模拟潮汐淹浸对红树植物老鼠簕种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

在温室内用自动控制装置模拟正规半日潮淹浸作用对老鼠簕种子发芽与幼苗生长的影响,设淹水0、3、6、9、12、15、18、21和24h·d-1共9个淹水时间梯度,人工海水盐度为2%,测定不同淹水时间下老鼠簕种子萌发、幼苗株高、叶面积、生物量以及幼苗叶脯氨酸含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、叶绿素含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性等生理生化指标.结果表明,长时间淹水(≥15 h·d-1)会推迟老鼠簕种子萌发的时间,并使发芽率和成苗率降低,淹水＜15 h·d-1适宜老鼠簕种子的萌发.随着淹水时间的增长,脯氨酸含量、MDA含量和SOD活性均先下降后上升,叶绿素含量则逐渐降低.淹水≥3 h·d-1,幼苗生物量、单株叶面积、高生长和叶绿素含量与淹水时间均呈负相关.淹水0～3h·d-1,老鼠簕总叶绿素含量、根、茎、地上部分和总生物量积累均显著大于其他处理,淹水≥18 h·d-1,老鼠筋幼苗总生物量、叶面积、叶绿素含量显著降低,根冠比开始上升.在上述人工培养条件下,淹水0～3h·d-1是老鼠筋幼苗生长的最佳淹水时间,18h·d-1是老鼠簕幼苗生长的一个临界淹水时间,淹水≥18 h·d-1老鼠筋幼苗生长显著受到抑制.     

檫木叶片性状沿海拔梯度的响应特征

植物叶片性状是植物与环境长期互作的结果,对环境变化具有敏锐的捕捉力,而且植物叶片性状影响植物的"投资-收益"关系。本文以天目山不同海拔的檫木叶片为材料,分析檫木叶面积、叶长宽比、叶片干重和比叶面积等叶片形态性状以及叶绿素含量和叶氮含量(N_(area))等叶片生理性状对海拔的响应。结果表明,不同海拔亚群体间叶面积具有显著差异,比叶面积、叶长宽比和叶片干重存在极显著差异;叶长宽比和叶片干重在亚群体内的变异系数小于叶面积和比叶面积,说明檫木叶片形态性状在亚群体间存在着不同程度的变异。比叶面积与叶面积和叶长宽比具有显著正相关,与叶片干重呈显著负相关;叶绿素含量与N_(area)呈显著正相关;通过檫木叶片性状与温度的线性回归表明,叶面积、比叶面积、叶绿素含量和N_(area)随着温度下降而下降,与之相反,叶片干重和叶长宽比则逐渐增加。     

密度制约下尕海湿地黄帚橐吾叶绿素与叶面积、叶厚度间的关系

密度制约下植物叶性状间的关系,对于认识植物叶片的物理构建与生理代谢的关系具有重要的意义。本研究采用标准化主轴估计分析方法,按黄帚橐吾(Liguaria virgaurea)种群数设置I(171～240株·m~(-2))、II(101～170株·m~(-2))和III(30～100株·m~(-2))3个密度,分析了尕海湿地不同种群密度黄帚橐吾叶绿素含量与叶面积、叶厚度的关系。结果表明:随着黄帚橐吾种群密度的降低,湿地群落的密度呈先减小后增大的U型趋势、盖度逐渐降低、高度和土壤水分逐渐增加,黄帚橐吾的叶面积和叶绿素含量逐渐增加、叶厚度和群落内部光合有效辐射逐渐减小、净光合速率和蒸腾速率呈先减小后增大的U型趋势;叶绿素含量与叶面积呈显著负相关(P0.05)、与叶厚度呈显著正相关(P0.05)。生长在高密度湿地的黄帚橐吾选择增加叶绿素含量且构建小而厚的叶片,在低密度湿地选择减少叶绿素含量且构建大而薄的叶片,反映了植物适应光照条件等异质性环境因子的资源利用策略和光合产物积累模式。     

