相关关系，低干扰区雌性个体对落叶阔叶林的利用率与居民点距离呈反比，而对针阔混交林利用率与居民点距离呈正相关，雌性个体在高干扰区对针阔混交林的利用率随居民点和农田距离的增大而增大；活动区面积方面，雌性的面积显著大于雄性，并且在高干扰区活动区面积与居民点距离呈负相关。以上研究结果提供了有关地栖性森林鸟类在人类主导的环境中的活动区及栖息地利用的响应，为地栖性森林鸟类的保护工作提供了一定的科学依据。     

白冠长尾雉越冬期栖息地选择的多尺度分析

2000年至2002年冬季,在河南董寨国家级自然保护区对我国特有珍稀雉类白冠长尾雉（Syrmaticus reevesii）越冬期栖息地进行了调查,并结合RS和GIS在多个尺度上对其栖息地选择进行了分析.结果表明,不同尺度上影响白冠长尾雉越冬期栖息地选择的因素存在差异,影响因子之间还存在相互作用.在微生境上,影响因子主要是坡度、乔木盖度以及坡向余弦值与灌木高度的相互作用;在115 m尺度上,关键因子是灌木林、阔叶林和针叶林的面积;250m尺度上,主要因子是针叶林和阔叶林的面积及针叶林与阔叶林面积的相互作用;对于距离因素,到河漫滩和到农田的距离是影响白冠长尾雉越冬期栖息地选择的关键因子.根据回归分析和AIC及AICc值,115 m尺度上栖息地变量对白冠长尾雉越冬期的栖息地选择影响最大.综合分析发现,在较大的尺度上,影响白冠长尾雉越冬期栖息地选择的关键因子有针叶林面积、阔叶林面积、针叶林和灌丛面积的相互作用、到河漫滩的距离以及到农田的距离.     

广西雅长发现白冠长尾雉

白冠长尾雉(Syrmaticus reevesii)是分布狭窄的全球性易危鸟类。2020年5月,在位于广西百色市乐业县的雅长兰科植物国家级自然保护区观察到白冠长尾雉活动,确认为广西鸟类分布新记录种。生境的丧失和河面的加宽导致广西西北部的白冠长尾雉可能形成一个与贵州分布区隔离的孤立种群,建议对其分布区和种群数量进行专门调查,为相关部门制定白冠长尾雉的保护规划提供科学依据。     

Nest survival rate of Reeves's pheasant (Syrmaticus reevesii) based on artificial nest experiments

To explore the nest survival rate of Reeves's pheasant (Syrmaticus reevesii) and the nest-site factors that affect it,we conducted artificial nest experiments with reference to natural nests at Dongzhai National Nature Reserve (DNNR),Henan Province and Pingjingguan,Hubei Province from April to June 2014 simulating the situation in its early and later breeding season.We also determined distance characteristics of the nest sites by ArcGIS 10.0.Nest survival models were constructed in Program MARK for data analysis.Results indicated that in the early breeding season,the apparent survival rate (ASR) in DNNR (52.4％) was significantly greater than that in Pingjingguan (13.5％),and the ASR in the later breeding season in DNNR (26.7％) was not indistinctively correlated with Pingjingguan (3.2％).The daily survival rate (DSR) in the later breeding season was 93.8％ in DNNR and 92.0％ in Pingjingguan,respectively.The DSRs were both negatively correlated with nest distance to forest edges and settlements.The DSR in Pingjingguan was positively correlated with nest distance to paths and negatively correlated with nest distance to water sources.However,the DSR in DNNR was negatively correlated with nest distance to paths but positively correlated with nest distance to water sources.     

