灌溉方法对日光温室土壤呼吸的影响

于日光温室内用小区栽培番茄的试验方法研究了沟灌、滴灌和渗灌3种灌溉方法对土壤呼吸的影响。土壤呼吸采用静态箱-碱液吸收法测定。结果表明,番茄生育期内沟灌、滴灌和渗灌3种灌溉处理土壤呼吸速率均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,其最大值分别出现在水分处理后的第28、30和36天;3种灌溉处理的土壤呼吸速率不同,CO2累积释放量差异明显:分别为604.46、529.52和448.70 g·m~(-2)。统计分析表明,3种灌溉处理土壤日均呼吸速率与其各自对应的5、15和25 cm深处土壤日均温度呈显著指数相关,与15 cm深度处土壤日均含水量呈显著线性相关。选择合理的灌溉方法,不仅能够为作物生长创造良好的土壤水分条件,而且也能有效地调控设施内空气的CO2浓度,对于蔬菜生产高产优质、土壤固碳减排具有重要意义。     

滴灌与沟灌栽培杨树人工林土壤水分动态与生产力

在北京大兴区永定河故道沙地上对9年生杨树人工林进行滴灌和沟灌栽培,于根系主要分布土层(20、40、60、80 cm)布设土壤水分传感器并利用智能采集器实时监测土壤含水率,分析不同灌溉措施下的土壤水分动态变化及杨树人工林生产力。结果表明: 单次有效的滴灌和沟灌后,沿树行形成的湿润体垂直深度分别为72和143 cm,湿润体横切面的面积分别为0.41和2.71 m²;灌溉量分别为79.20和776.47 m³·hm^-2,后者为前者的9.8倍,灌溉后杨树吸收根主要分布土层(0～40 cm)的土壤含水率下降到水分轻度亏缺临界值(土壤含水率为田间持水量的70%)的历时均为11 d左右。2019年4—10月,沟灌5、7、9月3次总灌溉量为2329.41 m³·hm^-2;滴灌18次,总灌溉量为1425.60 m³·hm^-2。沟灌下杨树人工林土壤水分中度亏缺(土壤含水率低于田间持水量的60%)累计天数达109 d,而滴灌下的杨树人工林土壤水分始终未发生中度亏缺。滴灌下杨树人工林蓄积年生长量为38.92 m³·hm^-2,是沟灌(25.43 m³·hm^-2)的1.5倍,表明不同灌溉措施下杨树人工林生产力差异显著。     

不同滴灌方式对荒漠区‘赤霞珠’葡萄根系分布的影响

研究不同滴灌方式对葡萄根系分布的影响,是制定葡萄肥水管理和越冬防寒措施的依据.本研究以传统沟灌为对照,采用覆草滴灌、膜下滴灌、双管滴灌、单管滴灌等不同节水灌溉方式,研究了荒漠灌区不同灌溉方式下酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠’的根系组成与分布特点.结果表明: 在干旱荒漠区‘赤霞珠’葡萄根系的垂直分布范围在0～70 cm,水平分布范围在0～120 cm.采用双管滴灌的根系数量最大,单个剖面根系数量达138.3条,但根系的垂直分布范围较对照(沟灌)缩小了20 cm;覆草滴灌的根系数量较对照显著提高,根系水平分布范围较对照扩大了9.1%;膜下滴灌的根系数量和水平分布范围与对照差异不显著,但根系垂直分布范围较对照减少了20 cm;单管滴灌显著提高了根系数量,但根系垂直分布和水平分布范围与对照差异不显著.在该生态区酿造葡萄最理想的节水滴灌方式是覆草滴灌.     

