长白山蒙古栎次生林群落结构特征及优势树种空间分布格局

群落结构特征研究是揭示植物群落维持机制和演替动态的基础,是合理安排森林经营活动的基本前提.以吉林省汪清林业局2块1 hm²的蒙古栎阔叶混交林固定样地为对象,研究了长白山蒙古栎次生林的群落结构特征,并采用点格局O-ring统计法对群落内优势树种的空间分布格局进行分析.结果表明: 两块样地都是以蒙古栎为优势树种的群落类型,都具有明显的层次结构,主要伴生树种存在差异,样地Ⅰ以大青杨、白桦、红松为主,样地Ⅱ以红松、紫椴和色木槭为主.且样地Ⅰ的树种数量、Shannon多样性指数高于样地Ⅱ.两块样地中所有个体的径级分布呈倒“J”型,蒙古栎径级结构呈近似正态型,红松呈倒J型,其他主要伴生树种径级结构存在一定差异.两块样地0～50 m尺度上蒙古栎呈现小尺度聚集、中大尺度随机分布的格局,红松呈先聚集、后随机的分布格局,但样地Ⅰ内红松聚集的尺度和强度均大于样地Ⅱ.样地Ⅰ白桦和大青杨均在0～17 m尺度上呈聚集分布、且聚集强度显著高于其他树种,而在18～50 m尺度分别呈现随机分布和均匀-随机分布.样地Ⅱ中紫椴基本呈现随机分布,色木槭在中大尺度上呈随机或均匀分布,聚集分布集中在小尺度.两块样地处于演替早期阶段的不同发育阶段,相比样地Ⅰ,样地Ⅱ的演替阶段更高、群落相对更加稳定.     

小兴安岭凉水典型阔叶红松林动态监测样地:物种组成与群落结构

阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)林是我国东北东部山区的地带性顶极植被,按其群落特征和物种组成可分为南部红松林、典型红松林和北部红松林。依照BCI(Barro Colorado Island)50ha样地的技术规范,作者于2005年在典型红松林分布的黑龙江凉水国家级自然保护区建立了一块9ha的固定监测样地,并于2010年对样地内胸径≥1cm的木本植物进行了全面调查。结果表明,样地内的木本植物共有48种,独立个体数为21,355株(包括分枝数为34,021棵),隶属于20科34属。绝大部分种类属于长白山区系小兴安岭亚系,同时混生有一些亚热带成分。样地内所有个体的径级分布呈倒"J"型,群落自我更新良好。林冠层、亚冠层和中间层的径级分布均呈倒"J"型,林下层呈"L"型。主要树种大青杨(Populus ussuriensis)、红松、枫桦(Betula costata)、水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)、红皮云杉(Piceakoraiensis)等的径级结构可分为近似于"正态"型、倒"J"型和"L"型3种类型。主要树种在样地的空间分布大多呈聚集分布,但大部分物种随着径级的增加聚集程度变小。树种分布与地形紧密关联,不同物种在不同径级表现出对生境有不同的偏好;红松和紫椴(Tilia amurensis)各径级的分布均与地形显著相关(P<0.05),而冷杉(Abies nephro-lepis)、花楷槭(Acer ukurunduense)、裂叶榆(Ulmus laciniata)、色木槭(Acer mono)的径级I(DBH<10cm)、II(10cm≤DBH<30cm)和枫桦、青楷槭(Acer tegmentosum)的径级I的分布与地形显著相关(P<0.05),且随着径级的增加,地形因子对其分布的影响显著减小。     

内蒙古黑里河天然油松林主要树种的空间分布格局

于内蒙古黑里河自然保护区设置1.96 hm2的油松林固定监测样地,用样方法对油松林物种组成及其分布进行调查分析,并用Ripley's K函数对乔木层的主要树种进行空间格局分析,以探讨油松种群不同生长阶段个体(幼树、小树及大树)的空间分布.结果表明:乔木层共调查到13个树种,油松为优势种,主要伴生种包括色木槭、蒙古栎、蒙椴、山杨和白桦.油松林内各主要树种的径级结构均呈反J型分布.各主要树种在空间分布上主要表现为聚集分布,油松种群在1～65 m的尺度上呈聚集分布,大于65 m的尺度表现为随机分布,色木槭、蒙古栎、蒙椴、山杨和白桦在所有尺度上呈聚集分布.随着种群发育(幼树-小树-大树),油松种群由聚集分布趋于随机分布,体现了油松种群的生存策略.     