基于物种分布的森林生态系统类型自然保护区功能区划评价——以河南连康山国家级自然保护区为例

森林生态系统类型自然保护区是我国最主要的自然保护区类型,该类型自然保护区通常具有复杂多样的保护对象,因此对其进行功能区划需全面考虑各种保护对象的需求。评价森林生态系统类型的自然保护区功能区划有利于提高自然保护区的保护有效性。以属于森林生态系统类型自然保护区的河南连康山国家级自然保护区功能区划为研究对象,于2016年12月至2018年12月在该自然保护区内进行样线和红外相机调查,获取白冠长尾雉及与白冠长尾雉存在种间相互作用物种的分布点数据,结合收集的环境数据,采用MaxEnt模型对白冠长尾雉（Syrmaticus reevesii）和与白冠长尾雉存在种间相互作用物种的分布进行预测,进而分析物种与该自然保护区功能区划的空间关系,及自然保护区内野生动物分布与人为干扰强度的空间关系,评估连康山国家级自然保护区现有功能区划对白冠长尾雉和与白冠长尾雉存在种间相互作用物种的保护有效性。结果表明,保护区内高保护价值区域面积为33.84 km²,核心区、缓冲区和实验区内高保护价值区域面积分别占保护区总面积的18.96%、3.84%和9.19%,自然保护区内高保护价值区域面积比例偏低。保护区现有功能区划并不能充分满足保护白冠长尾雉栖息地的需要,且核心区、缓冲区和实验区面临不同程度的人为干扰的影响,这对保护区内重点保护对象的生存产生潜在威胁。因此,结合保护区内保护价值与人为干扰分布现状,针对白冠长尾雉及相关物种的受胁情况提出两种不同的保护区功能区划优化方案,在不降低连康山国家级自然保护区面积的前提下,提高核心保护区白冠长尾雉及相关物种适宜栖息地面积的比例,同时降低保护区内人为干扰强度。本研究可为该保护区保护白冠长尾雉提供决策依据,并为其他以野生动物为保护目标的保护区功能区划优化提供指导方法。     

越冬期勺鸡集群行为的观察

观察了2001～2004年冬季分布于历山保护区的勺鸡的集群行为行。野外共观察120次,见到勺鸡1034只,其中95．3％的个体营集群生活,环境的异质性和天敌的捕食压力可能是导致勺鸡等雉类冬季集群的重要因素。     

Ultrastructure and elemental composition of the eggshell of Reeve’s pheasant (Syrmaticus reevesii)

The eggshell of Reeve's pheasant (Syrmaticus reevesii) collected from the Dongzhai National Nature Reserve in Henan Province,China was studied.By using scanning electron microscopy and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometry,the ultrastructure and elemental composition of the eggshell was determined.The study showed that the average thickness of the surface layer of crystals,the palisade and cone layer,and the eggshell membrane were 20.8,220.8 and 62.5 larn,respectively,accounting for 6.8%,72.6% and 20.6% of the total thickness of the eggshell.There were many vesicular holes in the palisade layer with an average diameter of 0.32±0.08 μm(n = 30).The function of these holes might be significant to air exchange.The shape of the eggshell pore on the surface layer of crystals is round or elliptical.The fracture surface of the pore is funnel-shaped.Some granules filled the upper part of the eggshell pores.The content of 21 elements in the eggshell of wild and captive Reeve's pheasants was compared and presented.It indicated that among the elements that made up the eggshell of the wild pheasant,the content of Ca,Mg,P and S was much higher,ω＞ 1 mg/g,with ω (Ca) being higher than 40% of the eggshell.The contents of Na,Si,Sr,K and A1 were ω = 0.1-1 mg/g,while Fe,Zn,Pb,Mn,Cu,V and Ti had lower concentrations (ω = 1-100 μg/g).The ω ofNi,Cr,Co,Se,Cd were lower than 1 μg/g.The elemental composition in the eggshell of the captive Reeve's pheasant kept in the Dongzhai National Natural Reserve was significantly different from that of the wild species,with a difference of over 20% on S,Cu,Fe,AI,Mn,Si,Sr,Se and Cr.The lower intake of Fe,Mn,Si and Sr on the one hand and the higher intake of S,Cu,Al and Cr on the other hand might be responsible for the low fertility of captive Reeve's pheasants in the Dongzhai National Nature Reserve.In order to ensure that the pheasants are receiving the proper amount of nutrition and to improve their breeding success,the amount of certain elements in the food should be adjusted.     

