红树林湿地有机碳研究进展

红树林湿地是地球上生产力最高的区域之一,尽管红树林的面积相对较少,但其单位面积的固碳能力很强,是重要的\"蓝碳\"碳库,其有机碳储量及动态对于全球碳平衡有重要影响。本文对红树林湿地有机碳(包括植被生物量碳和沉积物有机碳)的碳储量及计量方法,沉积物中有机碳的组成、来源及溯源方法,以及影响红树林湿地有机碳动态的因素等方面的研究进行了综述,并对其存在的问题和今后的研究趋势进行了分析。基于红树林湿地的固碳潜力和资源快速减少的现状,准确评估红树林碳库及其动态,有助于气候变化框架条约下的滨海湿地碳计量和价值评价,可以揭示红树林生态系统与全球变化的反馈关系,为红树林生态恢复和保护提供依据。     

滨海盐沼湿地有机碳的沉积与埋藏研究进展

滨海盐沼湿地有着较高的碳沉积速率和固碳能力,在缓解全球变暖方面发挥着重要作用,而盐渍土壤是滨海盐沼湿地碳收支研究中最大的有机碳库,研究其碳沉积与埋藏对于理解滨海湿地碳收支有着重要的意义.本文从滨海盐沼湿地土壤有机碳的来源、土壤有机碳库与沉积速率、盐沼湿地有机碳的埋藏机制、全球变化与滨海盐沼湿地碳封存等几方面对滨海盐沼湿地有机碳沉积与埋藏的相关研究进行综述.今后研究应侧重:1)加强对控制滨海盐沼湿地碳储存变异的基本因素的迸一步研究;2)对测量滨海盐沼湿地沉积物碳储量和沉积碳埋藏速率的方法进行标准化;3)对潮汐影响下滨海盐沼湿地碳与邻近生态系统之间的横向交换通量进行量化;4)探明全球变暖的影响和生产力的提高是否可以抵消因呼吸增强而造成的有机碳降解速率的升高.确定固碳速率变化驱动因子,理解气候变化和人类活动对碳埋藏的影响机制,有助于提升我国滨海盐沼湿地的固碳能力.     

滨海盐沼湿地有机碳的沉积与埋藏研究进展

滨海盐沼湿地有着较高的碳沉积速率和固碳能力,在缓解全球变暖方面发挥着重要作用,而盐渍土壤是滨海盐沼湿地碳收支研究中最大的有机碳库,研究其碳沉积与埋藏对于理解滨海湿地碳收支有着重要的意义.本文从滨海盐沼湿地土壤有机碳的来源、土壤有机碳库与沉积速率、盐沼湿地有机碳的埋藏机制、全球变化与滨海盐沼湿地碳封存等几方面对滨海盐沼湿地有机碳沉积与埋藏的相关研究进行综述.今后研究应侧重:1)加强对控制滨海盐沼湿地碳储存变异的基本因素的进一步研究;2)对测量滨海盐沼湿地沉积物碳储量和沉积碳埋藏速率的方法进行标准化;3)对潮汐影响下滨海盐沼湿地碳与邻近生态系统之间的横向交换通量进行量化;4)探明全球变暖的影响和生产力的提高是否可以抵消因呼吸增强而造成的有机碳降解速率的升高.确定固碳速率变化驱动因子,理解气候变化和人类活动对碳埋藏的影响机制,有助于提升我国滨海盐沼湿地的固碳能力.     

