基于脆弱性视角的环渤海地区人海关系地域系统时空特征及演化分析

脆弱性已成为全球环境变化与可持续性科学研究的前沿领域,人海关系地域系统作为海洋地理学研究的重要内容,研究一定地域范围内人海地理空间的结构特征及演变规律。以环渤海地区为例,首先,对其海洋资源、海洋科技力量和人才资源及海洋基础设施等进行概述,分析海洋经济的发展过程;其次,以脆弱性为切入点,运用集对分析法分析环渤海地区人海关系地域系统脆弱性演进及影响因素;最后,运用三角图法对1996—2012年环渤海地区人海关系地域系统脆弱性进行类型分异,进而有针对性地提出降低脆弱性的对策。结果表明:(1)环渤海地区人海关系地域系统脆弱性指数发展变化不同,但均呈下降态势,稳定性显著增强;(2)环渤海地区人海关系地域系统脆弱性属于单一子系统脆弱型的次数较少,复合子系统脆弱型和均衡脆弱型是主要类型,出现次数较多;(3)可通过加强陆海统筹,优化海洋产业结构,加强海洋污染治理,推进海洋科学技术创新,加快人才培养和加强基础设施建设等措施实现降低人海关系地域系统脆弱性。     

可持续生计研究热点与前沿的可视化分析

可持续生计目前已成为全球环境变化研究的热点领域,正日益发展为可持续性科学的重要研究范式之一。论文以Web of science核心库为数据源,应用可视化分析软件CiteS paceⅢ,采取关键词共现分析、文献共被引分析、突现词分析等方法对国际可持续生计研究现状进行系统分析。研究发现,可持续生计研究文献数量呈逐年上升趋势,主要分布在生态、环境、资源及管理相关学科;瓦赫宁恩大学、中国科学院、昆士兰大学、哥伦比亚大学、博茨瓦纳大学等研究机构表现出较强的研究实力;研究人员及机构的成规模的合作网络已经形成。Scoones I、Chambers R、Conway G、Ellis F和Ostrom E等学者及其代表作品对可持续生计理论知识基础的构建及相关研究的推进奠定了坚实的基础。生计与生态环境的相互关系一直是研究重点,交叉学科的综合集成研究将成为可持续生计研究的新热点。     

近十年的国际植被物候研究文献发展态势分析

基于Web of Science数据库的检索结果,利用Histcite、Bibexcel和Netdraw对国际植被物候研究文献进行计量分析。结果表明:1 060篇相关文献刊载于288种期刊,平均载文3.68篇; 共分33个研究方向; 3 380位作者(第一作者904位)、69个国家或地区、1 172个组织参与; 国际合作发文310篇,占比29.25%; 其中中美合作居第一(19次)。分析还表明:2002～2007年是该领域重要发展期; 国际植被物候研究热点主要集中在基于气候(climate)-物候的田间局地观测和基于遥感(remote sensing)的大尺度物候研究。     

肿瘤免疫治疗文献计量及研究热点分析

自2013年美国《科学》杂志将"肿瘤免疫治疗"评为重大科学突破以来,肿瘤免疫治疗的热度不断攀升,已成为科学界和产业界的关注热点。基于Web of Science核心合集数据库,借助Cite Space、Vos Viewer等分析软件,采用文献统计、关键词共现聚类分析、共被引分析等文献计量方法,对肿瘤免疫治疗领域文献的分布特征、核心引文、研究热点和研究态势进行分析,为相关研究提供参考。     

基于CiteSpace的应用益生菌治疗腹泻研究文献计量学分析

目的 探讨益生菌治疗腹泻研究的现状、热点与前沿趋势.方法 检索Web of Science(WOS)核心数据库2011至2021年应用益生菌治疗腹泻的相关文献,通过可视化软件CiteSpace对发文量、国家、机构、关键词等进行分析.结果 经过筛选共纳入1 456篇文献,年度发文量总体呈上升趋势.载文量最高的期刊为Ben...     

1997—2009年《生命科学研究》载文、作者、基金资助论文和影响因子统计分析

对<生命科学研究)1997-2009年的载文、作者、基金支持论文和影响因子情况进行了统计分析,得出该刊13年来发展的一些规律,为进一步提高该刊的学术水平和影响力提供依据.利用维普(VIP)资讯系统(中文科技期刊数据库),采用文献计量法,分析<生命科学研究>1997-2009年的载文量、作者合作度、合作率、以及地域分布、基金支持、影响因子等指标和内容.13年共检出886篇文献,作者3 544人次,合作度为4,合著率为94.92%.作者分布在全国29个省、自治区和直辖市,高等医药院校作者最多.占作者总数的84.76%.13年<生命科学研究>共发表各类基金资助论文734篇.影响因子和总被引频次逐年提升.该刊因其著者整体学术水平高,在生命科学研究领域有较大的影响.已成为我国生命科学研究领域具有普遍的指导意义、影响深远的重要学术性期刊和中文核心期刊.     