吉林磨盘山次生落叶阔叶林群落特征和稳定性分析

东北地区的次生落叶阔叶林一般是由阔叶红松林干扰后形成的,这一群落类型在长白山林区具有广泛的分布.为了解东北次生落叶阔叶林的组成、结构与稳定程度,按照CTFS样地建设标准,于2005年在吉林磨盘山建立了一块5.76 hm² (240 m×240 m)的长期监测样地.本研究以样地内所有胸径(DBH)≥1 cm的木本植物为对象,分析了物种组成、径级结构、主要树种的存活曲线及群落稳定性.结果表明: DBH≥1 cm的木本植物共有39种13368株,隶属于19科31属.重要值≥1的物种有12种,群落树种组成复杂,表现出明显的阔叶混交杂木林特征.种间多度相差较大,稀有种和偶见种的比例分别为23.1%和43.6%.样地内所有个体的径级分布呈倒“J”型,表示群落的生长状态稳定、正常.6个主要树种中花曲柳、蒙古栎、色木槭和怀槐径级结构也呈倒“J”型,胡桃楸近于正态分布,春榆为“L”型分布.结合6个主要树种的存活曲线发现,花曲柳、蒙古栎、色木槭和怀槐为稳定种群,胡桃楸为衰退种群,春榆为增长种群.利用改进M-Godron法对群落的稳定性分析表明,该群落目前处于相对稳定状态.     

长白山次生针阔混交林群落结构特征及群落动态

长白山次生针阔混交林是东北地区典型的次生林类型之一,处于向地带性顶级植被阔叶红松林方向演替的重要阶段。全面分析长白山次生针阔混交林群落动态,能为东北地区森林保护、恢复和可持续经营提供理论支撑。基于长白山地区5.2 hm~2次生针阔混交林动态监测样地,以2005和2017年样地内所有胸径(DBH)≥5cm的木本植物为研究对象,分析了12年间群落的物种组成、物种多样性、胸径结构和密度结构等非空间结构,以及林木空间分布格局、树种混交和林木竞争等空间结构的变化。结果表明:群落个体数量由6614株降至5884株,2017年调查到木本植物13科25属42种,较2005年增加2属2种,群落物种组成和多样性变化较小。平均胸径由14.4 cm增加至15.5 cm;径级结构在两次调查中均呈倒"J"型,虽然群落保持稳定的更新态势,但是各径级的个体数量显著下降。胸径变异系数和基尼系数分别由0.77和0.37增至0.79和0.38,群落复杂程度提高。群落株数密度由1272株/hm~2降至1132株/hm~2,林分密度由33.12 m~2/hm~2增至34.74m~(2/)hm~2。群落空间结构在两次调查中没有变化,群落水平分布格局为随机分布(■=0.51),大小分化程度为中庸分布(■=0.50),混交度为强度混交(■=0.76),空间结构稳定。研究还比较了样地和20m×20m样方尺度上的群落结构变化趋势,发现大部分指标在两个尺度上变化一致。综上所述,本研究中的长白山次生针阔混交林的群落非空间结构呈现正向演替趋势,而空间结构保持相对稳定,群落整体在12年内并未发生本质性改变。在未来经营中,可适当伐除假色槭和色木槭等林下层树种,为红松、蒙古栎和紫椴等顶级树种的生长和更新提供空间。     

小兴安岭天然针阔混交林主要树种空间格局及其关联性

在小兴安岭天然针阔混交林1.1 hm~2的固定样地内,本文调查和统计了其物种组成和林分径级结构。运用空间点格局分析方法中的O-ring函数,对种群的空间分布格局及其关联性进行分析。结果表明:样地内共有乔木树种15种,重要值排在前四位的依次为红皮云杉(Picea koraiensis)、枫桦(Betula costata)、春榆(Ulmus davidiana)和色木槭(Acer mono),红皮云杉和枫桦属于样地内的优势种,重要值分别为15.81%和11.10%。林下更新状态良好,枫桦的径级结构有呈正态分布的趋势,其余三种均呈现倒"J"形。O-ring函数结果证实,四个主要树种的种群空间分布格局相似,均在0—5 m小尺度上呈聚集分布,随着尺度的增大,逐渐变为随机分布;红皮云杉与其他三个主要种群之间在较大尺度上均呈现显著正相关或无相关,在小尺度上仅与枫桦呈极显著正相关;色木槭在较小尺度上与其他三个种群呈弱负相关性,随着尺度的增大,逐渐变为无相关性。     