黄河口湿地有机碳来源及其对碳埋藏提升策略的启示

滨海湿地是地球上具有多种独特功能的生态系统,是地球上重要的碳库之一,其在全球碳循环中的作用在近年来越来越受到人们的重视。总结了用C/N、稳定碳同位素和生物标志物等方法追踪黄河口湿地有机碳来源的研究成果,并据此探讨了黄河口湿地的固碳提升策略。黄河口湿地是我国典型的滨海湿地,碳来源复杂,但各种示踪方法均表明有机碳的来源中陆源输入较海源输入优势明显,而且陆源输入以地表径流和植被为主,但海源输入从内陆向近海逐渐增强,碳的来源有明显的时空变化并且受到人类活动的强烈干扰。从有机质来源看,提升黄河口湿地的碳埋藏能力应该从合理调配河流淡水资源、保护植被、加快植物群落演替等方面入手。目前有机碳来源的研究还存在覆盖区域有限、碳源区分粗略、影响因子研究较少等问题,缺乏系统性,多限于观测,对机制的理解十分薄弱,因此难以对碳埋藏能力的提升提供定量化的指导。今后的研究要从以下几个方面加强:1)不同区域和不同环境条件之间的比较研究;2)探寻更具特异性的生物指标、优化数据模型,使来源区分更细致;3)不同来源有机质在沉积物中埋藏效率的对比研究;4)构建湿地碳埋藏能力评估体系,综合考虑各方面因素研发和集成能够最大限度提高滨海湿地碳埋藏能力的技术。     

汕头红树林湿地沉积物多环芳烃垂直分布特征

采集了汕头国际湿地核心区红树林表层沉积物上层(0～10 cm)和下层(10～20cm)样品,用超声溶剂萃取和GC-MS法分析了沉积物中的多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)、有机碳、黑碳和粒径的组成.结果显示,沉积物上、下层均以4环PAHs的含量最高,不同环数PAHs表现为中环数含量较高,低环和高环含量较低;上层∑PAHs含量明显大于下层,同时沉积物上层∑PAHs含量、有机碳和黑碳及粘粒、粉砂的质量分数均高于下层;pH没有变化.相关性分析显示,沉积物上、下层中的有机碳与∑PAHs含量无相关关系,黑碳、PAHs含量和粉砂表现为两两显著相关,表明沉积物中粉砂是影响PAHs在沉积物中行为和归宿的重要因素,而黑碳是形成分层效应的根本影响因素.     

清澜港红树林湿地典型群落类型沉积物活性有机碳组分分布特征

滩涂海岸红树林生态系统通常具有较高的土壤养分,尤其是沉积物有机碳含量。海南岛红树林种类丰富且生长较好,通过对红树林沉积物有机碳组分的基础研究有利于提高对红树林湿地固碳能力的评估精度,加深对海洋蓝碳的认识。以清澜港红树林5种典型群落类型为对象,比较分析表层土壤(0—10 cm)总有机碳(TOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、易氧化有机碳(EOC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量差异及其与土壤因子之间的相关性。结果表明：(1)不同群落类型间,土壤TOC、MBC、DOC和EOC含量均值分别为66.76 g/kg、177.08 mg/kg、25.49 mg/kg和2.34 g/kg。对比发现,土壤TOC在角果木群落中含量最高,但各群落间无显著差异;土壤MBC在不同群落间存在显著差异,其中角果木群落和杯萼海桑群落显著高于榄李群落;土壤DOC在不同群落间存在显著差异,其中海莲群落和角果木群落显著高于其余群落;土壤EOC在不同群落间存在显著差异,其中角果木群落显著高于海莲群落和正红树群落。(2)活性有机碳各个组分占总有机碳的比例均值大小依次为EOC>MBC>DOC。土壤EOC、MBC、DOC的...     

