择伐对阔叶红松林资源可持续利用的影响

科学评估目前的择伐方式对森林结构与功能的影响对区域森林资源的可持续利用具有重要意义。以择伐过的阔叶红松林为研究对象,并以原始林为对照,分析了择伐对物种组成、林分结构以及对木材生产的影响。结果表明,低强度择伐(≤20%)对物种组成和蓄积结构均没有显著影响,而高强度择伐则显著改变了物种组成和蓄积结构。择伐后林分蓄积量均显著小于原始林,不同择伐强度间没有显著差异。择伐显著影响了用材树种的数量和质量,导致择伐后样地中用材树种的株数和蓄积量均显著减少,严重影响了林分的木材持续生产能力。因此,从阔叶红松林木材可持续利用角度来看,需要重新思考红松不作为采伐树种的用材林经营技术模式。     

云冷杉天然林乔木树种组成及物种多样性对择伐强度的动态响应

以吉林省长白山金沟岭林场云冷杉天然林为研究对象,定量分析不同择伐强度(对照0%、弱度择伐20.6%、中度择伐29.9%和重度择伐41.6%)下其乔木层树种组成及物种多样性的动态变化规律。结果显示:采伐后经10年恢复,择伐对原有林分结构影响不大,其中弱度和中度择伐仍能保持择伐前以冷杉占优势、红松和云杉占亚优势的物种结构,重度择伐使林分结构略有改变,但不明显;相比择伐前,择伐后经10年恢复的样地α多样性指数均有所增加,优势度指数均有不同程度的降低,其中弱度择伐样地的物种丰富度指数、多样性指数及均匀度指数的增加量和优势度指数的减少量均最大,说明弱度择伐有利于改善林分物种多样性状况,使林分物种更为丰富。本研究结果表明采取弱度择伐的方式更有利于维持林分物种结构及物种多样性,有利于云冷杉天然林的可持续经营和发展。     

抚育择伐对马尾松林主要树种空间分布格局及其关联性的短期影响

探讨不同抚育择伐方式下森林群落物种空间分布格局和关联性,对科学优化森林结构和促进森林稳定发展具有重要意义。以三峡库区马尾松飞播林为研究对象,采用未择伐、伐除优势马尾松、伐除非马尾松、除灌等处理方式建立固定监测样地,利用Ripley′s L函数的空间点格局方法,分析抚育择伐3年后马尾松林的群落组成、空间分布格局、种间关联性的变化特征。结果表明:1)不同抚育择伐措施均在一定程度上改变了物种组成以及部分树种的优势程度,降低了各样地乔木层物种多样性。2)未择伐主要树种空间分布格局以随机分布为主,伐除优势马尾松样地优势树种主要呈现聚集分布,伐除非马尾松改变了香椿和盐肤木等树种的分布格局,呈聚集分布,其他优势树种空间分布格局与对照样地相似;除灌进一步加剧林下更新树种的随机分布。3)未择伐样地主要树种空间关联性表现为正相关或不相关,伐除优势马尾松增加了主要树种间的负相关性,伐除非马尾松和除灌措施则增加了种间的不相关性。短期人为择伐干扰明显改变了林分空间结构和稳定性,择伐对象不同对林分结构产生的影响也不同。单纯调整某个树种或单个层次的结构来开展森林经营,不利于林分空间结构的整体优化,必须要综合考虑择伐强度和择伐对象的选择,将有助于实现森林结构优化和功能提升。     

长白山阔叶红松林径级结构动态模拟和优化经营

以原始阔叶红松林为研究对象,采用密度依赖矩阵模型,模拟了自然生长预案下林分径级结构的动态变化,分析了一种择伐预案对林分径级结构的影响,计算了7种不同择伐强度下森林的恢复期。结果表明:原始阔叶红松林比较稳定,但也有比较缓慢的自然生长,林分株数密度呈下降趋势,符合森林的自然稀疏规律,随着时间的推移,各径阶株数的变化速度逐渐减弱,趋于稳定,验证了演替顶极理论。以生长量、收获量、保留林分结构和采伐费用为森林经营效果的评价指标,则20%的采伐强度、35年采伐周期和25%的采伐强度、45年的采伐周期的2种方案较优。     