甘肃小苏干湖盐沼湿地盐地风毛菊叶形态-光合生理特征对淹水的响应

盐沼湿地植物叶片功能性状对淹水的响应分析,有助于探究植物叶片可塑性机制与光合生理特征间的内在关联性,对深入理解盐沼湿地植物的生境抗逆性策略具有重要意义。根据小苏干湖湖水泛滥区静水持留时间长短分别设置:轻度淹水区(静水持留30–90天)、中度淹水区(静水持留90–150天)、重度淹水区(静水持留150–210天)3个试验样地,以盐地风毛菊(Saussurea salsa)为研究对象,研究了小苏干湖盐沼湿地盐地风毛菊叶片功能性状对淹水的响应。结果表明:随着静水持留时间的增加,轻度淹水区盐地风毛菊形态上采用小比叶面积(SLA)的肉质化小叶模式,光合生理上具有高实际光合效率(Y(II))和低调节性能量耗散的量子产额(Y(NPQ))的协同变异;重度淹水区盐地风毛菊形态和光合生理上则采用与轻度淹水区完全相反的协同变异策略;在3个样地中,SLA与Y(II)、光化学淬灭(QP)和Y(NPQ)间均呈极显著相关关系;叶绿素a含量和叶绿素b含量与调节性能量耗散的量子产额(Y(NO))均呈显著正相关关系。小苏干湖湖水泛滥区静水时空演变格局影响下,盐地风毛菊种群通过改变叶面积、叶厚度和SLA等叶片形态特征,适时调整叶片Y(II)和Y(NPQ)等光合生理特征,实现植物叶片光合碳同化产物的收支平衡,表现出对水盐异质性环境较强的耐受性,反映了盐沼湿地植物在极端生存环境下的叶片可塑性和抗逆性机制。     

甘肃小苏干湖盐沼湿地盐地风毛菊叶形态-光合生理特征对淹水的响应

盐沼湿地植物叶片功能性状对淹水的响应分析, 有助于探究植物叶片可塑性机制与光合生理特征间的内在关联性, 对深入理解盐沼湿地植物的生境抗逆性策略具有重要意义。根据小苏干湖湖水泛滥区静水持留时间长短分别设置: 轻度淹水区(静水持留30-90天)、中度淹水区(静水持留90-150天)、重度淹水区(静水持留150-210天) 3个试验样地, 以盐地风毛菊(Saussurea salsa)为研究对象, 研究了小苏干湖盐沼湿地盐地风毛菊叶片功能性状对淹水的响应。结果表明: 随着静水持留时间的增加, 轻度淹水区盐地风毛菊形态上采用小比叶面积(SLA)的肉质化小叶模式, 光合生理上具有高实际光合效率(Y(II))和低调节性能量耗散的量子产额(Y(NPQ))的协同变异; 重度淹水区盐地风毛菊形态和光合生理上则采用与轻度淹水区完全相反的协同变异策略; 在3个样地中, SLA与Y(II)、光化学淬灭(QP)和Y(NPQ)间均呈极显著相关关系; 叶绿素a含量和叶绿素b含量与调节性能量耗散的量子产额(Y(NO))均呈显著正相关关系。小苏干湖湖水泛滥区静水时空演变格局影响下, 盐地风毛菊种群通过改变叶面积、叶厚度和SLA等叶片形态特征, 适时调整叶片Y(II)和Y(NPQ)等光合生理特征, 实现植物叶片光合碳同化产物的收支平衡, 表现出对水盐异质性环境较强的耐受性, 反映了盐沼湿地植物在极端生存环境下的叶片可塑性和抗逆性机制。     

小苏干湖湿地典型泌盐植物海乳草叶性状和光合特性对淹水的响应

植物叶性状与光合生理特性对淹水的响应分析,有助于理解水淹生境中沼泽湿地植物叶片构建模型及其光合作用机理。按照小苏干湖湖水泛滥区静水持留时间长短变化设置：I （轻度淹水区,静水持留60-90 d）、Ⅱ （中度淹水区,静水持留90-150 d）、Ⅲ （重度淹水区,静水持留150-210 d）3个梯度,研究了小苏干湖湿地典型泌盐植物海乳草叶性状与光合生理特性对不同淹水生境的响应变化。结果表明：随着静水持留时间变长,土壤含水量逐渐增大,含盐量和光合有效辐射逐渐减小,湿地群落的盖度、密度呈增加趋势,地上生物量呈先减小后增加趋势;海乳草叶片的叶面积呈增加趋势,叶厚度、净光合速率和气孔导度呈减小趋势,叶干重和蒸腾速率变化不明显;不同生境条件下的海乳草净光合速率、蒸腾速率与叶面积、叶厚度之间均存在着显著差异（P<0.05）。随着静水持留时间的延长,海乳草选择增大叶面积,减小叶厚度的生长策略,适时调整叶片的净光合速率,实现植物叶片对吸收光能的有效利用,体现了植物在异质性生境中叶性状间的资源分配策略和光合产物积累模式。     

模拟气候变暖和氮沉降对两种来源加拿大一枝黄花叶性状和性状谱的影响

温度是影响植物生长的关键因子,氮是限制植物生长和光合作用的重要资源,两者对入侵植物的功能性状可能产生重要影响。为预测气候变暖和大气氮沉降背景下入侵植物的入侵性,以中国来源和北美来源的加拿大一枝黄花为入侵种,设置2℃增温和氮添加处理,研究了来源、增温和加氮对加拿大一枝黄花叶性状(叶绿素含量、叶面积和叶干物质含量)和性状谱的影响。结果表明:加拿大一枝黄花其中国来源比北美来源具有更低的叶干物质含量;2℃增温显著增大叶面积;加氮显著提高叶绿素含量;来源与增温的交互作用对叶面积影响显著。中国来源的加拿大一枝黄花叶面积与叶干物质含量呈显著负相关关系,增温使叶面积与叶绿素含量呈显著正相关关系,加氮使叶面积与叶绿素含量、叶面积与叶干物质含量分别呈显著正相关和显著负相关关系。由此推知,增温和加氮有可能增强加拿大一枝黄花叶片获取资源的能力,气候变暖和大气氮沉降可能提高加拿大一枝黄花的入侵性。     