灵空山油松-辽东栎林乔木树种群落学特征及空间分布格局

参照CTFS技术规范对灵空山自然保护区油松(Pinus tabuliformis)-辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)林的乔木进行每木调查的基础上分析了不同乔木树种的群落学特征及空间分布格局。结果表明,4hm2样地中共有乔木树种25种,总计8210株。隶属于12科18属,种的区系以东亚、温带亚洲及中国特有分布类型为主。油松、辽东栎是群落中的共优种,个体占总个体的86.81%,杜梨(Pyrus betulifolia)、白蜡树(Fraxinus chinensis)、漆树(Toxicodendron vernicifluum)为群落中主要的伴生种。优势种的径级结构与所有乔木个体的径级结构相似,近似于倒"J"形,以小径级个体居多,林下更新良好。主要树种的空间分布格局在小尺度上表现为聚集分布。油松小径级个体在20 m以内的尺度上呈聚集分布,当空间尺度超过60 m时表现为随机分布,大径级个体在所有尺度上均呈随机分布;辽东栎不同径级个体在小尺度范围内呈现聚集分布,随着尺度增大由随机分布趋于均匀分布。主要树种除漆树外在坡度较缓的生境下分布密度大。灵空山自然保护区油松-辽东栎林中油松种群优势地位更显著,各个乔木种群处于相对稳定状态。     

喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林木本植物组成特征

喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林是我国西南喀斯特地区分布的典型森林植被类型之一,由于富钙偏碱的地球化学背景及多样性的生境类型,该森林具有群落结构多样、树种组成丰富、优势物种突出等特点,基于大型动态监测样地的群落特征分析是揭示其生物多样性维持机制的基础。该研究在木论国家自然保护区建立了25 hm2的样地,依照CTFS全球森林生物多样性监测规范,定位并调查了样地内每一棵胸径≥1 cm的木本植物。结果表明：(1)样地内有监测树种254种,隶属于64科161属;独立个体总数为110370株(含分枝为144679株),平均胸径为4.14 cm。(2)个体数最多的15个树种的个体数之和占到总个体数的78.46％,稀有种有100种,占总树种数的39.37％。(3)群落结构稳定且更新良好,木本植物整体径级结构呈倒“J”形。(4)样地内重要值≥1的树种有26种,占总树种数量10.24％;重要值排名前三的物种分别是小果厚壳桂、栀子皮和香叶树。(5)样地中共有萌生木本植物204种34309株,分属于127属51科,分别占样地总物种、个体数量、属及科数的80.32％、14.42％、78.88％和79.69％。此结果表明木论喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林物种组成丰富、群落成熟稳定、更新良好,反映了亚热带非地带性喀斯特顶极群落常绿落叶阔叶混交林的典型特征。     

蒙古栎次生林群落结构及优势种群点格局分析

为探求大小兴安岭过渡区物种共存、生物多样性保护与维持机制,以黑龙江中央站黑嘴松鸡国家级自然保护区蒙古栎天然次生林25 hm²固定样地调查数据为基础,从群落物种组成、结构特征、径级结构以及优势种群的空间点格局分析对该样地进行分析。结果表明：样地内共有胸径≥1 cm的维管植物10种,活立木共 34 778株,平均密度1 392株·hm^-2。其中,重要值大于10%的物种共计4种,依次为蒙古栎（Quercus mongolica Fisch.ex Ledeb.）、黑桦（Betula dahurica Pall.）、白桦（Betula platyphylla Suk.）、兴安落叶松（Larix gmelinii（Rupr.）Kuzen）,占全样地的89.65%。该样地的Shannon-Wiener多样性H′、Simpson多样性D、Pielou均匀度指数J分别为1.577、0.760、0.685。表明该群落稀有物种较少,常见种比例较大,群落结构较为简单。样地内所有树种平均胸径10.77 cm。群落内总径级分布呈“倒J型”,符合典型异龄林的分布特征。黑桦、白桦径级分布近似“倒J型”,属于增长种群,蒙古栎种群径级结构为双峰型。兴安落叶松种群径级近似正态分布,有随演替进行逐渐消失的趋势,属于该群落的衰退种。在CSR模型下,4种优势种群的空间格局主要表现为聚集分布,且聚集程度随尺度增加聚集程度减弱,最终呈现随机或均匀分布趋势。在NS模型下,除兴安落叶松外,其余3种植株在小尺度（0~5 m）表现聚集性,可能是受种子的扩散限制的影响。对比4种优势种群,聚集强度表现为黑桦＞白桦＞蒙古栎＞兴安落叶松,因此我们推断群落内不同种群的聚集强度不仅与研究尺度相关,与种群的多度也存在一定的相关关系。     