不同采伐强度对阔叶红松林主要树种空间分布格局和物种空间关联性的影响

分析采伐后森林群落中物种的空间格局有助于认识该格局形成的生态学过程、种群的生物学特性及其与环境因子之间的相互关系,并对制定可持续的森林经营方案具有重要意义。以长白山地区经历不同采伐方式形成的阔叶红松林次生林为研究对象,利用空间点格局分析的研究方法,探讨了采伐对阔叶红松林主要树种空间分布格局、种间关联性以及更新的影响。研究结果显示:较低强度的择伐对阔叶红松林主要树种的空间分布格局、种间关联性的改变较小,群落可以在较短时间内恢复。中等强度的择伐减少了成年树种对幼树的抑制作用,可以促进森林的天然更新。皆伐后,森林的群落结构,物种的空间分布格局、种间关联性都发生显著变化,尽管更新状况良好,但要恢复到伐前水平仍需要较长时间。择伐不仅通过改变主要树种的密度对阔叶红松林群落结构产生影响,还通过改变物种空间关联性改变群落的结构动态。因此,在制定森林生态系统经营管理方案时,不仅要选择适合的采伐强度,还要综合考虑采伐时物种的选择以及种间关系。     

吉林省蛟河市针阔混交林林层结构与地形的关系

探讨不同林层群落结构动态及其与地形因子之间的关系,为群落结构优化和可持续经营管理提供理论支持。基于吉林蛟河30 hm²针阔混交林固定监测样地的野外调查数据,以2010和2015年胸径（DBH）≥1 cm的木本植物为研究对象,分析了不同林层物种组成、林分密度、群落结构多样性差异及其5年间的动态变化,利用偏相关分析研究了不同林层群落结构特征和地形因子的关系。结果表明：（1）林下层物种丰富度略高于林冠层,林冠层蓄积生产力是整个森林群落蓄积生产力的主要贡献者,林下层的物种多样性和林分结构多样性变化较林冠层明显;（2）林冠层优势树种的重要值在群落演替过程中逐渐扩大,整个样地林冠层树木个体数量减少了175株,林下层树木个体增加了3503株;（3）地形因子中海拔是影响群落结构动态最主要的因子,通过影响土壤和光照等条件从而影响群落结构变化。该林分处于相对稳定状态,不同林层群落结构特征差异显著,正确把握地形因子与不同林层群落结构动态变化的关系对森林的可持续经营具有重要意义。     

辽东山区次生林冠下红松生长与顶端透光环境的关系

通过调查3种不同人为干扰强度(轻度择伐、重度择伐和皆伐)下次生林林分结构及其冠下红松生长状况,应用全天空照片法测定红松(Pinus koraiensis)顶端的透光孔隙度,分析红松当年高生长量与顶端透光环境的关系.结果表明:以蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)为建群种的皆伐样地林冠下,林分透光较强,以杂木阔叶林为主的轻度择伐样地和重度择伐样地林冠下,林分透光较弱;对29年生红松生长起主要阻碍作用的是下木层(≥10 m)阔叶树;在透光较好的皆伐样地内,红松当年高生长量均比透光较弱的轻度择伐样地和重度择伐样地高,红松当年高生长量与顶端林分透光孔隙度显著正相关(R2 =0.516,P＜0.01);为促进辽东山区次生林向阔叶红松林正向演替,应调控红松顶端林分透光孔隙度达30％以上.     

山西太岳山油松群落对采伐干扰的生态响应

森林群落受到采伐干扰后的生态响应程度一直是森林生态学领域关注的研究前沿。本文以太岳山的油松林为对象,选择受不同采伐干扰强度和恢复时间的4块样地,通过固定标准地群落的调查获得数据资料,选用丰富度指数、Simpson指数（λ）、Shannon-Wiener指数（H'）、均匀度指数（E1）和Jaccard、Sprenson两种相似性指数,研究油松林对不同采伐方式生态响应,探讨不同采伐干扰强度和恢复时间下油松林生物多样性变化和更新演替规律。研究结果表明：1）受采伐干扰的样地中阳性植物的种类明显增多,随着恢复时间的增长,植物处于生长逐步旺盛、物种逐步丰富的阶段,其种类组成表现出由简单到复杂、由喜阳植物垄断到耐阴种类不断增多、种类由少变多的动态特征。2）适度的择伐可以提高群落整体的多样性,但皆伐则降低了群落的综合物种多样性。3）受相同择伐强度干扰后,群落之间保持了最高的相似性,皆伐干扰使群落环境有了本质的变化,与天然林的物种相似性最低。4）受采伐干扰后形成的次生林内,恢复初期中更新幼苗幼树出现6个树种,主要以油松和辽东栎（Quercus liaodungensi）为主。天然林中的环境最有利于油松幼苗的生长,择伐后恢复初期18a间幼树数量最高,幼苗数量最低,皆伐后更新幼苗幼树数量最少,环境条件最不利于更新。     