不同灌溉模式蔗田土壤呼吸动态

为研究不同灌溉模式对甘蔗农田土壤呼吸的影响,以柳城05-136号为试验甘蔗品种,于2015年3—12月在广西崇左市江州区试验基地开展5种灌溉模式甘蔗土壤呼吸速率及主要环境因子的田间观测。结果表明:不同灌溉模式土壤呼吸速率的季节变化规律基本一致,以管灌土壤呼吸速率最高,季节平均值为4.50μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1);微喷最低,为2.59μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1);管灌分别比微喷、地埋滴灌、地表滴灌和喷灌高61.59%、27.61%、15.97%和12.33%,管灌与其他4种灌溉模式土壤呼吸速率差异达到极显著水平(P0.01),说明管灌显著促进了土壤呼吸作用。就单因素模型而言,土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度呈现指数回归关系,其中地埋滴灌、地表滴灌、管灌和喷灌模式下该关系达极显著水平(P0.01),而微喷模式下该关系达显著水平(P0.5);土壤呼吸速率与土壤含水率之间仅在管灌模式下呈显著的二次项回归关系(P0.05),其他模式下回归关系均不显著;与单因素模型相比,土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度和土壤含水率存在极显著(P0.01)的指数-幂函数回归关系,拟合度R2在0.41~0.83之间,说明双因素复合模型能够更好地解释土壤呼吸变化。土壤呼吸温度敏感性系数在1.98~2.50之间,以管灌最为敏感,而喷灌最不敏感。研究结果为评估不同节水灌溉模式的生态环境效益及掌握甘蔗大田生态系统土壤呼吸特征提供科学依据。     

不同灌溉条件下棉叶螨的种群动态

研究了不同灌溉方式（滴灌和沟灌）,以及在滴灌条件下,不同灌水量和不同灌水时期处理下,新疆棉花主要害螨——土耳其斯坦叶螨（Tetranychus turkestani）的发生动态。结果表明：不同的灌溉方式和不同灌水量都对棉叶螨的发生有一定的影响;沟灌棉田有利于棉叶螨的发生,滴灌棉田不利于棉叶螨的发生;滴灌条件下,水量过高或过低的棉田均有利于棉叶螨的发生,叶螨发生盛期早于常规水量棉田,数量也高于常规棉田叶螨数。不同灌水时期对棉叶螨的发生影响不大。     

二级水灌溉对土壤及马铃薯块茎中大肠菌群数量的影响

采用多管发酵法检测二级水灌溉对马铃薯种植土壤中大肠菌群数量,结果表明:充分灌溉后的土壤中大肠菌群的数量均高于分根交替灌的土壤;地下滴灌的土壤中大肠菌群数量高于沟灌土壤的大肠菌群数量;二级水经加氯消毒后,土壤中大肠菌群数量明显下降。同样采用多管发酵法检测马铃薯块茎,结果发现:采用加氯消毒后的二级水灌溉的小区E和F中生长的马铃薯,其块茎组织中大肠菌群数量低于其他小区,采用地下滴灌灌溉的小区I和J所种植出的马铃薯块茎中大肠菌群的数量高于采用沟灌灌溉的小区K和L。结果表明:马铃薯块茎中大肠菌群的数量与其生境中大肠菌群的数量有密切关系。     

不同膜下滴灌方式对设施黄瓜生理特性及水分利用效率的影响

为了探明黄瓜膜下分根交替滴灌的节水效果,为设施黄瓜节水灌溉提供理论依据和技术参数,以‘津优3号’黄瓜为试材,采用随机区组设计,以土壤田间持水量的65%为灌水下限,田间持水量的90%为灌水上限,研究了分根交替滴灌(APDI)、固定1/2根区滴灌(FPDI)和传统滴灌(CDI)3种灌溉模式对黄瓜生长、生理特性、产量与品质及水分利用效率的影响,结果表明:(1)随灌溉处理时间的延长,3种灌溉模式的单株叶面积和株高的差异越来越显著,而茎粗和叶片数差异不显著;(2)与传统滴灌相比,分根交替滴灌模式下黄瓜叶片净光合速率略有下降而蒸腾速率显著降低,水分利用效率显著提高;(3)分根交替滴灌处理下黄瓜可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量与传统滴灌相比差异不显著,Vc含量却显著增加;(4)分根交替滴灌模式下黄瓜产量比传统滴灌下降1.5%,而灌水量减少17%,水分利用效率提高18.6%,节水效果显著。综上所述,分根交替滴灌可以在保证设施黄瓜产量没有显著下降的前提下,改善品质和显著提高水分利用效率,可作为设施节水提质增效的一种灌溉模式,推广应用前景广阔。     