湛江高桥红树林表层沉积物的粒度空间分布特征

红树林湿地是滨海湿地的一个重要类型,也是重要的沉积库.沉积物是红树林定居与生长的基质,记载着红树林湿地的环境历史,可用于物源分析和沉积过程反演,对于红树林湿地的生态恢复和保护具有重要意义.2011年7月,以湛江国家级红树林自然保护区高桥片区红树林湿地为研究区,沿着水动力梯度进行取样,并基于沉积物粒度分析其表层沉积特征,通过地统计学方法生成预测表面,并结合有机质含量和群落结构进行相关性分析.结果表明:研究区沉积物是以粘、粉粒为主的混合沉积类型,砂粒、粘粒和粉粒平均含量分别为(27.8±15.4)%、(40.3±15.4)%和(32.1±11.4)%;表层沉积特征呈现明显的空间梯度,随着与陆地距离增加,从高潮位到低潮位方向上,沉积物砂粒含量增加,粘粒含量降低.表层沉积的有机质与粉粒含量呈正相关,而与砂粒呈负相关,且在水动力条件弱的高潮位区域,有机质含量高.表层沉积特征在不同群落生境间存在差异,沉积特征与不同红树林群落结构存在一定程度的相关性,反映了水动力条件与红树林之间的复杂关系.     

湛江高桥红树林湿地底栖动物粒径谱

在我国,红树林湿地底栖动物粒径谱研究很少。根据2010年1月、4月、7月、10月在湛江高桥红树林湿地获得的大型和小型底栖动物数据,构建了底栖动物生物量粒径谱,以期为湛江高桥红树林湿地的生态保护和持续利用提供科学依据。主要研究结果如下:(1)高桥红树林湿地生物量粒径谱基本为3峰模式。第一峰在-2粒级,主要由线虫构成;第二峰在4—12粒级,主要由寡毛类、多毛类和小个体甲壳类构成;第三峰在13—22粒级,主要由大个体腹足类、双壳类和甲壳类构成。(2)木榄、桐花树和无瓣海桑生境在0—4粒级之间出现一个明显的波谷,这个波谷介于线虫和寡毛类之间,是大型与小型底栖动物粒级交汇区。(3)高桥红树林湿地底栖动物正态化生物量粒径谱的斜率大于-1,截距为16.533—18.150。桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)和无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)生境的截距、最小粒级的生物量(BMS)高于木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)和盐地鼠尾粟(Sporobolus virginicus)生境,说明桐花树和无瓣海桑生境的底栖动物生产力水平较木榄和盐地鼠尾粟生境的高;秋季的截距、BMS较其他季节高,说明秋季的底栖动物生产力水平较其他季节高。     

重庆丘陵山区池塘沉积物有机碳埋藏速率及其影响因素

池塘等小型水体在全球碳循环中发挥着重要作用,是碳排放的热区,但是对池塘碳埋藏速率认识相对匮乏,限制了全面认识池塘在流域碳传输中的功能。为探究池塘沉积物有机碳埋藏速率及其影响因素,选取重庆市北碚区柳荫镇的11个池塘为研究对象,于2022年7月对池塘沉积物进行采样,分析了池塘沉积物基本理化性质,估算出池塘沉积物有机碳埋藏量和埋藏速率,并分析了池塘因素和流域因素对池塘沉积物有机碳埋藏速率的影响。结果显示：(1)沉积物总有机碳(TOC, Total Organic Carbon)含量在1.03%—3.51%之间变化,总体呈现随深度增加而逐渐降低的趋势;(2)有机碳埋藏速率均值为194.60 g m^-2 a^-1,范围区间为142.76—293.32 g m^-2 a^-1,略高于其他池塘的类似研究结果;(3)沉积物TOC含量与总氮(TN, Total Nitrogen)含量呈显著正相关(P<0.01),与流域中林地面积占比呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与旱地面积占比呈显著负相关(P<0.05),...     

