秦岭南坡东段油松人工林生态系统碳、氮储量及其分配格局

研究秦岭南坡东段8、25、35、42和61年生油松人工林碳、氮储量和分配格局.结果表明: 油松人工林不同林龄乔木层碳、氮含量为441.40～526.21和3.13～3.99 g·kg^-1,灌木层为426.06～447.25和10.62～12.45 g·kg^-1,草本层为301.37～401.52和10.35～13.33 g·kg^-1,枯落物层为382.83～424.71和8.69～11.90 g·kg^-1,土壤层(0～100 cm)为1.51～18.17和0.29～1.45 g·kg^-1.树干和树枝分别是乔木层的主要碳库和氮库,占乔木层碳储量的48.5%～62.7%和氮储量的39.2%～48.4%.林龄对生态系统碳、氮储量均有显著影响.生态系统碳储量随林龄增加而增加,35年时达最大值146.06 t·hm^-2,成熟后碳储量有所下降.5个林龄段油松林生态系统氮储量的最大值为25年时的10.99 t·hm^-2.植被层平均碳、氮储量分别为45.33 t·hm^-2和568.55 kg·hm^-2,土壤层平均碳、氮储量分别为73.12和8.57 t·hm^-2,且土壤层中碳、氮的积累具有明显的表层富集现象.研究区油松人工林生态系统碳、氮储量主要分布在土壤层,其次为乔木层.生态系统碳储量空间分配格局为:土壤层(64.1%)＞乔木层(30.0%)＞灌草层和枯落物层(5.9%),氮储量为土壤层(93.2%)＞乔木层(5.3%)＞灌草层和枯落物层(1.5%).     

不同林龄杨树人工林碳储量研究

基于盐城市东台林场杨树人工林的生物量调查和土壤碳测定, 探讨了不同发育阶段杨树人工林碳储量的时空变化规律。结果表明, 随林龄的增加, 杨树人工林生态系统碳储量增加, 群落总碳储量的空间分布序列是: 土壤层(130.87 t⋅hm− 2)>乔木层(56.32 t⋅hm− 2)>枯落物层(1.2 t⋅hm− 2)>林下植被层(0.37 t⋅hm− 2); 乔木层碳储量和林木各器官碳储量均随林龄的增加而总体呈上升趋势; 林下植被层和枯枝落叶层碳储量呈先上升后下降的趋势; 土壤层碳储量先增加后下降, 但其占杨树人工林总碳储量的比例逐渐降低。研究认为杨树人工林固碳潜力巨大, 且不同发育阶段的杨树人工林碳储量差异主要是由乔木层碳储量差异引起的。     

甘肃亚高山云杉人工林生态系统碳、氮储量动态和分配格局

云杉是甘肃亚高山地区重要的造林树种,研究其生态系统碳、氮储量的动态变化和分配格局有利于评价云杉人工造林后的生态恢复效果。以甘南、定西地区不同林龄(包括幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林和成熟林)的云杉人工林为研究对象,共设置16块调查样地。在野外调查、样品采集和分析的基础上,估算了其生态系统的碳、氮储量。结果显示:云杉林乔木不同器官的碳含量相对稳定,氮含量则与器官类型有密切关系;同一土层不同龄级的土壤碳、氮含量无明显差异。从乔木层、灌木层、枯落物层到草本层碳氮含量比值依次减小,土壤层碳氮含量比值最低。该地区云杉人工林生态系统总碳、氮储量分别为257. 75—430.23 t/hm~2和20.50—29.88 t/hm~2。随着林龄的增加,植被层碳、氮储量增加显著,分别从15.5 t/hm~2和0.24 t/hm~2增加到143.51 t/hm~2和1.65 t/hm~2。土壤层(0—100 cm)碳、氮储量分别为242.23—367.79 t/hm~2和20.26—29.58 t/hm~2,在整个生态系统各龄级中所占比例均超过60%和90%。生态系统和土壤层(0—100 cm)碳、氮储量在不同龄级间无显著差异。生态系统中土壤层、乔木层及灌、草、枯落物层的碳储量比例分别为85.72%、13.44%和0.84%,氮储量比例分别为97.60%、2.08%和0.32%。     

浑善达克沙地榆树疏林和小叶杨人工林碳密度特征及其与林龄的关系北大核心CSCD

榆树(Ulmus pumila)疏林是浑善达克沙地的地带性隐域植被,小叶杨(Populus simonii)是该区域主要的防风固沙造林树种。该文通过测定两种森林生态系统乔木层(叶、枝、干、根)、草本层(地上植被和地下根系)和土壤层(0–100 cm)的碳含量,比较了两种森林生态系统的碳密度及其分配特征,并运用空间代替时间的方法,阐明了乔木层、土壤层和总碳密度随林龄增加的变化特征,估算了两种森林生态系统的固碳速率。结果表明,榆树疏林乔木层和土壤层平均碳含量都低于小叶杨人工林,榆树疏林生态系统总碳密度是小叶杨人工林的1/2。两种森林生态系统的总碳密度中,乔木层碳密度和土壤层碳密度总占比98%以上;土壤层与植被层碳密度的比值随林龄的增加而降低,过熟林时该比值分别为1.66(榆树疏林)和1.87(小叶杨人工林);榆树疏林和小叶杨人工林的乔木层、土壤层和生态系统的总碳密度随林龄的增加而增加,其中乔木层碳密度及榆树疏林总碳密度与林龄均呈现出显著的线性正相关关系。小叶杨人工林乔木层的固碳速率约为榆树疏林的5倍,榆树疏林生态系统和小叶杨人工林生态系统的总固碳速率分别为0.81 Mg C·hm^(–2)·a^(–1)和5.35 Mg C·hm^(–2)·a^(–1)。这一研究结果有利于估算沙地森林生态系统的碳储量,为区域生态环境恢复和增加碳汇的政策制定提供依据。     

张广才岭西坡45年生不同起源林分碳储量研究

以五常凤凰山林场皆伐迹地上45年生不同起源(人工造林、人天混更新、天然更新)形成的落叶松纯林、落叶松与阔叶树混交林和次生阔叶林3种林分为研究对象,调查分析不同林型林分乔木层、灌草层、凋落物层、土壤层碳储量以及3种林型林分总碳储量,分析不同更新方式对森林碳储量的影响,探究具有高固碳能力的森林更新方式。研究结果表明:人天混交林能增加林分灌草层碳储量(P<0.05);凋落物未分解层碳储量、半分解层碳储量和凋落物总碳储量均以落叶松纯林最高,且半分解层碳储量和凋落物总碳储量在3个林型间差异显著(P<0.05);土壤总碳储量以及森林生态系统总碳储量针阔混交林均略高于其它两种林分,但差异并不显著(P>0.05)。研究表明人天混更新有利于植被碳汇和土壤碳汇能力的提高。人工针叶纯林具有较高的凋落物碳储量。     

秦岭中段南坡油松林生态系统碳密度

在秦岭中段南坡油松林分布较为广泛的不同区域,采用典型取样的方法设置油松林标准地50块。通过样地调查和室内分析,对本区油松林生态系统植被层、枯落物层及土壤层有机碳密度进行了研究与估算,分析了油松林生态系统各层次的有机碳密度在不同立地因子下的分布规律。结果表明:秦岭中段南坡油松林生态系统总有机碳密度为150.12 t/hm2,其中土壤碳分库的碳密度占油松林生态系统总碳密度的56.74%,是构成油松林生态系统碳的主体组成部分。植被层碳密度为62.29 t/hm2,占油松林生态系统总碳密度的41.49%,高于我国森林生态系统植被碳密度平均值,且仍有较大的固碳潜力。枯落物层碳密度为2.66 t/hm2,占油松林生态系统总碳密度的1.77%。在植被碳分库中,乔木层碳密度是其主体构成部分,为61.22 t/hm2,占植被层碳密度的98.30%;灌木层、草本层碳密度及其所占植被层碳密度的比例分别为:0.65 t/hm2(1.04%)、0.41 t/hm2(0.66%)。碳在乔木不同器官中的分配大小顺序为:树干(55.82%)、树枝(21.25%)、树根(10.28%)、树叶(7.35%)、树皮(5.30%)。灌木层碳密度和草本层碳密度受地形因子影响不显著。随海拔的升高,乔木层碳密度呈先增后减的变化趋势,在海拔1500—1700 m处达到最大值,枯落物层碳密度、土壤层碳密度及总碳密度变化不显著;随着坡度的增大,油松林生态系统枯落物层碳密度、土壤层碳密度及总碳密度显著减小,乔木层碳密度呈先增后减的变化趋势,在坡度为26—35°范围达到最大值;下坡位土壤层碳密度高于中坡位和上坡位,而中坡位乔木层碳密度和生态系统总碳密度高于下坡位和上坡位,枯落物层碳密度受坡位影响不明显;阳坡乔木层碳密度大于阴坡,枯落物层碳密度、土壤层碳密度及总碳密度受坡向影响不明显。     

浑善达克沙地榆树疏林和小叶杨人工林碳密度特征及其与林龄的关系

榆树(Ulmus pumila)疏林是浑善达克沙地的地带性隐域植被, 小叶杨(Populus simonii)是该区域主要的防风固沙造林树种。该文通过测定两种森林生态系统乔木层(叶、枝、干、根)、草本层(地上植被和地下根系)和土壤层(0-100 cm)的碳含量, 比较了两种森林生态系统的碳密度及其分配特征, 并运用空间代替时间的方法, 阐明了乔木层、土壤层和总碳密度随林龄增加的变化特征, 估算了两种森林生态系统的固碳速率。结果表明, 榆树疏林乔木层和土壤层平均碳含量都低于小叶杨人工林, 榆树疏林生态系统总碳密度是小叶杨人工林的1/2。两种森林生态系统的总碳密度中, 乔木层碳密度和土壤层碳密度总占比98%以上; 土壤层与植被层碳密度的比值随林龄的增加而降低, 过熟林时该比值分别为1.66 (榆树疏林)和1.87 (小叶杨人工林); 榆树疏林和小叶杨人工林的乔木层、土壤层和生态系统的总碳密度随林龄的增加而增加, 其中乔木层碳密度及榆树疏林总碳密度与林龄均呈现出显著的线性正相关关系。小叶杨人工林乔木层的固碳速率约为榆树疏林的5倍, 榆树疏林生态系统和小叶杨人工林生态系统的总固碳速率分别为0.81 Mg C·hm^-2·a^-1和5.35 Mg C·hm^-2·a^-1。这一研究结果有利于估算沙地森林生态系统的碳储量, 为区域生态环境恢复和增加碳汇的政策制定提供依据。     

长沙市区马尾松人工林生态系统碳储量及其空间分布

采用样方法和取样法,研究了长沙市区13年生马尾松林生态系统碳含量、碳储量及其空间分布特征。结果表明:马尾松林木各器官平均碳含量为511.17 g/kg,从高到低排列顺序为叶>干>根>皮>枝;林下灌木层、草本层、枯落物层的平均碳含量分别为531.66、465.53、393.92g/kg。林地土壤层有机碳含量为9.40—24.73 g/kg,各层次碳素含量分布不均,表层(0—15cm)土壤碳素含量较高,并随土壤深度的增加而逐渐下降。生态系统碳库的空间分布序列为土壤层>植被层>枯落物层。植被层的碳储量为34.50t/hm2,占整个生态系统碳总储量的21.57%;乔木层碳储量占整个生态系统的20.27%,占植被层碳储量的93.97%。乔木层碳储量中,树干的碳储量最高,占乔木层碳储量的65.52%,其次为根,占乔木层碳储量的19.15%,树皮最少,仅占2.10%;枯落物层碳储量为3.81 t/hm2,仅占整个生态系统碳储量的2.38%;林地土壤层(0—60cm)碳储量相当可观,为121.62 t/hm2,占系统碳储量的76.05%。马尾松林年净生产力为4.88 t.hm-.2a-1,有机碳年净固定量为2.50 t.hm-.2a-1,折合成CO2的量为9.16 t.hm-.2a-1。     

混交比例对长白落叶松和水曲柳混交林碳储量及其分配格局的影响

以长白落叶松和水曲柳混交林为研究对象,根据长白落叶松和水曲柳的栽植行数比选择4种不同行状混交比例的林分(类型Ⅰ:5∶3;类型Ⅱ:6∶4;类型Ⅲ:5∶5;类型Ⅳ:1∶1),建立长白落叶松和水曲柳生物量似乎不相关模型,分析林分各林层和生态系统碳储量的差异及其分配规律。结果表明: 不同林分类型的乔木层碳储量为39.86～50.12 t·hm^-2,类型Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅳ的乔木层碳储量显著高于类型Ⅲ;林下植被层碳储量为0.10～0.30 t·hm^-2,类型Ⅱ的林下植被层碳储量显著高于其他类型;凋落物层碳储量为4.43～6.96 t·hm^-2,类型Ⅱ、Ⅲ凋落物层碳储量显著高于其他类型;土壤层碳储量为34.97～54.66 t·hm^-2,类型Ⅱ土壤层碳储量显著高于其他类型。在整个生态系统中,林分类型Ⅰ~Ⅳ碳储量分别为90.43、108.27、85.83、89.92 t·hm^-2,类型Ⅱ生态系统碳储量显著高于其他类型。乔木层和土壤层为生态系统主要碳库,分别占生态系统碳储量的43.3%~55.7%和38.7%~50.5%。建议在未来的营林造林中,以6行长白落叶松和4行水曲柳交替种植。     

吉林省森林生态系统的碳储量、碳密度及其分布

利用森林资源二类调查汇总数据和标准地实测数据,研究吉林省森林生态系统的碳密度、碳储量及其组分和分布特征.结果表明:吉林省森林生态系统碳储量为1827.293TgC,其中乔木层、灌草层、枯落物层和土壤层的碳储量分别为439.152、5.195、45.600和1330.466TgC,分别占总碳量的24.1%、0.3%、2.5%和73.1%.吉林省森林生态系统碳密度为225.304MgC.hm-2,各层碳密度的大小顺序为土壤层(164.666MgC.hm-2)>乔木层(54.352MgC.hm-2)>枯落物层(5.644MgC.hm-2)>灌草层(0.643MgC.hm-2).不同类型森林生态系统碳储量在9.357～959.716TgC,碳密度在180.648～254.627MgC.hm-2之间,各林型分配特征表现为土壤层最大、灌草层最小.全省森林生态系统碳储量和碳密度的空间分布总体上为东部山区高、中西部平原地区低.吉林省森林中中龄林分比重大,若对现有森林加以更好的管理,可以增加其碳吸存潜力.     

关帝山林区退化灌木林转变为华北落叶松林对生态系统碳储量的影响

针对我国大量灌木林出现退化而宜林地又日益减少的现状,在适宜种植乔木的地区,将退化灌木林转变为乔木林被认为是一种可行的植被恢复方式。以关帝山林区退化灌木次生林转变而成的不同林龄（10、18、23、27年和35年）华北落叶松（Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr.）林为研究对象,并以相邻的退化灌木次生林为对照,探究这种转变对生态系统碳储量及其组分的影响,将为我国开展造林/再造林、林业碳汇项目等工作提供科学依据和数据支撑。与灌木林相比,造林初期的生态系统碳储量及其组分均出现不同程度的下降。10年生华北落叶松林的生态系统碳储量相对于灌木林显著下降了32.9%（P < 0.05）,但并非所有组分的下降都显著（P < 0.05）。植被碳储量下降34.7%,其植被地上和地下碳储量分别下降5.4%和70.9%,但只有植被地下碳储量是显著减少的（P < 0.05）;凋落物碳储量下降42.8%,但并不显著（P=0.71）;土壤有机碳储量（0-50 cm）显著下降32.6%（P < 0.05）,其不同土层（0-10、10-30 cm和30-50 cm）的碳储量也都出现显著减少（P < 0.05）。林龄从10年到35年,华北落叶松林生态系统碳储量增加了1.6倍,植被及其组成（地上和地下）、凋落物、土壤有机碳及其不同土层（0-10、10-30 cm和30-50 cm）等的碳储量也随之不断增加,从而使得生态系统碳储量及其组分逐渐达到并全面超过灌木林。但是,不同组分要达到灌木林的碳储量水平,需要的时间存在较大差异：土壤有机碳库 > 植被地下碳库 > 植被地上碳库,其中深层土壤有机碳 > 表层土壤有机碳（0-10 cm）。     

Carbon density characteristics of sparse Ulmus pumila forest and Populus simonii plantation in Onqin Daga Sandy Land and their relationships with stand age

Aims
Sparse Ulmus pumila forest is an intrazonal vegetation in Onqin Daga Sandy Land, while Populus simonii has been widely planted for windbreak and sand dune stabilization in the same region. Our objective was to compare the differences in carbon (C) density of these two forests and their relationships with stand age.
Methods
We measured the C content of tree organs (leaf, twig, stem, and root), herb layers (above ground vegetation and below ground root) and soil layers (up to 100 cm) in sparse Ulmus pumila forests and Populus simonii plantations of different stand ages, and then computed C density and their proportions in total ecosystem carbon density. In addition, we illustrated the variation in carbon density-stand age relationship for tree layer, soil layer and whole ecosystem. We finally estimated the C sequestration rates for these two forests by the space-for-time substitution approach.
Important findings
The average C contents of tree layer and soil layer for sparse Ulmus pumila forests were lower than those for Populus simonii plantations. The total C density of sparse Ulmus pumila forests was half of that of Populus simonii plantations. The carbon density of soil and tree layers accounted for more than 98% of ecosystem C density in the two forests. Irrespective of forest type, the C density ratios of soil to vegetation decreased with stand age. This ratio was 1.66 for sparse Ulmus pumila forests and 1.87 for Populus simonii plantations when they were over-matured. The C density of tree layer, soil layer, and total ecosystem in both forests increased along forest development. There were significantly positive correlations between tree layer’s C density and stand age in both forests and between the total ecosystem C density of sparse Ulmus pumila forests and stand age. The C sequestration rate of tree layer was 5-fold higher in Populus simonii plantation than in sparse Ulmus pumila forest. The ecosystem-level C sequestration rate was 0.81 Mg C·hm^-2·a^-1 for sparse Ulmus pumila forest and 5.35 Mg C·hm^-2·a^-1 for Populus simonii plantation. These findings have implications for C stock estimation of sandy land forest ecosystems and policy-making of ecological restoration and C sink enhancement in the studied area.     

黄土高原西部3个降水量梯度近成熟油松人工林碳库特征

森林在陆地生态系统吸收碳素方面起着主要作用,了解其固碳特征对研究地区之间的碳循环至关重要。油松人工林是黄土高原地区一种典型的退耕还林树种,研究其固碳特征有利于综合分析评价油松人工林的生态效益。为了研究黄土高原西部地区油松人工林碳储量及碳密度空间分布特征因降水量不同引起的差异,以黄土高原西部地区3个典型栽培区域的近成熟油松人工林为对象,研究了群落内各组成部分的生物量和碳库特征。乔木层生物量的估算采用以胸径和树高为基础变量的生物量方程,灌木、草本、凋落物采用样方收获法,土壤碳库依据土壤剖面(1 m)和土钻取样相结合的方法测算。结果表明:在兰州官蘑滩地区(372 mm)、太子山(519 mm)和小陇山(632 mm)3个不同降水量区域,油松人工林生物量碳密度分别为(49.08±2.86)t/hm~2、(73.90±9.36)t/hm~2和(82.55±7.36)t/hm~2。小陇山地区的生态系统总碳密度和生物量碳密度与兰州地区存在显著性差异。在3个不同降水量区域,土壤有机碳密度仅在表层土壤(0—10 cm)差异达到显著水平(P0.05),而土壤总碳密度间差异未达到显著水平(P0.05)。黄土高原半干旱区近成熟油松人工林的生物量碳密度与年均降水量间呈现出显著正相关关系。在半干旱地区,降水量可能成为影响油松人工林生产力和碳固存的关键因素。     

树种组成对北亚热带11年生常绿阔叶人工林碳储量的影响

以中国北亚热带退化灌木林改造而来的木荷-青冈栎混交林和杜英纯林为对象,研究树种组成对常绿阔叶人工林生态系统碳储量的影响。结果表明:(1)退化灌木林改造成两种人工林生长11年后,生态系统植被、土壤碳储量均显著增加;植被碳储量的增加主要来自乔木层。(2)两种人工林碳积累能力有差异。杜英林植被碳储量比木荷-青冈栎林高99.4%,其中杜英林的乔木层碳储量比木荷-青冈栎林高27.75t·hm-2,是后者的2倍;杜英林土壤有机碳储量(0~50cm)显著高于木荷-青冈栎林10.17t·hm-2,其中在0~10、20~30cm土层杜英林均显著高于木荷-青冈栎林。研究表明,退化灌木林人工改造成常绿阔叶林后生态系统碳储量显著增加,杜英纯林碳蓄积能力明显高于木荷-青冈栎混交林,说明在以增加碳储量为目的的退化生态系统改造过程中,树种选择非常重要。     

Tree invasion in managed tropical forests facilitates endemic species

Aim To determine whether different abundances of introduced species of Cinchona (Rubiaceae) affect species composition and facilitate species richness in managed tropical forests, to test whether any facilitative effects on understorey species depend on forest type, and to investigate whether facilitative effects can be attributed to the ‘substitutive facilitation model’. Location Makawao Forest Reserve on Maui, Hawai’i, USA. Methods Cinchona species (Cinchona pubescens and Cinchona calisaya) were mapped within various forest types. In three forest types (ageing Eucalyptus and Pinus plantations, and near‐natural Acacia koa forests), we analysed environmental parameters (e.g. canopy cover, litter cover, pH value and soil depth) and the species composition of Cinchona‐invaded and non‐invaded plots; data were compared based on Cinchona cover and forest types. Habitat modelling for several endemic species and tree ferns was carried out to test whether Cinchona cover is an important variable for the probability of occurrence of these endemics. Results Cinchona species have naturalized mainly in Eucalyptus and Pinus plantations and Acacia koa forests and here add an additional shrub layer. In contrast to other studies, we revealed facilitative effects of Cinchona on native species within all forest types. Species richness is about 20% higher in invaded plots than in non‐invaded plots, and these show a nearly 50% higher proportion of endemic species, including tree ferns. The proportion of endemics even increases with increasing Cinchona cover. For several endemics, Cinchona is found to be an important variable for the probability of occurrence, and the removal of Cinchona cover as an explanatory variable lowers the model fit. In addition to Cinchona, variables delineating vegetation structure and light availability have a strong effect on the model fit. Main conclusions In the structurally simplified Hawaiian forests studied, Cinchona facilitated endemic species in accordance with the ‘substitutive facilitation model’. This contrasts with the results of an earlier study in the naturally treeless Galápagos highlands, which revealed a sharp decrease in the abundance of endemics under Cinchona canopy. These results illustrate that, through the same structural change (addition of a vegetation layer), an invasive species may exert divergent effects across different ecosystem types. The facilitation of endemic understorey species by invasive tree species in managed forests leads to a dilemma in conservation but also to new perspectives for ecosystem restoration.     

Quantifying carbon storage and sequestration by native and non-native forests under contrasting climate types

Non-native trees may have significant impacts on the carbon sink capacity of forested lands. However, large-scale patterns of the relative capacity of native and non-native forests to uptake and store carbon remain poorly described in the literature, and this information is urgently needed to support management decisions. In this study, we analyzed 17,065 plots from the Spanish Forest Inventory (covering c. 30 years) to quantify carbon storage and sequestration of natural forests and plantations of native and non-native trees under contrasting climate types, while controlling for the effects of environmental factors (forest structure, climate, soil, topography, and management). We found that forest origin (non-native vs. native) highly influenced carbon storage and sequestration, but such effect was dependent on climate. Carbon storage was greater in non-native than in native forests in both wet and dry climates. Non-native forests also had greater carbon sequestration than native ones in the wet climate, due to higher carbon gains by tree growth. However, in the dry climate, native forests had greater carbon gains by tree ingrowth and lower carbon loss by tree mortality than non-native ones. Furthermore, forest type (classified by the dominant species) and natural forests versus tree plantations were important determinants of carbon storage and sequestration. Native and non-native Pinus spp. forests had low carbon storage, whereas non-native Eucalyptus spp. forests and native Quercus spp., Fagus sylvatica, and Eurosiberian mixed forests (especially not planted ones) had high carbon storage. Carbon sequestration was greatest in Eucalyptus globulus, Quercus ilex, and Pinus pinaster forests. Overall, our findings suggest that the relative capacity of native and non-native forests to uptake and store carbon depends on climate, and that the superiority of non-native forests over native ones in terms of carbon sequestration declines as the abiotic filters become stronger (i.e., lower water availability and higher climate seasonality).     

南亚热带红锥、杉木纯林与混交林碳贮量比较

造林再造林作为新增碳汇的一种有效途径,受到国际社会的广泛关注。如何通过改变林分树种组成,优化造林模式提高人工林生态系统碳贮量已成为国内外学者关注的重点。通过样方调查和生物量实测相结合的方法,对南亚热带26年生红锥纯林(PCH)、杉木纯林(PCL)及红锥×杉木混交林(MCC)生态系统各组分碳含量、碳贮量及其分配特征进行了比较研究。结果表明:杉木、红锥各器官平均碳含量分别为492.1—545.7 g/kg和486.7—524.1 g/kg。相同树种不同器官以及不同树种的相同器官间碳含量差异显著(P0.05)。红锥各器官碳含量的平均值(521.3 g/kg)高于杉木(504.7 g/kg)。不同林分间地被物碳含量大小顺序为PCHMCCPCL;不同树种之间的土壤碳含量差异显著(P0.05),0—100 cm土壤平均碳含量为PCLMCCPCH。生态系统碳贮量大小顺序为PCL(169.49 t/hm2)MCC(141.18 t/hm2)PCL(129.20 t/hm2),相同组分不同林分以及相同林分的不同组分碳贮量均存在显著差异(P0.05)。造林模式对人工林碳贮量及其分配规律有显著影响,营建混交林有利于红锥生物量和土壤碳的累积,而营建纯林有利于杉木人工林生物量碳的吸收,也有利于土壤碳的固定。因而,混交林的固碳功能未必高于纯林,在选择碳汇林的造林模式时,应以充分考虑不同树种的固碳特性。     

Conifer tree plantations for land rehabilitation: an ecological‐functional evaluation

Plantations of exotic fast‐growing tree species have been widely used for maintaining or restoring ecosystem functions. Despite this, in tropical countries with high biodiversity, these plantations have been the subject of heated debate. We evaluated the long‐term effect of coniferous tree plantations (Cupressus lusitanica, Pinus patula, Pinus elliottii) on the ecological rehabilitation of the Andean highlands in Colombia. To determine degree of rehabilitation, we assessed whether there were differences in the structure or density of native understory vegetation or soil ecological properties between plots established within tree plantations and plots established within other vegetation cover types (secondary forests, ferns, pastures, and abandoned mining areas). Measured variables were combined to create an index of ecological rehabilitation (ERI). We found significant differences in the ERI values among vegetation cover types: secondary forest (11.78) > conifer plantations (P. elliottii: 6.23, P. patula: 5.33, C. lusitanica: 5.24) > ferns (4.16) > pasture (2.50) > abandoned mining areas (0.43). The results obtained showed that, from the structure of native understory vegetation and soil ecological properties, conifer plantations favored the rehabilitation process. However, among them, it was highlighted that the P. elliotii plantations showed significant differences in the density of native understory species, their values being 1.7 and 2.1 times higher than those corresponding to P. patula and C. lusitanica, respectively. Thus, unlike these plantations that could represent an ecological barrier over time, P. elliottii plantations have enabled the advancement of natural succession, showing a high diversity of native species.