再论可持续性科学:新形势与新机遇

近10年来,可持续性科学蓬勃发展,已成为21世纪全球普遍关注的一个重要的新科学领域.然而,在大力提倡可持续发展和生态文明建设的中国,可持续性科学尚未引起科学家和实践者的足够重视.为促进可持续性科学在中国的发展,2014年邬建国等曾撰文介绍什么是可持续性科学.本文进一步探讨了这一问题,并补充阐述了可持续性科学与可持续发展研究的关系、可持续性科学的科学范式及其8个基本论题.基于对可持续性科学发展动态的分析,作者认为,一方面,可持续性科学已进入系统推进的成熟发展期;另一方面,虽然我国可持续发展研究、实践与教育的热情高涨,但在可持续性科学领域起步较晚,落后于主要发达国家和南非.为此,本文在文献综述的基础上,提出促进中国发展可持续性科学的"三位一体"策略:一是"请进来"以服务中国实践;二是"走出去"以贡献中国智慧;三是"中西医结合"以引领学科发展.     

基于知识图谱的植物功能性状与环境研究前沿态势分析

为系统了解国际上植物功能性状与环境的研究进展,该研究基于Web of Science数据来源,采用Web of Science数据库分析工具和Thomson Data Analysis(TDA)进行数据清理和统计分析,并利用Ucinet和Netdraw、Excel等软件进行可视化作图。结果表明:(1)近26年来,植物功能性状与环境研究论文数量呈持续稳步增长态势,尤其近9年来呈加速增长态势。(2)近9年来,研究主题主要围绕比叶面积、叶面积(指数)、光合作用(性能)、叶厚度、叶形态、叶氮含量、叶绿素、叶绿素荧光、比根长等功能指标,及光照、温度、水(水分利用效率、干旱等)、肥(氮、磷为主)、CO2等环境因子展开;化学计量学在该领域应用广泛。(3)2009—2017年间,欧美等发达国家是该领域研究的主要力量。美国发文数量和文献质量均为世界领先。中国在该领域的发文量居第二位,仅次于美国,但文献篇均被引和H指数较低。中国科学院发文量以绝对优势居第一位,但文献质量有待进一步提升。(4)该领域载文量Top10期刊8种为JCR分区Q1区、2种为Q2区。其中,Plant and Soil和Plant Ecology载文量分居第一位和第二位。(5) Top10高被引论文发表于8种期刊,其第一作者分别来自美国、荷兰、加拿大、德国和法国。     

生物多样性相关传统知识研究热点与前沿的可视化分析

传统知识研究目前已经成为生物多样性保护研究的热点领域, 并对生态系统服务管理、社区可持续发展等领域产生了重要影响。本文以Web of Science (WoS)数据库为数据源, 应用WoS自带的统计分析功能和可视化分析软件CiteSpace III, 采用关键词共现分析、突现词分析、文献共被引分析等方法对传统知识的研究态势、研究热点以及知识演进进行系统分析。研究发现, 传统知识研究的文献数量呈逐年上升趋势; 中国科学院、墨西哥国立自治大学、印度农业研究理事会、加州大学系统等研究机构在该领域表现出较强的科研实力; 非洲、南美洲的巴西、玻利维亚以及亚洲的印度等地区为传统知识研究的热点区域; Albuquerque UP、Singh R、薛达元在该领域发表的学术论文最多; Berkes F、Drew JA、Gómez-Baggethun E等学者发表的论文为该领域知识基础的构建及相关研究的推进奠定了坚实的基础。与生物资源管理、生物多样性保护、生态系统服务和人类福祉、政策管理等相关的传统知识研究是未来该领域的重要方向。     

基于文献计量的染料木素最新研究现状分析

目的:通过分析SCIE中染料木素领域相关论文,了解目前染料木素研究的现状与发展趋势。方法:利用Web of Science,从载文量、作者、地区与机构、关键词等角度统计分析;结果:共检索出9,446篇相关文献,涉及26222位作者及18个国家(地区)与4015个科研机构;染料木素专题学科发展趋于成熟,拥有一支实力雄厚、造诣较深的影响力较大的核心作者群。美国、日本、德国、中国、韩国、英格兰、加拿大、意大利、法国、台湾成为染料木素研究的中心国家和地区。染料木素生理学功能、提取分离方法、分析方法、药理作用、结构修饰等方面的研究为目前染料木素专题研究的主要内容。结论:染料木素该学科需要在临床实践中进一步发展成熟,生物利用度需得到进一步的提高。     