秦岭皇冠暖温性落叶阔叶林物种组成与群落结构

秦岭是典型的暖温带-亚热带过渡区。中国森林生物多样性监测网络(CForBio)现有的样地已经基本覆盖了中国大多数气候区,但位于气候过渡带的样地较少。本研究参照CForBio和CTFS(Center for Tropical Forest Science)的技术规范,于2019年在陕西皇冠山省级自然保护区内建立25 hm²(500 m×500 m)森林动态监测样地。本研究以样地内胸径(DBH)≥1 cm的所有木本植物为对象,分析了物种组成、区系特征、径级结构以及优势树种的空间分布格局。结果表明: 样地内DBH≥1 cm的木本植物独立个体有75137株(包括分枝的个体数为95679株),隶属于44科83属121种。群落属的区系类型主要为温带成分,占总属数的71.1%,同时混有一些热带成分。群落优势种明显,前5个物种的个体数超过总个体数的40%,前50个物种的个体数占总个体数的95%,其余61个物种个体数不到样地总个体数的5%。样地所有木本植物个体总径级分布呈倒“J”型。重要值>5的4个主要物种的空间分布呈现不同的分布格局。随着尺度增大,种内的聚集程度降低,且不同物种的空间分布都受到环境异质性的影响。秦岭暖温性落叶阔叶林物种组成丰富,群落结构稳定,更新良好,反映了暖温带向亚热带过渡的典型特征,且环境异质性可能是影响该样地树种空间分布的重要因素。     

Contact patterns between helices and strands of sheet define protein folding patterns

Comparing and classifying protein folding patterns allows organizing the known structures and enumerating possible protein structural patterns including those not yet observed. We capture the essence of protein folding patterns in a concise tableau representation based on the order and contact patterns of secondary structures: helices and strands of sheet. The tableaux are intelligible to both humans and computers. They provide a database, derived from the Protein Data Bank, mineable in studies of protein architecture. Using this database, we have: (i) determined statistical properties of secondary structure contacts in an unbiased set of protein domains from ASTRAL, (ii) observed that in 98% of cases, the tableau is a faithful representation of the folding pattern as classified in SCOP, (iii) demonstrated that to a large extent the local structure of proteins indicates their complete folding topology, and (iv) studied the use of the representation for fold identification.     

Sharing and archiving nucleic acid structure mapping data

Nucleic acids are particularly amenable to structural characterization using chemical and enzymatic probes. Each individual structure mapping experiment reveals specific information about the structure and/or dynamics of the nucleic acid. Currently, there is no simple approach for making these data publically available in a standardized format. We therefore developed a standard for reporting the results of single nucleotide resolution nucleic acid structure mapping experiments, or SNRNASMs. We propose a schema for sharing nucleic acid chemical probing data that uses generic public servers for storing, retrieving, and searching the data. We have also developed a consistent nomenclature (ontology) within the Ontology of Biomedical Investigations (OBI), which provides unique identifiers (termed persistent URLs, or PURLs) for classifying the data. Links to standardized data sets shared using our proposed format along with a tutorial and links to templates can be found at http://snrnasm.bio.unc.edu.     

On the “coloring problem” in YMgZn and related phases

During exploration in the Y-Mg-Zn system for quasicrystal approximants, three new phases, YMg_1−xZn_1+x (0 ? x ? 0.17) adopting the hexagonal ZrNiAl structure type, have been discovered. In these structures, the elements are completely ordered to minimize both the site energies and the bond energies as calculated by tight-binding calculations. Evaluation of the electron density in YMgZn suggests that Mg-Zn and Y-Zn bonding coupled with maximizing the Zn?Zn separations is the main factor influencing the atomic arrangements. Analysis of the electronic density of states of YMgZn indicates an optimized bonding situation for eight valence electrons per formula unit, e.g., as in YMgGa. Subsequently, YMgAl, YMgGa, and YMgIn were successfully prepared and structurally characterized. Their structures show relationships to both densely-packed structures common for intermetallics as well as three-dimensional networks common for valence compounds.     

Host community structure and the maintenance of pathogen diversity

Community structure has been widely identified as a feature of many real-world networks. It has been shown that the antigenic diversity of a pathogen population can be significantly affected by the contact network of its hosts; however, the effects of community structure have not yet been explored. Here, we examine the congruence between patterns of antigenic diversity in pathogen populations in neighbouring communities, using both a deterministic metapopulation model and individual-based formulations. We show that the spatial differentiation of the pathogen population can only be maintained at levels of coupling far lower than that necessary for the host populations to remain distinct. Therefore, identifiable community structure in host networks may not reflect differentiation of the processes occurring upon them and, conversely, a lack of genetic differentiation between pathogens from different host communities may not reflect strong mixing between them.     

Conformations of cysteine disulfides of peptide toxins: Advantage of differentiating forward and reverse asymmetric disulfide conformers

Conformations of cysteine disulfides were analyzed in X-ray, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and co-crystal structures of peptide toxins retrieved from Protein Data Bank. The parameters side chain torsional angles, disulfide strain energy, interatomic Cα/Cβ distances, and Ramachandran angles were used as probes to derive conformational features of cysteine disulfides. Schmidt, Ho, and Hogg (2006 Schmidt, B., Ho, L., &; Hogg, P. J. (2006). Allosteric disulfide bonds. Biochemistry, 45, 7429–7433.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) Allosteric disulfide bonds. Biochemistry, 45, 7429–7433 scheme was adapted to classify the disulfide conformations of peptide toxins. Anomalies were observed while treating “forward” and “reverse” asymmetric disulfide conformers as same disulfide conformation in peptide toxins. Thus, new scheme was proposed to classify “forward” and “reverse” asymmetric disulfide conformers separately. Total available conformers space for classification of toxins disulfides is 32. Interestingly, all 32 disulfide conformations are observed in peptide toxins. –LHSpiral is predominant disulfide conformation of peptide toxins. Significant variations were observed in population of occurrence of disulfide conformers, disulfide strain energy, and distribution of D_Cα-Cα and D_Cβ-Cβ values between X-ray, NMR, and co-crystal structures of peptide toxins. The observed differences in conformations of disulfides of same peptide toxins between different states were used as platform to demonstrate advantage of differentiating forward and reverse asymmetric disulfide conformers. Newly proposed scheme allows accurate representation of true conformational diversity of disulfides between X-ray and NMR structures of same peptide toxins. Newly proposed scheme also permits to derive additional structural information from nomenclature which was illustrated by comparing conformations of disulfides between unbound and bound form of toxin with channel/receptor. The results will be of interest for growing field of structural venomics and conformational analysis of peptide/protein disulfides.

Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma     

Genetic and ecological structure of Hafnia alvei in Australia

Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis of 161 Hafnia alvei isolates from 158 hosts and 3 water column samples collected in Australia revealed that this species consists of two genetically distinct groups. The two groups of H. alvei differed significantly in their genetic structure and host distribution. The taxonomic class of the host but not geographic locality explained a significant proportion of the observed genetic and biochemical variation among strains within each genetic group.     

Description and recognition of regular and distorted secondary structures in proteins using the automated protein structure analysis method

The Automated Protein Structure Analysis (APSA) method, which describes the protein backbone as a smooth line in three‐dimensional space and characterizes it by curvature κ and torsion τ as a function of arc length s, was applied on 77 proteins to determine all secondary structural units via specific κ(s) and τ(s) patterns. A total of 533 α‐helices and 644 β‐strands were recognized by APSA, whereas DSSP gives 536 and 651 units, respectively. Kinks and distortions were quantified and the boundaries (entry and exit) of secondary structures were classified. Similarity between proteins can be easily quantified using APSA, as was demonstrated for the roll architecture of proteins ubiquitin and spinach ferridoxin. A twenty‐by‐twenty comparison of all α domains showed that the curvature‐torsion patterns generated by APSA provide an accurate and meaningful similarity measurement for secondary, super secondary, and tertiary protein structure. APSA is shown to accurately reflect the conformation of the backbone effectively reducing three‐dimensional structure information to two‐dimensional representations that are easy to interpret and understand. Proteins 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.