非线性状态方程模拟异龄林径阶动态--以长白山阔叶红松林为例

以矩阵模型为基础,利用林分直径生长、进界生长和枯损的资料。用非线性动态模型模拟长白山阔叶红松林动态生长,并预测短期内在不同的采伐强度下林分的径阶变化,分析不同采伐强度对年生长量、年收获量和恢复年数的影响。结果表明,非线性动态模型在模拟林分生长上具有结构严谨和精度高的优点。将模型推广到采伐林分中,为科学地经营阔叶红松林,制定合理的采伐方案提供科学依据。     

择伐对紫椴次生林乔木幼苗分布格局及种间关联性的影响

研究张广才岭林区未经人为干扰的(自然恢复次生林)和择伐后20年(择伐经营次生林)的2种紫椴次生林林分的乔木树种幼苗的分布格局及其种间关联性。结果表明: 阳性软阔叶和阴性树种幼苗在自然恢复次生林中重要值分别为7.9和64.5,在择伐经营次生林中为3.9和68.9;自然恢复次生林和择伐经营次生林中乔木树种幼苗的空间分布点格局分别在0～18 m和0～15 m尺度内呈聚集分布。自然恢复次生林中,14～45 m尺度上树种对多呈负相关;而择伐经营次生林中,所有尺度上的树种对多呈无相关性。在择伐经营次生林中,更新层中有57%的紫椴幼苗与其他乔木幼苗的树种对在大尺度上(31～45 m)呈负相关,在自然恢复次生林中该比例大于60%。在择伐经营次生林中,色木槭幼苗与其他乔木幼苗的树种对在更多尺度上(6～45 m)主要呈负相关,自然恢复次生林中的色木槭幼苗与其他乔木幼苗的树种对多在小尺度上(0～5 m)呈正相关,在大尺度上(31～45 m)无相关性。择伐加快了紫椴次生林未来的演替速度,一定程度上使得乔木树种幼苗在更大距离尺度上呈现出随机分布状态,并促使林分中乔木树种幼苗的种间关系更加协调,调整了紫椴种群幼苗种间的空间竞争关系。2个林分均处在演替进程中,在今后的林分管理中,应适当采取人工经营措施以促进林分更新及群落的恢复。     

Diameter increment in mature eastern white pine<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Pinus strobus</Emphasis> L. following partial harvest of old-growth stands in Ontario,Canada

Little is known about the responses of large, old trees to release from competition, though such trees are of great interest in forest ecology, conservation and silviculture. Increment cores were taken from mature eastern white pines (Pinus strobus L.) in 144 sample points in 12 partially harvested and 6 unharvested control stands in Ontario, Canada, to determine how these trees responded to a 'structural retention harvest' that had occurred 9 years previously. Prior to harvest, increment growth was slightly lower in control stands, but not significantly so. Strong correlation in diameter increments among stands indicates external climatic forcing or internal synchronicity, e.g. reproductive allocation. Three years after harvest, growth in harvested stands overtook that in control stands, and increased to 63±8% SE above expected levels by 8 years after harvest. The study demonstrates the ability of old trees to respond markedly to reduced competition, questioning the concept of an age-related decline in forest productivity. In addition to increased timber production, growth responses of old trees have important implications for stand regeneration, wind firmness, and maintenance of wildlife habitat elements following partial stand harvests. Comparison of disturbed stands with undisturbed stands allows better estimation of tree responses than methods in which disturbance is inferred from diameter increment variation within individual trees.     

Effects of Wildlife Forestry on Abundance of Breeding Birds in Bottomland Hardwood Forests of Louisiana

ABSTRACT Effects of silvicultural activities on birds are of increasing interest because of documented national declines in breeding bird populations for some species and the potential that these declines are in part due to changes in forest habitat. Silviculturally induced disturbances have been advocated as a means to achieve suitable forest conditions for priority wildlife species in bottomland hardwood forests. We evaluated how silvicultural activities on conservation lands in bottomland hardwood forests of Louisiana, USA, influenced species-specific densities of breeding birds. Our data were from independent studies, which used standardized point-count surveys for breeding birds in 124 bottomland hardwood forest stands on 12 management areas. We used Program DISTANCE 5.0, Release 2.0 (Thomas et al. 2006) to estimate density for 43 species with >50 detections. For 36 of those species we compared density estimates among harvest regimes (individual selection, group selection, extensive harvest, and no harvest). We observed 10 species with similar densities in those harvest regimes compared with densities in stands not harvested. However, we observed 10 species that were negatively impacted by harvest with greater densities in stands not harvested, 9 species with greater densities in individual selection stands, 4 species with greater densities in group selection stands, and 4 species with greater densities in stands receiving an extensive harvest (e.g., >40% canopy removal). Differences in intensity of harvest influenced densities of breeding birds. Moreover, community-wide avian conservation values of stands subjected to individual and group selection, and stands not harvested, were similar to each other and greater than that of stands subjected to extensive harvest that removed >40% canopy cover. These results have implications for managers estimating breeding bird populations, in addition to predicting changes in bird communities as a result of prescribed and future forest management practices.     

FOREST MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES AND SONGBIRD BREEDING HABITAT ON THE CHEROKEE NATIONAL FOREST,TENNESSEE

Abstract: We used a 60-yr forest simulation of the Cherokee National Forest, Tennessee, USA, to model the effects of timber harvest and natural disturbance upon habitat availability for 6 songbird species: Acadian flycatcher (Epidonax virescens), blue-headed vireo (Vireo solitarius), chestnut-sided warbler (Dendroica pensylvanica), tufted titmouse (Parus bicolor), yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus), and yellow-throated warbler (Dendroica dominica). Forest simulations, based on expected harvest intensities and historic levels of natural disturbance, were used to update a stand inventory database at 10-yr intervals between 1993 and 2053. Habitat models for the 6 bird species were applied to the updated stand inventory and available habitat quantified for each decade. Late-successional species showed substantial increases in habitat availability over the 60-yr period at most harvest intensities, whereas habitat for early-successional species was stable or declined at most harvest intensities. Acadian flycatcher, yellow-throated warbler, and blue-headed vireo habitat increased by 200%, 213%, and 40%, respectively, whereas tufted titmouse habitat remained relatively constant at expected harvest levels. Chestnut-sided warbler habitat was stable at expected harvest levels but declined at lower harvest intensities, and yellow-billed cuckoo habitat declined by 37% at expected harvest levels. Natural disturbance had little effect on habitat availability for any bird species compared to the effects of timber harvests and increasing forest age. Our models suggest that anthropogenic disturbance, and lack thereof, can play a definitive role determining habitat availability and population viability for forest songbirds.     

Stand and neighbourhood parameters as determinants of plant species richness in a managed forest

Abstract. Patterns of species richness in a managed forest were related to ecological factors at two spatial scales. Local variables within a plot (5 m × 5 m) included 13 soil classes and nine stand classes. Neighbourhood variables were defined within a 25 m radius from the focal plot and were measured using a Neighbourhood Diversity Index (NDI - total diversity of different stand classes) and nine Neighbourhood Scores (NS - relative dominance of a given stand class). 224 species were registered in the survey of which 138 were true forest species. Local parameters (stand and soil class) were weak predictors of total and forest species richness. High total and forest species richness were significantly related to high values of NDI (i.e. heterogeneous neighbourhoods). Regression trees showed that total species richness was best predicted by the amount of roadside habitat in the neighbourhood and NDI. Forest species richness was positively related to NDI and negatively related to the amount of coniferous stands in the neighbourhood.     

Development processes and growth pattern of Pinus densiflora stands in central eastern Korea

Stand growth and developmental processes were investigated in Pinus densiflora Siebold et Zucc. stands of different ages in the central eastern region of Korea. Stands were inventoried and five trees per stand were sampled for stem analysis, age estimation, and growth analysis. More than 80% of sampled trees in a stand were established within 3–5 years, and most stands had a single cohort structure. The initial growth of pine seedlings was slow, but the height growth accelerated beyond 2–3 m height, 5–10 years after establishment. Linear growth was maintained until 10–12 m height, at which suppressed trees fell behind and might die out. The young stand was composed of pure pines, while few pine seedlings and saplings were found in the understory of older stands. The peak of diameter growth rate occurred around 5–15 years after tree establishment, implying that competition begins during that period. The pine stand development follows four stages: (1) the young stage when the growth rate increases and peaks; (2) the height competition stage when trees focus on height growth for light while maintaining a narrow DBH and height distribution; (3) the differentiation stage when suppressed trees die out, and the DBH distribution becomes wider; and (4) the mature stage when stands have a multi-canopy structure with a wide DBH and height distribution, while the understory is dominated by other tree species. The changes in growth rates and stand structure through forest development would be implemented to predict alterations of above-ground carbon sequestration rates.     