水位调控对崇明东滩围垦区滩涂湿地芦苇和白茅光合、形态及生长的影响

于2011年植物生长季,研究了长江口崇明东滩围垦区滩涂湿地3个地下水位梯度(低水位、中水位和高水位)下芦苇和白茅的光合、形态和生长特征,以及土壤温度、湿度、盐度和无机氮含量等土壤因子.结果表明： 在生长旺期,芦苇叶片光合能力在高水位显著低于低水位和中水位,白茅叶片光合能力在3个水位梯度间无显著差异.整个生长季内,在单株水平,芦苇形态和生长指标总体上在中水位最优,白茅大多数形态和生长指标在3个水位梯度间差异不显著;在种群水平,芦苇植株密度、叶面积指数和单位面积地上生物量在高水位最大,白茅植株密度、叶面积指数和单位面积地上生物量在低水位最大.生长季初期,3个水位梯度间0～20 cm土层芦苇根状茎生物量差异不显著,而0～20 cm土层白茅根状茎生物量在高水位显著低于低水位和中水位.作为围垦前的原生湿生植物,芦苇在3个水位梯度下表现的差异性可能是由于不同水位梯度下土壤因子和白茅竞争强度不同.合理调控围垦区滩涂湿地水位可以抑制中生草本植物白茅的生长和繁殖,有助于以芦苇为单优势种的原有湿地植物群落的恢复.     

氮输入和水淹对短叶茳芏生长、养分及固碳的影响

外源氮输入显著改变河口湿地植物生长和固碳能力,进而影响河口湿地生态系统碳、氮循环过程。以闽江口湿地土著种短叶茳芏(Cyperus malaccensis)为研究对象,通过15个月的中型生态系实验,分析不同氮输入水平(CK,0 g N m~(-2)a~(-1);N8,8 g N m~(-2)a~(-1);N16,16 g N m~(-2)a~(-1))和2种水淹(T1,每天水淹时长2—3 h;T2,每天水淹时长11—12 h)处理对短叶茳芏生长、养分和固碳的影响,探讨短叶茳芏在环境变化下的生长、固碳特征。结果表明:T2处理株高极显著高于T1处理,N8、N16处理的植物株高显著高于CK处理,植物成熟季节的株高也极显著最高(P0.001)。水淹状况和植物生长期对短叶茳芏的密度有显著影响:T1处理密度极显著高于T2处理,植物成熟季节的密度也极显著最高(P0.001),但是氮输入没有显著提高植物密度。植物碳含量较为稳定,T2处理地上碳含量显著高于T1处理(P0.05),但是氮输入和植物生长期对地上碳含量影响不显著。氮输入水平、水淹状况和植物生长期则对植物地上氮含量都有显著影响(P0.05)。N8处理的植物地上生物量和固碳量极显著最高,CK处理极显著最低,植物成熟期的地上生物量和固碳量也极显著最大(P0.001),但是不同水淹处理植物生物量和固碳量无显著差异。闽江口湿地短叶茳芏具有较强的环境适应能力,在持续氮输入环境下,闽江口湿地的短叶茳芏可能向高潮滩拓展。     

浙江四明山沼泽湿地植物功能性状研究

为理解浙东亚高山沼泽湿地不同植物的生态策略，收集了浙江四明山12种典型沼泽湿地植物，对其主要功能性状进行了统计比较。结果表明：(1)不同沼泽湿地植物功能性状变异程度不同，变异系数(CV)最大为叶片密度(216.16%),最小为相对叶绿素含量(22.84%),平均变异为112.86%。(2)叶周长分别和叶面积、叶干重、叶长和叶长宽比呈显著正相关(P<0.05);叶形指数与叶面积、叶长、叶长宽比和叶片密度呈显著负相关(P<0.05);棘刺与比叶面积呈显著正相关(P<0.05);生活史与相对叶绿素含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05);根状茎或匍匐茎与叶形指数呈显著负相关(P<0.05);生活型与异形叶性呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。(3)17项功能性状主成分分析(PCA)的前3大主成分累计贡献率达到71.47%,可综合表征和概述为：植物叶片的质量和大小(35.72%)、对水分和氮素的吸收(18.74%)、植物抵御草食动物的能力和强光下的自我保护能力(17.01%)。(4)物种-功能性状排序图结合UPGMA聚类分析均支持将12种植物划分为2个功能组，第1功能组包...     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan