冀中农区大草蛉(Chrysopa septempunctata)栖息地选择

大草蛉(Chrysopa septempunctata)是华北农区的主要天敌昆虫,研究了作物主要生长季节大草蛉的分布动态及其对栖息地的选择取向,结果表明,(1)大草蛉对栖息生境有较强的选择性,明显趋向于田间杂草地生境;(2)大草蛉在田间草地带上的栖息较为稳定,且受田间草地带宽度的直接影响,宽度1m左右的草地带有更高的大草蛉密度;(3)林带对大草蛉分布显示出积极作用,其效应范围因林带结构不同表现各异;(4)作物生长后期林带逐渐成为大草蛉栖息的重要场所。     

冀中农区大草蛉（Chrysopa septempunctata）栖息地选择

大草蛉（Chrysopa septempunctata）是华北农区的主要天敌昆虫,研究了作物主要生长季节大草蛉的分布动态及其对栖息地的选择取向,结果表明,(1)大草蛉对栖息生境有较强的选择性,明显趋向于田间杂草地生境;(2)大草蛉在田间草地带上的栖息较为稳定,且受田间草地带宽度的直接影响,宽度1 m左右的草地带有更高的大草蛉密度;(3)林带对大草蛉分布显示出积极作用,其效应范围因林带结构不同表现各异;(4)作物生长后期林带逐渐成为大草蛉栖息的重要场所。     

茶互利素和蚜性信息素及其组合调控大草蛉行为的效应

茶蚜群聚于茶梢上刺吸,而茶梢是加工名优茶的原料,不便施药治蚜。大草蛉虽是茶蚜主要天敌之一,但在自然情况下不足以控制茶蚜。遂探讨以茶梢互利素、蚜虫性信息素及其组合引诱大草蛉制约茶蚜的技术。使用顶空吸附法采集蚜害茶梢和健康茶梢挥发物,经GC-MS分析发现蚜害茶梢(E)-2-戊烯醛、苯甲醛和α-法尼烯的含量丰富。将蚜害茶梢挥发物中16种主要成分、蚜虫性信息素荆芥内酯和荆芥醇、以及α-法尼烯、苯甲醛和荆芥醇的2∶2∶6比例混合物分别制成味源,这19种味源的剂量都是200!g。经检测发现荆芥醇、荆芥内酯、α-法尼烯、(E)-2-戊烯醛和苯甲醛引起大草蛉的EAG值明显大于其它13种单组分引起的EAG值,而小于α-法尼烯、苯甲醛和荆芥醇混合物引起的EAG值。再将荆芥内酯和荆芥醇分别按7种比例配成7种味源,还把α-法尼烯、苯甲醛和荆芥醇的2∶2∶6比例混合物、以及(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇、(E)-2-戊烯醛、(E)-2-己烯醛、苯甲醛和α-法尼烯分别作为味源,用这13种味源分别制成的诱芯于秋季茶园中诱集大草蛉,每个诱芯含有信息物质总量是10 mg,结果表明:α-法尼烯、苯甲醛和荆芥醇混合物的诱效最强,称为大草蛉诱集剂;荆芥内酯和荆芥醇1∶9或0∶10比例的混合物诱效次之。深秋置大草蛉诱集剂诱芯于蚜群中,可诱来许多大草蛉成虫捕食茶蚜,并产卵于茶园中而增加大草蛉幼虫越冬基数,翌年春季就近捕食越冬蚜卵孵化的茶蚜。该诱集剂及其使用技术可作为一种治理茶蚜手段。     

冀中农林复合环境瓢虫资源及优势种种群动态

瓢虫科(Coccinellidae)昆虫大多为捕食性种类,其中一些种类是农区重要的天敌昆虫.针对华北冀中农林复合环境瓢虫种群在作物生长期的分布动态与空间格局、以及瓢虫优势种群对栖息地的选择趋向进行了研究,结果表明:(1)林带在作物生长早期是瓢虫赖以生存的主要生境,是后继作物环境瓢虫种群建立的"种库";(2)冀中农区瓢虫的优势种为龟纹瓢虫(Propylea japonica);(3)瓢虫种群随季节变化在各生境斑块间有明显的移动现象;(4)龟纹瓢虫种群在作物生长早期呈均匀或随机分布,在作物生长中后期呈密度依赖型聚集分布;(5)间作田成为作物生长后期瓢虫主要的聚集地显示在生境趋向不利时复杂的环境是理想的栖息场所.     

光周期和温度对大草蛉滞育解除及滞育后发育和繁殖的影响

【目的】大草蛉Chrysopa pallens(Rambur)是自然界重要的天敌昆虫,以预蛹兼性滞育越冬。本研究旨在明确光周期和温度对大草蛉滞育解除及滞育后发育和繁殖的影响。【方法】在室内观测了不同温度(22℃和25℃)和光周期(15L∶9D及9L∶15D)条件下大草蛉预蛹的滞育解除及滞育解除后的蛹期、蛹存活率、成虫鲜重、成虫寿命、产卵前期和单雌产卵量等生物学特性,以及5℃低温处理对预蛹滞育解除的作用,并分析了滞育持续时间对大草蛉滞育解除后发育和繁殖的影响。【结果】在光周期15L∶9D和9L∶15D下,25℃下大草蛉预蛹期(分别为50.09和49.47 d)显著短于22℃下(分别为80.80和82.20 d)。5℃低温处理极显著延长了大草蛉预蛹期(P0.01),且缩小了预蛹期的个体差异。22℃下,与非滞育预蛹相比,滞育后预蛹的存活率显著降低,蛹期和产卵前期显著延长,雌成虫寿命显著缩短,成虫鲜重和单雌产卵量显著下降。22℃,光周期15L∶9D下大草蛉的滞育持续时间为50~170 d,且能影响滞育后发育:随着滞育持续时间的延长,蛹期逐渐延长,雌、雄成虫的鲜重逐渐降低,雄成虫寿命呈先延长后缩短的趋势,蛹存活率、雌成虫寿命、产卵前期和单雌产卵量没有显著性差异。【结论】试验条件下,两种光周期对大草蛉滞育解除、滞育后发育和繁殖没有明显的影响,而温度是调节大草蛉滞育发育和繁殖的重要因子。较高温度能促进滞育的解除,低温处理能够同步种群的滞育发育。大草蛉的滞育存在生殖代价,滞育持续时间影响滞育解除后的部分生物学特性。     

草蛉成虫粉剂代饲料饲养初报

<正> 草蛉的成虫和幼虫都能捕食粮、棉、果、林、蔬菜等作物上的多种害虫。利用草蛉防治蚜虫,已在我国农村逐步推广和应用,深受群众欢迎。为了确保以虫治虫在时间和数量上的要求,需要研究代饲料来维持越冬草蛉的种群或进行人工繁殖。1979年冬以来我们在鄞县天童林场进行了草蛉粉剂代饲料饲养试验,现将结果报道如下。 一、材料和方法 1.虫种和来源 中华草蛉 Chrysopa sinica Tjeder 大草蛉 C.septempunctata Wesmael 牯岭草蛉 C.kulingensis Navás 试虫来源均系在鄞县天童林场育王林区马尾松林内采集的茧羽化而得的新虫,成虫产下     

母代越冬经历对中华通草蛉子代发育与繁殖的影响

【目的】为探究母代越冬经历对中华通草蛉Chrysoperla sinica子代生长发育、滞育诱导和繁殖能力的影响,【方法】采用年龄-龄期两性生命表方法研究了越冬初期(11月份)、越冬中期(1月份)和越冬末期(3月份)中华通草蛉自然越冬成虫其子代种群在25℃、光周期15L∶9D和9L∶15D条件下的生长发育及种群动态变化。【结果】长光周期(15L∶9D)下不同越冬时期对中华通草蛉子代的成虫前期并没有显著性影响,但越冬中期的子代成虫历期显著短于其他两个越冬时期;产卵前期以越冬中期子代显著高于其他两个越冬时期;单雌平均产卵量则以越冬末期显著高于越冬初期和越冬中期;内禀增长率、周限增长率和净增殖率均以越冬末期子代最高;平均世代周期以越冬中期子代最长。短光周期(9L∶15D)下中华通草蛉子代成虫历期以越冬末期最长,越冬初期次之,越冬中期最短;子代产卵前期以越冬初期最长,越冬中期次之,越冬末期最短;产卵历期以越冬末期最长;单雌平均产卵量以越冬末期最高;子代生命表参数变化趋势与长光照处理一致;子代种群存活率以越冬末期最高,越冬初期次之,越冬中期最低。【结论】相比越冬初期和越冬中期,越冬末期中华通草蛉子代种群表现出较强的增殖能力;短光周期可诱导中华通草蛉成虫滞育,产卵前期的长短可代表滞育深度,母代越冬经历对子代种群滞育诱导有一定的削减作用,母代越冬时间越长,削减作用越明显。     

退耕还林对地面蜘蛛种群的影响

为探究退耕还林对地面蜘蛛群落的影响,分别于2014和2015年3月—9月期间,采用陷阱法对北京市顺义区南彩镇退耕还林已2a和3a的林带及相邻原非作物生境林带中地面蜘蛛的活动密度进行了系统调查和分析。结果,2014年在调查区域共采集地面蜘蛛1465头,隶属8科18属32种,2015年共收集地面蜘蛛2186头,隶属10科25属45种;退耕还林以后蜘蛛类群发生改变,地面蜘蛛丰富度增加,而部分农田蜘蛛消失;2014年原非作物生境林带中地面蜘蛛的多样性指数、丰富度都极显著高于退耕还林林带(P0.01),均匀性指数不存在显著差异,2015年两个林带的多样性指数仍存在极显著差异(P0.01),丰富度存在显著差异(P0.05),均匀性指数之间不存在显著差异;退耕还林以后第3年新建林带和原非作物生境林带中地面蜘蛛的活动密度随时间的变化趋势相近。研究结果表明:顺义地区退耕还林工程实施3a以后,新建人工林仍处于生境重建阶段,未完全达到稳定状态,退耕还林以后第3年新建林带中地面蜘蛛群落的稳定性高于第2年。退耕还林通过改变原有农田生态系统的植被种类、结构、人为管理等方式,使原有农田生态系统发生了根本性的改变。持续研究退耕还林对地面蜘蛛的类群变化的影响对生境受到干扰后生物群落变化过程的认识有理论意义。     

天敌昆虫大草蛉的研究进展与展望

大草蛉Chrysopa pallens(Rambur)是重要的捕食性草蛉种类之一,可捕食蚜虫、叶螨、粉虱、蓟马、鳞翅目卵及幼虫等多种害虫。本文综合分析了国内外近几十年对大草蛉的研究成果,对其生物学、生态学特性进行了归纳,尤其梳理了大草蛉嗅觉趋性行为、滞育特性、人工饲养、田间控害能力等研究热点,并对大草蛉的田间应用前景进行了展望。     

饲养草蛉的几种饲料

1.发面饲料 做馒头的发酵面头充分发透,以粘手为度,摊开、吹干,研细过筛。配方为: 发面干粉35克; 蜂蜜20毫升(或糖10克,蜂蜜10毫升); 水80毫升。 饲养中华草蛉成虫,产卵前期为3天,每雌平均产卵672—831粒,成虫寿命最长可达2个月。饲养叶色草蛉,大草蛉效果不理想。 2.酵母片饲料 配方:酵母片(医用)……25克;糖……10克;蜂蜜……10毫升;水……100毫升。 饲养中华草蛉成虫,在27℃恒温下,产卵前期4—     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

Probing the Drosophila retinal determination gene network in Tribolium (II): The Pax6 genes eyeless and twin of eyeless

The Pax6 genes eyeless (ey) and twin of eyeless (toy) are upstream regulators in the retinal determination gene network (RDGN), which instructs the formation of the adult eye primordium in Drosophila. Most animals possess a singleton Pax6 ortholog, but the dependence of eye development on Pax6 is widely conserved. A rare exception is given by the larval eyes of Drosophila, which develop independently of ey and toy. To obtain insight into the origin of differential larval and adult eye regulation, we studied the function of toy and ey in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. We find that single and combinatorial knockdown of toy and ey affect larval eye development strongly but adult eye development only mildly in this primitive hemimetabolous species. Compound eye-loss, however, was provoked when ey and toy were RNAi-silenced in combination with the early retinal gene dachshund (dac). We propose that these data reflect a role of Pax6 during regional specification in the developing head and that the subsequent maintenance and growth of the adult eye primordium is regulated partly by redundant and partly by specific functions of toy, ey and dac in Tribolium. The results from embryonic knockdown and comparative protein sequence analysis lead us further to conclude that Tribolium represents an ancestral state of redundant control by ey and toy.     

中国黑粉菌属和利罗黑粉菌属

黑粉菌属是Roussel 1806年建立的,全世界记载有三百余种,主要寄生于禾本科,是经济作物及牧草的重要致病菌·长期以来,对黑粉菌的邢子使用过各种名称,如厚垣孢子,冬孢子及黑粉孢子等.本文采用黑粉孢子以区别锈菌的冬孢子. 芳’(1979)在《中国真菌总汇》中列出黑粉菌属五十种及一个变型.作者经过显微结构和超显微结构的研究,承认其中二十九种为正确名称,八种及一变型为异名,顶黑粉菌(Ustilago acrearus Berk.)由于错拼而被废弃.埃地黑粉菌(Ustilago emodensis Berk.)被转移至利罗粉菌属(Liroa).另有十一种黑粉菌因缺少标本留待今后订正.自1979年以后,杨信东(1983)增加黑粉菌属二种我国新纪录,K.范基和郭林(1986)描述一新种,四种新纪录.在本文中,作者描述一新种:鸢尾蒜黑粉(Ustilago ixiolirii Guo L) ,孢子堆生在蒴果内,不开裂,黑色,粉末状.黑粉孢子球形,近球形,稀椭圆形, 12.5-21×10-21μm,黑褐色,壁厚1-1.Sμm,纹饰脑状.是迄今生在石蒜科植物上唯一黑粉菌的种,其它几种黑粉菌均属条黑粉菌属.本文增加七种我国新纪录.共计四十九种,寄生于六科四十四属植物,主要是禾本科和蓼科.这仅是黑粉菌属研究的初步报告,在全国范围内大量采集黑粉菌标本后,作者相信会有更多新种和我国新纪录被发现.利罗黑粉菌属(Liroa)是从黑粉菌属(Ustaligo)分出的,此属为单种属.     

Comparative study of Bifidobacteriumanimalis, Escherichiacoli, Lactobacilluscasei and Saccharomycesboulardii probiotic properties

The present work investigates some probiotic properties of four different microorganisms (Bifidobacterium animalis var. lactis BB-12, Escherichia coli EMO, Lactobacillus casei and Saccharomyces boulardii). In vitro and in vivo tests were carried out to compare cell wall hydrophobicity, production of antagonistic substances, survival capacity in the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice without pathological consequence, and immune modulation by stimulation of Küpffer cells, intestinal sIgA and IL-10 levels. In vitro antagonism against pathogenic bacteria and yeast was only observed for the probiotic bacteria B. animalis and L. casei. The hydrophobic property of the cell wall was higher for B. animalis and E. coli EMO, and this property could be responsible for a better ability to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice. Higher levels of sIgA were observed mainly for S. boulardii, followed by E. coli EMO and B. animalis, and only S. boulardii induced a significant higher level of IL-10. In conclusion, for a probiotic use, S. boulardii presented better characteristics in terms of immunomodulation, and B. animalis and L. casei for antagonistic substance production. The knowledge of the different probiotic properties could be used to choice the better microorganism depending on the therapeutic or prophylactic application.     

Doc and copia instability in an isogenic Drosophila melanogaster stock

A high degree of heterogeneity and an overall increase in number of insertion sites of the mobile elements Doc and copia were revealed in one substock of an isogenic Drosophila melanogaster stock, while in two other substocks the distribution of copia sites was highly homogenous, but that of Doc sites was again heterogenous. We therefore concluded that copia was unstable in one of the substocks and Doc was unstable in all. Doc instability presumably arose earlier than copia instability. Doc and copia transpositions were directly observed in experiments with one substock. An abundance of copia insertions was revealed in the X chromosome where insertions with deleterious effects are exposed to selection in hemizygous condition. The locations of many other mobile elements (mdg1, mdg2, mdg3, mdg4, 297, B104, H.M.S. Beagle, I, P, BS, FB) were found to be conserved in each substock and did not differ between them, indicating that these mobile elements were stable. This homogeneity is a strong argument against any possibility of inadvertent contamination.