不同耕作措施对伊犁河谷夏大豆农田土壤碳排放、碳平衡及经济效益的影响

为探明北疆伊犁河谷滴灌条件下促进夏大豆增产增效且实现农田生态系统固碳增汇的适宜耕作措施,于2017年在滴灌条件下,设置翻耕(T)、深松(ST)、翻耕覆膜(TP)与免耕(NT)4种土壤耕作措施,研究4种耕作措施对北疆夏大豆农田土壤呼吸、碳排放量、植株固碳量、经济效益及产量的影响。结果表明:不同耕作措施土壤呼吸速率峰值均出现在花期至结荚期,各处理间夏大豆土壤呼吸速率、呼吸总量、植株固碳总量和产量均以翻耕覆膜最高,深松次之,并均显著高于翻耕与免耕,免耕最低;不同耕作措施夏大豆农田生态系统碳平衡均表现为正碳平衡,在农业生产资料的各项投入中,均以灌溉用电的投入排碳量最高,占各处理的生产资料总排碳量的54.33%~65.24%,其中翻耕覆膜又因增加了地膜的投入,致使其农业生产资料排碳量和成本投入与其余3种处理呈显著性差异(P<0.05),表现为深松处理的经济效益与净碳吸收量最高,翻耕覆膜次之,使得碳的生产力、碳的经济效益、碳的生态效益均以深松最好,总体表现为ST>TP>T>NT;深松与翻耕覆膜均能够显著提升农田生态系统固碳与增产增效。综合考虑经济效益、生产投入以及地膜的回收率,深松具有最大净碳吸收量、最优经济效益与碳效益值,可以优先作为该地区农田实现增产增效以及固碳增汇的耕作措施。     

不同耕作措施对伊犁河谷夏大豆农田土壤碳排放、碳平衡及经济效益的影响

为探明北疆伊犁河谷滴灌条件下促进夏大豆增产增效且实现农田生态系统固碳增汇的适宜耕作措施,于2017年在滴灌条件下,设置翻耕(T)、深松(ST)、翻耕覆膜(TP)与免耕(NT) 4种土壤耕作措施,研究4种耕作措施对北疆夏大豆农田土壤呼吸、碳排放量、植株固碳量、经济效益及产量的影响。结果表明:不同耕作措施土壤呼吸速率峰值均出现在花期至结荚期,各处理间夏大豆土壤呼吸速率、呼吸总量、植株固碳总量和产量均以翻耕覆膜最高,深松次之,并均显著高于翻耕与免耕,免耕最低;不同耕作措施夏大豆农田生态系统碳平衡均表现为正碳平衡,在农业生产资料的各项投入中,均以灌溉用电的投入排碳量最高,占各处理的生产资料总排碳量的54.33%～65.24%,其中翻耕覆膜又因增加了地膜的投入,致使其农业生产资料排碳量和成本投入与其余3种处理呈显著性差异(P0.05),表现为深松处理的经济效益与净碳吸收量最高,翻耕覆膜次之,使得碳的生产力、碳的经济效益、碳的生态效益均以深松最好,总体表现为STTPTNT;深松与翻耕覆膜均能够显著提升农田生态系统固碳与增产增效。综合考虑经济效益、生产投入以及地膜的回收率,深松具有最大净碳吸收量、最优经济效益与碳效益值,可以优先作为该地区农田实现增产增效以及固碳增汇的耕作措施。     