景观可持续性与景观可持续性科学

人类活动已经剧烈地改变了自然环境,全球气候变化、生物多样性丧失、环境污染等种种迹象表明当今世界正处在一个不可持续的运行轨迹上,实现可持续发展成为21世纪人类面临的巨大挑战。景观是理解与塑造人类社会和环境关系最具操作性的尺度,也是提供景观服务,实现人类福祉最重要的场所。景观可持续性研究对于人类具有重要意义。景观可持续性是指特定景观所具有的、能够长期而稳定地提供景观服务、维护和改善本区域人类福祉的综合能力。景观可持续性具有跨学科、多维度特征,强调景观弹性和可再生能力;景观服务是景观可持续性研究中的重要概念,它是连接自然资本与人类福祉的关键桥梁,也是将景观可持续性与景观生态学紧密联系在一起的纽带。格局-过程-设计新范式的产生是景观可持续性研究的新发展。在景观可持续性快速发展的同时,聚焦于景观和区域尺度的景观可持续性科学应运而生。景观可持续性科学以景观格局、景观服务、人类福祉三者之间的动态关系为主要研究内容,充分融合了景观生态学空间显示方法、可持续性指标体系和GISRS等方法技术,其理论框架和研究方法体系正在逐步形成和完善之中。景观可持续性科学是可持续性科学的重要组成部分,虽然处于刚刚起步阶段,它必将成为未来十多年可持续性科学的研究热点。     

Progress in sustainability science: lessons learnt from current methodologies for sustainability assessment: Part 1

Purpose

Sustainability Science (SS) is considered an emerging discipline, applicative and solution-oriented whose aim is to handle environmental, social and economic issues in light of cultural, historic and institutional perspectives. The challenges of the discipline are not only related to better identifying the problems affecting sustainability but to the actual transition towards solutions adopting an integrated, comprehensive and participatory approach. This requires the definition of a common scientific paradigm in which integration and interaction amongst sectorial disciplines is of paramount relevance. In this context, life cycle thinking (LCT) and, in particular, life cycle-based methodologies and life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) may play a crucial role. The paper illustrates the main challenges posed to sustainability assessment methodologies and related methods in terms of ontology, epistemology and methodology of SS. The aims of the analysis are twofold: (1) to identify the main features of methodologies for sustainability assessment and (2) to present key aspects for the development of robust and comprehensive sustainability assessment.

Methods

The current debate on SS addressing ontological, epistemological and methodological aspects has been reviewed, leading to the proposal of a conceptual framework for SS. In addition, a meta-review of recent studies on sustainability assessment methodologies and methods, focusing those life cycle based, supports the discussion on the main challenges for a comprehensive and robust approach to sustainability assessment. Starting from the results of the meta-review, we identified specific features of sustainable development-oriented methods: firstly, highlighting key issues towards robust methods for SS and, secondly, capitalising on the findings of each review’s paper. For each issue, a recommendation towards a robust sustainability assessment method is given. Existing limitations of sectorial academic inquiries and proposal for better integration and mainstreaming of SS are the key points under discussion.

Discussion

In the reviewed papers, LCT and its basic principles are acknowledged as relevant for sustainability assessment. Nevertheless, LCT is not considered as a reference approach in which other methods could also find a place. This aspect has to be further explored, addressing the lack of multi-disciplinary exchange and putting the mainstreaming of LCT as a priority on the agenda of both life cycle assessment and sustainability assessment experts. Crucial issues for further developing sustainability assessment methodologies and methods have been identified and can be summarised as follows: holistic and system wide approaches, shift from multi- towards trans-disciplinarity; multi-scale (temporal and geographical) perspectives; and better involvement and participation of stakeholders.

Conclusions

Those are also the main challenges posed to LCSA in terms of progress of ontology, epistemology and methodology in line with the progress of SS. The life cycle-based methodologies should be broadened from comparing alternatives and avoiding negative impacts, to also proactively enhancing positive impacts, and towards the achievement of sustainability goals.     

人类福祉研究进展——基于可持续科学视角

人类福祉的研究兴起于20世纪50年代。在过去的十几年中,人类福祉与生态系统服务一并成为可持续科学的核心概念,发展迅速。不同学科背景的研究者逐渐认识到仅仅依靠经济指标无法恰当地评估人类福祉,经济发展只是实现可持续发展目标的手段,而提高人类福祉才是其核心所在。人类福祉研究为评估个人福祉和国家社会的群体福祉提供概念框架和测量方法,服务于政府决策。自2005年联合国组织的《千年生态系统评估》报告明确提出生态系统服务与人类福祉的关系以来,人类福祉的研究进入了快速发展的新阶段。近年来,国内外越来越多的学者从可持续科学的视角对人类福祉开展研究。与国际同行的工作相比,我国人类福祉研究集中于可持续科学视角下对福祉的定量化评估,而各学科之间,尤其是自然科学和人文与社会科学之间的交流合作相对较少。回顾了人类福祉研究的历史发展,及其在可持续科学视角下的新进展,具体包括:客观福祉,主观福祉,生态系统服务与人类福祉关系。最后,讨论了人类福祉研究的主要议题,以及我国人类福祉研究未来的发展方向。     