Ultrastructure and elemental composition of the eggshell of Reeve’s pheasant ( Syrmaticus reevesii )

The eggshell of Reeve’s pheasant (Syrmaticus reevesii) collected from the Dongzhai National Nature Reserve in Henan Province, China was studied. By using scanning electron microscopy and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometry, the ultrastructure and elemental composition of the eggshell was determined. The study showed that the average thickness of the surface layer of crystals, the palisade and cone layer, and the eggshell membrane were 20.8, 220.8 and 62.5 μm, respectively, accounting for 6.8%, 72.6% and 20.6% of the total thickness of the eggshell. There were many vesicular holes in the palisade layer with an average diameter of 0.32 ± 0.08 μm (n = 30). The function of these holes might be significant to air exchange. The shape of the eggshell pore on the surface layer of crystals is round or elliptical. The fracture surface of the pore is funnel-shaped. Some granules filled the upper part of the eggshell pores. The content of 21 elements in the eggshell of wild and captive Reeve’s pheasants was compared and presented. It indicated that among the elements that made up the eggshell of the wild pheasant, the content of Ca, Mg, P and S was much higher, ω > 1 mg/g, with ω (Ca) being higher than 40% of the eggshell. The contents of Na, Si, Sr, K and Al were ω = 0.1–1 mg/g, while Fe, Zn, Pb, Mn, Cu, V and Ti had lower concentrations (ω = 1–100 μg/g). The ω of Ni, Cr, Co, Se, Cd were lower than 1 μg/g. The elemental composition in the eggshell of the captive Reeve’s pheasant kept in the Dongzhai National Natural Reserve was significantly different from that of the wild species, with a difference of over 20% on S, Cu, Fe, Al, Mn, Si, Sr, Se and Cr. The lower intake of Fe, Mn, Si and Sr on the one hand and the higher intake of S, Cu, Al and Cr on the other hand might be responsible for the low fertility of captive Reeve’s pheasants in the Dongzhai National Nature Reserve. In order to ensure that the pheasants are receiving the proper amount of nutrition and to improve their breeding success, the amount of certain elements in the food should be adjusted. Translated from Journal of Beijing Normal University (Natural Science), 2006, 42(1): 78–82 [译自: 北京师范大学学报 (自然科学版)]     

Home range and habitat use of male Reeves’s pheasant (Syrmaticus reevesii) during winter in Dongzhai National Nature Reserve, Henan Province, China

Home range and habitat use of male Reeves’s pheasant (Syrmaticus reevesii) were studied during winter of 2001∼2002 and 2002∼2003 in the Dongzhai National Nature Reserve, Henan Province. Results from five individuals of Reeves’s pheasant with over 30 relocations, indicated that the average size of home range was 10.03 ± 1.17 hm² by Minimum Convex Polygon method, 8.60 ± 0.35 hm² by 90% Harmonic Mean Transformation method, and 9.50 ± 1.90 hm² by 95% Fixed Kernel method. It was observed that the winter range is smaller than that in the breeding season. The mean core area of the home range was found to be 1.88 ± 0.37 hm². Although the habitat composition of the core area varied greatly for individuals, a large part of the habitats used were composed of confier and broadleaf mixed forests, masson pine forests, fir forests, and shrubs. Habitat use within the study area was non-random, while habitats within home ranges were randomly used. Habitat use was dictated by tree diameter at breast height, shrub height and coverage at 2.0 m. The proximity between forests and shrubs were also found to be important in providing refuge for the birds during winter. Recommendations for conservation management include protecting the existing habitats in Dongzhai National Nature Reserve, increasing suitable habitat for Reeves’s Pheasant through artificial plantations (e.g. firs), and restoring some parts of the large shrub area into forests. __________ Translated from Biodiversity Science, 2005, 13 (5) [译自: 生物多样性, 2005,13(5)]     

秦岭北坡雉类种群密度和群落结构的初步研究

本研究将秦岭北坡周至自然保护区划分为4个生态地理类型带,在以Gates截线法调查雉类种群密度的基础上,对不同生态地理类型雉类群落结构进行了研究。结果表明,秦岭北坡雉类的物种多样性与植被和海拔有一定关系,环境的稳定性对雉类物种多样性有着一定影响。调查中还发现红腹锦鸡已分布到海拔2700 m的山坡上。     

河南灰脸鵟鹰繁殖习性初报

2007～2010年,笔者在河南董寨国家级自然保护区,对灰脸鵟鹰(Butastur indicus)的繁殖状况进行了调查。结果显示,灰脸鵟鹰于每年2月底、3月初迁来董寨保护区,营巢于高大乔木上,巢位多接近巢树主干。窝卵数为2～3枚,平均(2.75±0.46)枚(n=8)。在所观察的14个繁殖巢中,有11巢繁殖成功,成功率达78.57%。本调查结果将灰脸鵟鹰繁殖区的文献记录从黄河以北地区扩展到了河南省的南部。