节水与减氮措施对稻田土壤微生物和微动物群落的影响

水稻生产中的水肥消耗量过大引起的资源环境问题已经引起了普遍关注.本研究分别在水稻分蘖期和成熟期采样,比较了灌溉方式(常规灌溉和节水25%)和施氮水平(常规高氮和减氮40%)对稻田土壤微生物及微动物群落的影响.结果表明:与常规灌溉相比,节水控灌显著降低了分蘖期土壤pH值.土壤可溶性有机碳氮和微生物生物量碳氮均受到灌溉和氮肥及两者交互作用的显著影响.节水或减氮降低了可溶性有机物含量;节水提高了微生物生物量碳而显著降低了微生物生物量氮.节水显著提高土壤硝态氮含量而使铵态氮含量呈下降趋势.在水稻分蘖期,节水处理下土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌和原生动物的生物量高于常规灌溉,而在水稻成熟期,相对应的变化趋势则相反.灌溉、氮肥及两者的交互作用显著影响轮虫数量和食微线虫的比例.在水稻分蘖期,节水灌溉处理土壤轮虫、线虫数量及食细菌线虫比例有提高的趋势;减氮增加了土壤轮虫数量却减少了线虫数量.总之,土壤微生物和微动物群落对节水减氮农业措施的响应不同,不仅与水稻不同生长期有关,而且与水氮之间及食物网内各类群之间的复杂交互作用有关.     

Effect of Irrigation Type on Inoculum Density of Macrophomina phaseolina in Melon Fields in Arizona

Charcoal rot, caused by Macrophomina phaseolina, has become increasingly problematic for melon growers using subsurface drip irrigation in Arizona; but has rarely been observed in fields with furrow irrigation. Since the relationship between increasing incidence of charcoal rot on melon and irrigation type is unknown, studies were initiated to determine the effects of edaphic factors on inoculum density. Soil samples were collected once from fields irrigated by subsurface drip, with and without plastic mulch, and by furrow at 10, 20 and 30 cm depths. Samples were analysed for percentage soil moisture, pH, salinity and inoculum density. Percentage soil moisture was significantly higher at 20 and 30 cm depths in the furrow‐irrigated field compared with the drip‐irrigated field with plastic mulch, but not in the field without plastic mulch. Average minimum and maximum temperatures and inoculum density were significantly lower at all three depths in the furrow‐irrigated field compared with both types of drip irrigation. pH was significantly higher in the furrow‐irrigated field compared with both types of drip irrigation at 20 and 30 cm depths but not at 10 cm depth. Differences in inoculum densities of M. phaseolina suggest that drip irrigation may contribute to higher disease incidences.     

微灌与播前深松对根际土壤酶活性和夏玉米产量的影响

为探明微灌与播前深松耕作对夏玉米根际土壤酶活性和产量的影响,以大田夏玉米为研究对象,设计微灌灌溉方式(地表滴灌、地下滴灌和微润灌)、灌水量(分别控制土壤含水量下限为田间持水率的50%、65%和80%)和深松深度(20、40、60 cm)3因素、3水平正交田间试验.结果表明: 夏玉米全生育期内,土壤过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性均呈先增加后减小趋势,磷酸酶活性则呈先减小后增加趋势.地下滴灌0~80 cm生育期平均土壤含水率比地表滴灌和微润灌高6.3%和1.8%,且显著提高土壤脲酶活性、夏玉米根系体积和产量;随着灌水量的增加,土壤磷酸酶活性呈先减小后增加趋势,脲酶活性和产量均呈先增加后减小趋势,生育期平均土壤含水率与根系体积均呈增加趋势;深松40 cm比20 cm的产量和根系体积增加量大于深松60 cm比40 cm的增加量,深松40 cm土壤酶活性较高.从提高水资源、氮肥利用率及作物产量角度考虑,该地区夏玉米种植的最优组合应为地下滴灌、灌水下限为田间持水率的65%与播前深松40 cm.     