Enhancing structural complexity: An experiment conducted in the Black Forest National Park,Germany

We report on a structural complexity enhancement (SCE) experiment that was designed to test ecological restoration measures in the Black Forest National Park, Germany. The main goal was to understand as to whether the creation of standing and downed deadwood within previously managed, single-layered Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) forests accelerates the development of forest structure, richness, and diversity of a range of taxonomic groups. Here we introduce the experimental design and describe the development of stand structure including abundance and richness of tree-related microhabitats (TreMs) within 5 years after initiation of the experiment in October 2016. To enhance structural complexity in treatment plots, 10 trees per plot were toppled using a skidder winch, and another 10 trees were ring barked at a height of around 60 cm above ground level with a chainsaw. To monitor stand structure, we collected data on common forest attributes such as diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height, and TreMs of all trees in the six experimental and six control plots measuring 0.25 ha in size before the treatments were carried out in 2016 and again in 2020/21. We analyzed the abundance and richness of TreMs using generalized linear mixed models with DBH and treatment vs. control as predictors. The SCE treatment resulted in a significant increase in deadwood volumes (4.2 vs. 439.5 m³) as well as in TreM abundance and richness (increase of 0.74 TreMs per tree). This indicates that the SCE treatment was effective to increase biodiversity-relevant structures such as deadwood and TreMs, in previously managed Norway spruce-dominated stands. The ongoing monitoring of a range of taxonomic groups (birds, bats, small mammals, coleoptera, fungi, mosses, and vascular plants) in this experiment will demonstrate to what extent the enhancement in structural complexity will lead to an enrichment in species richness and diversity.     

Impact of a strong typhoon on the structure and dynamics of an old-growth beech (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Fagus crenata</Emphasis>) forest,southwestern Japan

Typhoon no. 19 of 1991 (T9119) caused multiple treefalls and created large openings in an old-growth beech (Fagus crenata) forest at Mt. Daisen, in the Daisen Forest Reserve, southwestern Japan. The area of the largest opening was about 1.7 ha (300 m by 70 m). To predict the dynamics of the beech stand after the disturbance of T9119, we investigated the damage to the stand and the density and growth rate of trees with DBH=5–10 cm in a 1-ha plot covering a large part of the largest opening and the adjacent closed canopy. The beech did not regenerate immediately. The regeneration and growth rate of trees with DBH=5–10 cm were related to the frequency of the typhoon attack for at least the past century. In beech forests, small gap formation is the prevailing mode of disturbance. Our results indicate that typhoons affect the structure and dynamics of this beech stand. We suggest that both small gap formation and large-scale disturbance are important for the maintenance of beech forest in some areas.     

Fruit Production in Mature and Recently Regenerated Forests of the Appalachians

ABSTRACT Fleshy fruit is a key food resource for both game and nongame wildlife, and it may be especially important for migratory birds during fall and for resident birds and mammals during winter. Land managers need to know how land uses affect the quantities and species of fruit produced in different forest types and how fruit production varies seasonally and as young stands mature. During June 1999-April 2004, we quantified fleshy fruit abundance monthly in 31 0.1-ha plots in 2 silvicultural treatments: 1) young 2-age stands with low basal area retention, created by shelterwood-with-reserves regeneration cuts (R; harvested 1998–1999); and 2) uncut mature closed-canopy stands (M) in 2 common southern Appalachian, USA, forest types (upland hardwood and cove hardwood [CH] forests). Over the 5-year study period, total dry pulp biomass production was low and relatively constant in both M forest types (x̄ = 0.5-2.0 kg/ha). In contrast, fruit production increased each year in R, and it was 5.0 to 19.6 times greater in R than in M stands beginning 3–5 years postharvest. Two disturbance-associated species, pokeweed (Phytolacca americana) and blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis), produced a large proportion of fruit in R but showed different patterns of establishment and decline. Huckleberry (Gaylussacia ursina) recovered rapidly after harvest and was a major producer in both silvicultural treatments and forest types each year. Several herbaceous species that are not associated with disturbance produced more fruit in CHR. Few species produced more fruit in M than in R. Fruit production by most tree species was similar between R and M, due to fruiting by stump sprouts in R within 1–3 years postharvest. Fruit availability was highest during summer and early fall. American holly (Ilex opaca), sumac (Rhus spp.), and greenbriar (Smilax spp.) retained fruit during winter months but were patchy in distribution. In the southern Appalachians, young recently regenerated stands provide abundant fruit compared to mature forest stands and represent an important source of food for wildlife for several years after harvest. Fruit availability differs temporally and spatially because of differences in species composition, fruiting phenology, and the dynamic process of colonization and recovery in recently harvested stands. Land managers could enhance fruit availability for many game and nongame species by creating or maintaining young stands within forests.     