Agricultural sustainability does not imply biocenotic sustainability

Abstract. Sustainability is an important quality of the types of agriculture nowadays promoted in central Europe, notably ‘biological agriculture’ and ‘integrated production’. Agronomists, decision-makers and the public generally assume that this agricultural sustainability implies the maintenance of species diversity. However, this assumption often does not hold true. This is shown in a case study of moderately ferti-lized Arrhenatheretum meadows in northern Switzerland. Earlier and more frequent mowing, simultaneous harvesting of all the grasslands in a region, and ecological changes in surrounding arable fields, hedges and other ecosystems often cause a decline in plant and animal species richness, while agricultural yield does not noticeably change. To emphasize the distinction the concept of biocenotic sustainability is proposed for describing the capability of a community to maintain its species composition and structure. For maintaining or attaining biocenotic sustainability. results of modern ecology have to be taken into account, e.g. the theories of island biogeography, minimum viable populations, dispersal, and metapopulations. There is evidence that biocenotic sustainability always implies sustainability of agricultural yield.     

Conservation of freshwater biodiversity in Oriental Asia: constraints, conflicts, and challenges to science and sustainability

Freshwater ecosystems in Asia are under grave threat. Large and growing human populations and the rapid pace of development have led to the degradation of natural environments throughout the region. Conservation of freshwater biodiversity faces particular challenges because of a lack of public awareness of its magnitude and importance. Even taxa with high public-relations value, such as fishes, are rather poorly known, and the variety of other animals associated with lakes and riverine wetlands, including charismatic and endangered megafauna, seems to have escaped wide attention. The rate and extent of environmental change in Asia are having impacts on the aquatic biota that may be greater than anywhere else on the planet. Particular threats include water pollution, from point and nonpoint sources, which is almost ubiquitous; overharvest of fishes, turtles, and crocodilians; flow regulation and impoundment of rivers; as well as drainage basin degradation and climate change. Many lakes have been so modified by human activities that they function as enormous fishponds, and the introduction of exotic species (especially, but not only, fishes) or the translocation of native taxa has contributed to the extinction of endemic species in isolated drainage basins. The prognosis is grim, and we can anticipate a loss in biodiversity and homogenization of the regional biota. Reversal of these trends will require a change in focus by limnologists and water-resource managers, and the urgent adoption of a conservation agenda for freshwater science in Asia. Received: March 27, 2000 / Accepted: June 30, 2000     

Functional sustainability indicators

Sustainability indicators (SIs) are not just traditional performance metrics but are value laden pathways to supporting urban development. This paper presents a functional classification for SIs. The following six classes are used to illustrate the various functions of SIs: (F1) Political and Operational; (F2) Problem Recognition and Awareness; (F3) Justificatory; (F4) Monitoring Control and Reporting; (F5) Normative Guidance; (F6) Communication and Opinion Forming. The Houston Sustainability Indicators (HSI) program was used as a heuristic case study of how the functional classification could be applied. F1 was illustrated by carefully choosing geographic boundaries for the study. F2 was highlighted by careful review of the socio-economics of persons in the Food Desert. F3 was demonstrated by a look at issues of calculating population growth totals and also setting standards for access to parks. F4 was illustrated by a look at Employment figures. F5 was highlighted by a look at affordability in Houston. Lastly F6 was explained by a look at income inequality. This paper is intended to strengthen the importance of sustainability in development planning, through the illustration of key functions for SIs.     

The macroecology of sustainability

The discipline of sustainability science has emerged in response to concerns of natural and social scientists, policymakers, and lay people about whether the Earth can continue to support human population growth and economic prosperity. Yet, sustainability science has developed largely independently from and with little reference to key ecological principles that govern life on Earth. A macroecological perspective highlights three principles that should be integral to sustainability science: 1) physical conservation laws govern the flows of energy and materials between human systems and the environment, 2) smaller systems are connected by these flows to larger systems in which they are embedded, and 3) global constraints ultimately limit flows at smaller scales. Over the past few decades, decreasing per capita rates of consumption of petroleum, phosphate, agricultural land, fresh water, fish, and wood indicate that the growing human population has surpassed the capacity of the Earth to supply enough of these essential resources to sustain even the current population and level of socioeconomic development.