Rice Performance and Water Use Efficiency under Plastic Mulching with Drip Irrigation

Plastic mulching with drip irrigation is a new water-saving rice cultivation technology, but little is known on its productivity and water-saving capacity. This study aimed to assess the production potential, performance, and water use efficiency (WUE) of rice under plastic mulching with drip irrigation. Field experiments were conducted over 2 years with two rice cultivars under different cultivation systems: conventional flooding (CF), non-flooded irrigation incorporating plastic mulching with furrow irrigation (FIM), non-mulching with furrow irrigation (FIN), and plastic mulching with drip irrigation (DI). Compared with the CF treatment, grain yields were reduced by 31.76–52.19% under the DI treatment, by 57.16–61.02% under the FIM treatment, by 74.40–75.73% under the FIN treatment, which were mainly from source limitation, especially a low dry matter accumulation during post-anthesis, in non-flooded irrigation. WUE was the highest in the DI treatment, being 1.52–2.12 times higher than with the CF treatment, 1.35–1.89 times higher than with the FIM treatment, and 2.37–3.78 times higher than with the FIN treatment. The yield contribution from tillers (YCFTs) was 50.65–62.47% for the CF treatment and 12.07–20.62% for the non-flooded irrigation treatments. These low YCFTs values were attributed to the poor performance in tiller panicles rather than the total tiller number. Under non-flooded irrigation, root length was significantly reduced with more roots distributed in deep soil layers compared with the CF treatment; the DI treatment had more roots in the topsoil layer than the FIM and FIN treatments. The experiment demonstrates that the DI treatment has greater water saving capacity and lower yield and economic benefit gaps than the FIM and FIN treatments compared with the CF treatment, and would therefore be a better water-saving technology in areas of water scarcity.     

Effects of regulated deficit irrigation under subsurface drip irrigation conditions on water relations of mature almond trees

Plant and Soil - The influence of several regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) strategies under subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) conditions on water relations and gas exchange activity was analysed...     

塑料大棚渗灌灌水下限对番茄生长和产量的影响

利用土壤水分张力计监测土壤水分吸力的变化,以灌水时30cm土层的土壤水分吸力表示渗灌灌水下限,研究灌水下限为10、16、25、40和63kPa时对塑料大棚番茄生长和产量的影响．结果表明,番茄株高、生物量分别随灌水下限的增大而减小．番茄的产量和水分利用率与灌水下限间的关系曲线为抛物线,而茎粗／株高比与灌水下限间的关系曲线为三次多项式曲线．灌水下限不同,番茄的根／冠比(R／S)动态不同,番茄根系与株冠的生长状况不同．灌水下限在25～33kPa时,番茄植株生长健壮,根冠比例协调,产量大,水分利用率高．此指标作为渗灌灌水下限,灌水时土壤水分的含量比常规灌水低,灌水次数少,有利于提高保护地番茄栽培的水分利用率和劳动生产率．     

不同地下滴灌制度下黄瓜根际微生物活性及功能多样性

采用微生物培养、BIOLOG碳素利用法和土壤酶活性测定等方法,分析了日光温室不同地下灌溉制度下黄瓜根际土壤中微生物活性及功能多样性.结果表明: 根际土壤微生物生物量C、N含量、基础呼吸、代谢熵、AWCD值、Shannon指数和McIntosh指数随灌水量的增加呈先升高后下降的趋势;在0.8E_p(E_p为20 cm标准蒸发皿蒸发量)灌溉水平下,I2处理(灌水周期8 d)根际土壤微生物生物量C、N含量、基础呼吸、代谢熵、AWCD值、Shannon指数和McIntosh指数显著高于I₁处理(灌水周期4 d).0.8E_p处理下,细菌、放线菌、自生固氮菌数量及脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性显著高于其他2个灌水量处理（0.6E_p和1.0E_p）;I₂处理的细菌和自生固氮菌数量、脲酶、磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性显著高于I₁处理,放线菌数量、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性与I₁处理差异不显著,而真菌数量显著低于I₁处理.I 20.8E_p处理使黄瓜根际土壤中微生物代谢活性和微生物群落功能多样性升高,微生物区系得以改善,土壤酶活性提高,促进黄瓜生长.     

保护性耕作对土壤微生物量及活性的影响

研究保护性耕作对土壤微生物特性的影响对于土壤管理具有重要意义。试验研究了保护性耕作对麦田土壤微生物量碳、活跃微生物量、土壤呼吸、呼吸商的影响。前3项采用的方法分别是:基质诱导呼吸法、呼吸曲线数学分析法和CO2释放量法。结果表明,保护性耕作土壤微生物量碳0～10cm土层大于10～20cm土层,而常规耕作两土层间无明显差异。秸秆还田在播种前、越冬期和起身期能显著提高土壤微生物量碳,而开花期和收获期则降低土壤微生物量碳。少耕还田10～20cm土层微生物具有较强的养分调控作用。保护性耕作利于0～10cm土层活跃微生物量的提高。秸秆还田和保护性耕作在耕作作业初期(越冬期和起身期)能增强土壤呼吸速率;在耕作作业后期(开花期和收获期)能显著降低土壤呼吸速率。免耕秸秆覆盖在10～20cm土层呼吸商较高,而常规耕作无秸秆还田在0～10cm土层呼吸商较高。土壤微生物量碳和呼吸商是衡量土壤微生物特性的重要指标。     

Rapid and sensitive detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in chlorinated water and aerosols targeting gyrB gene using real-time PCR

Aims: This study aimed to assess the contamination risk of Escherichia coli in commercial lettuce grown under three different irrigation systems (overhead sprinkler, subsurface drip and surface furrow). Methods and Results: Three replicated field trials were conducted. In an initial trial, we consistently observed higher mesophilic bacteria counts under sprinkler irrigation but visual quality was found to be dependent on the water potential of leaves at harvest. Further, in the other two trials, E. coli K‐12 strains LMM1010 and ATCC 25253, was injected into the water stream of the different irrigation systems to determine survival in the field. Results showed that product samples were positive for E. coli up to 7 days when using sprinkler irrigation, whereas only one product sample was found positive for E. coli when using other irrigation methods. Survival of bacteria in soil persisted longer in furrow‐irrigated areas, ranging from an estimated 17 days in winter months to 5 days during the warmer summer periods. This finding combined with results from a parallel 3‐year survey of canal waters indicate that while highest risk of finding E. coli in irrigation water is in warmer months, the survival in soil is lower during the same time period. Conclusions: Our results in a study set under common commercial conditions confirmed the enhanced risk of E. coli contamination when using sprinkle irrigation. Furthermore, E. coli persistence in furrow‐irrigated soil validates the importance of an early irrigation termination for both sprinkler and furrow methods. Significance and Impact of the Study: Stringent monitoring and in‐field food safety controls should be emphasized during the last few days before harvest.     

水肥异区交替灌溉对夏玉米生理指标的影响

以夏玉米品种‘户单4号'为材料,通过防雨棚内微区试验研究了两种灌水量(450 m~3/hm~2和900 m~3/hm~2)条件下水肥异区交替灌溉和均匀灌溉对夏玉米生长以及某些生理指标的影响.结果显示:(1)在节水50%的条件下,水肥异区交替灌溉与高灌水量均匀灌溉的夏玉米生物量、产量均无显著差异.(2)低灌水量时,水肥异区交替灌溉下的玉米根系伤流液、叶片可溶性蛋白含量、硝酸还原酶活性、光合速率、蒸腾速率等均高于均匀灌溉施肥处理,而植株全氮含量及叶片水分利用效率与均匀灌溉施肥的差异不显著.(3)高灌水量时,水肥异区交替灌溉处理除根系活力、光合速率以及蒸腾速率高于均匀灌溉处理外,其他指标均低于后者.研究表明,在低灌水量条件下,水肥异区交替灌溉能使夏玉米保持较高的根系活力和正常生理代谢,提高其叶片水分利用效率,从而达到了节水增产的目的.