长白山阔叶红松林不同强度择伐后关键树种的竞争关系

天然林择伐改变了林分的树种组成和结构,导致林木竞争关系发生变化,进而影响树木的生长和种群的动态.关键树种在维持群落结构和生态系统功能方面具有至关重要的作用.为了弄清长白山区阔叶红松林典型林型关键树种竞争关系的特点,本研究以红松、紫椴和水曲柳为研究对象,运用Hegyi竞争指数分析了受不同程度采伐干扰后形成的原始林(未受干扰)、轻度择伐林、中度择伐林和重度择伐林的林分结构和竞争关系.结果表明: 与原始林相比,轻度择伐林中关键树种的种群结构没有显著变化;中度择伐林和重度择伐林中3个关键树种大树(胸径DBH≥20 cm)的密度和平均胸径均显著减少,但幼树(2 cm≤DBH<10 cm)的数量增加.所有样地中关键树种的竞争指数均随径级的增加而减小,且二者服从幂函数分布,而林木胸径生长到20 cm后,竞争指数进入稳定状态.在原始林、轻度和中度择伐林中,3个树种的幼树的竞争指数受到非冠层树种的影响最大,而红松小树(10 cm≤DBH<20 cm)和大树主要受红松种内和非冠层树种的影响;水曲柳主要受红松和非冠层树种的影响,紫椴主要受种内和红松的影响.重度择伐林中,白桦是3个树种的主要竞争来源,贡献率均超过50%.根据以上关键树种竞争关系的特点,抚育非冠层树种有利于3个关键种幼树的更新和生长;对于小树来说,还需要根据树种类型来采取相应措施,而大树不需要采用抚育措施.本研究对关键树种培育和天然林择伐后快速恢复具有指导意义.     

停止商业性采伐对大兴安岭森林结构与地上生物量的影响

采伐是北方森林最主要的人为干扰之一,过去高强度采伐导致森林植被组成单一化和均质化。为提高森林的生态功能和经济效益,国家先后于2000年实施"天然林资源保护工程"、2014年实施全面停止天然林商业性采伐。为评价这两种政策下不同的采伐干扰对森林的直接影响,以大兴安岭林区为研究对象,采用空间直观景观模型LANDIS PRO,模拟比较2000—2100年"天然林资源保护工程"、全面停止商业性采伐政策下森林树种组成、年龄结构及森林地上生物量的长期变化特征及其差异性。研究结果表明:1)模型初始化的林分密度、地上生物量与2000年野外调查数据相吻合(P0.01),模型模拟结果具有较高的可靠性;2)对比分类经营,全面停止商业性采伐的实施:增大了优势树种(落叶松与白桦)的树种组成比例,减小了保护树种(云杉与樟子松)的比例;对树种组成在中长期影响显著(P0.05),降低了树种组成结构的多样性;总体上增加了林分平均胸高断面积,减小了林分密度;3)模型模拟100年,全面停止商业性采伐下中幼龄林向成熟林过渡,改善森林年龄结构;4)与分类经营相比,整个模拟时期内全面停止商业性采伐增加森林地上生物量,提高森林恢复速率,有助于森林地上总生物量的恢复与累积。但保护树种(云杉与樟子松)森林地上生物量在一定程度上有所下降,不利于提高珍贵树种的丰度。对评估森林管理方案在森林资源恢复上的作用和有效实施森林生态系统管理有重要的参考意义。