互花米草入侵对漳江口红树林湿地土壤有机碳官能团特征的影响

红树林对全球气候变化敏感, 近年来不少区域又受互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)入侵的影响, 土壤碳库组成发生显著变化, 然而鲜有从有机碳官能团特征角度出发的关于两群落的研究。为了解在红树林群落与互花米草群落下土壤碳库及其有机碳官能团的特征差异, 在福建省云霄县漳江口红树林自然保护区湿地内由内陆到海岸方向选取3条样带, 每条样带依次选取3个样地: 红树林群落(MC)、秋茄(Kandelia obovata)-互花米草过渡带(TC)和互花米草群落(SC), 每个样地选取3个呈品字形分布的采样点, 分5层采集0-100 cm土壤样品, 分析土壤中的总有机碳(TOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)以及可溶性有机碳(DOC)特征, 并利用核磁共振波谱法测定表层0-15 cm与深层75-100 cm土壤总有机碳官能团特征, 以空间换时间法研究入侵前后土壤碳库变化特征。结果表明: (1)从MC群落到SC群落, 土壤有机碳库显著减小, 各样地总有机碳与颗粒有机碳含量表现为MC > TC > SC, 并随着土层深度增加而减少, DOC含量没有表现出明显的变化趋势。(2)各植被类型土壤有机碳以烷基碳与烷氧碳为主, 其次是芳香碳与羰基碳, N-烷氧碳与酚基碳含量最少, 其中表层0-15 cm土壤从红树林群落到互花米草群落, 烷基碳与烷氧碳含量呈现增加趋势但不显著, 芳香碳与酚基碳含量显著减少, 其余有机碳组分含量无显著差异。在深层75-100 cm随着植被类型的改变, 土壤有机碳组成结构均无显著差异。(3)在0-15 cm土层, 烷基碳/烷氧碳含量表现为: SC > MC > TC; 芳香度表现为SC最小, MC与TC无显著差异; 疏水碳/亲水碳无显著差异; 脂族碳/芳香碳表现为SC显著大于其他两种植被类型, MC与TC无显著差异。在75-100 cm土层, 各比值无显著差异。综上所述, 红树林群落碳储量显著高于互花米草群落, 受植被的影响, 互花米草群落表层土壤有机碳分解程度显著高于红树林群落, 而红树林群落的土壤有机碳分子结构要比互花米草群落更复杂, 以维持其土壤有机碳的稳定性。因此, 互花米草入侵红树林后可能会加快有机碳的分解, 最终稳定在相对简单的分子结构, 降低土壤碳储量。     

Material transfer from water to sediment in Florida lakes

We describe statistical relationships between chemical aspects of surficial sediments from 34 Florida lakes, and trophic state of the overlying waters. Trophic state is expressed by Carlson's TSI-Chl a. The objectives of the study are two-fold: 1) to understand processes that govern the transfer of material across the mudwater interface, and 2) to develop transfer functions for inferring historical TSI measures in chemically analyzed, ²¹⁰Pb-dated cores. Simple regression of organic matter content or nutrient (C, N, P) concentration in surface sediments vs. TSI yields nonsignificant or weak positive correlations. However, using a novel application of ²¹⁰Pb assay, net accumulation rates of the materials are estimated and show a better correlation with trophic state. Cation (Ca, Mg, Fe, K) and sulfur concentrations in surface muds are poorly related to corresponding TSI's. Net accumulation rates of these elements (Ca, Mg, Fe, K, S) are positively correlated (P < 0.01) with TSI-Chl a. Chemical data from the Florida surficial sediment survey suggest that inferred levels of past trophic state should be based on net accumulation rates of chemical constituents rather than their simple sediment concentrations.     

Sediment supply and accumulation in a small Moroccan lake: an historical perspective

Dayat-er-Roumi is a small lake (73 ha) located in the sub-humid region of NE Morocco. Lake sediment and catchment soils are examined to identify areas of sediment supply to the lake. Magnetic measurements and clay mineralogy are used to show that recent lake sediment is derived predominantly from eroded topsoil. ²¹⁰Pb dating of one sediment core provided a chronology for the calculation of sediment accumulation rates. The rate of sediment accumulation increased slowly throughout the earlier part of the 20th century and then rapidly in the mid-1970's. These increases are attributed to human disturbances in the catchment, initially by olive planting and then by drainage of a wetland area.     

Changing suspended sediment and particulate phosphorus loads and pathways in underdrained lowland agricultural catchments; Herefordshire and Worcestershire,U.K.

Data obtained from a small (150 ha) experimental catchment, Hereford U.K., have shown that land drains contributed >50% of the total catchment suspended sediment (SS) yield over a two year period. In one of the monitored drains, annual sediment yields were 964 and 978 kg ha^–1. Particulate phosphorus (PP) contributed >60% of total phosphorus lost through the drains and at least 73% of the total drain load came from topsoil. A major question that was not answered by the monitoring programme was whether SS and PP loads had increased since the drains had been installed between the 1960s and 1980s. To address this problem, a sediment yield record was reconstructed from the Kyre Pool catchment in Worcestershire that has a similar drainage history and soil types. Reservoir sediments were dated using the ²¹⁰Pb crs method and results suggest a fourfold increase in SS yield (300–1170 kg ha^–1 yr^–1) and PP loads (0.19–0.79 kg ha^–1 yr^–1) since the 1960s. The most recent SS and PP loads are comparable to those obtained from catchment monitoring. The high lake sediment ¹³⁷Cs inventory suggests a significant influx of eroded topsoil and ¹³⁷Cs activities in the most recent lake sediments are comparable to those of monitored land drains, supporting the hypothesis that land drainage has had a major impact on SS and PP yields and pathways.     

Accuracies in Po-210 determination for lead-210 dating

Various laboratory techniques have been utilized worldwide for measuring lead-210 in sub-recent deposits through its grand-daughter product polonium-210. Isotope dilution alpha spectrometry proved a suitable tool for absolute determination of lead-210 for the dating of aquatic deposits. Moreover, isotope dilution alpha spectrometry along with speciation experiments can be used to resolve depositional anomalies arising from supported lead-210/Ra-226 disequilibrium levels and unsupported lead-210 mobile fractions. Isotope dilution alpha spectrometry of sub-recent sediment and peat deposits has been critically evaluated for more than ten years. Our results show that type, size and composition of deposits analyzed as well as radiochemical procedures used, together with alpha counting techniques, are important factors influencing lead-210 determinations and tailing corrections using its granddaughter product polonium-210. Optimization of these parameters is of prime importance to achieve economic and accurate analyses, especially at low lead-210 concentrations and small sample sizes.     

Radiometrically determined dates and sedimentation rates for recent sediments in nine North African wetland lakes (the CASSARINA Project)

Sediment cores were collected from nine wetland lakes in Morocco, Tunisia and Egypt for the CASSARINA project investigating environmental change in Northern African wetlands. The cores were dated radiometrically by using natural (²¹⁰Pb) and artificial (¹³⁷Cs and ²⁴¹Am) radionuclides. At sites in Morocco and Tunisia with mean annual rainfall totals ranging from 500–1000 mm yr^–1, fallout records were generally satisfactory and it was possible to develop independent sediment chronologies based on the radiometric data alone. At the Egyptian sites, rainfall was less than 200 mm yr^–1 and fallout records were much less distinct. At these sites the radiometric data could only be used to give an indication of mean sedimentation rates during the past 30–40 years. By using a combination of fallout radionuclide, pollen, and macrofossil stratigraphic records it was however possible to determine a credible sediment chronology spanning the major part of the 20th century. Applying this chronology to records of spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCP) from the same sediment cores, the onset of significant levels of atmospheric pollution in the Nile Delta is dated in all three cores to the mid 1950s. Results from a number of lakes (Sidi Bou Rhaba, Ichkeul and Korba) revealed high and accelerating siltation rates, threatening their continued existence beyond the next few decades. In contrast, sedimentation rates at all three Nile Delta sites appear to have declined in recent decades, most probably due to the impact of the Nile barrages.     

Belowground carbon storage of Micronesian mangrove forests

Belowground carbon storage was examined for mangrove forests on Pohnpei Island, Micronesia. Stored carbon in a coral reef-type mangrove habitat consisting of a 2 m thick mangrove peat layer, which is a type of mangrove habitat in tropical Pacific islands, was estimated at 1300 t C ha^–1. The carbon burial rate during the phase of gradual sea-level rise, which was calculated at 93 g m^–2 year^–1 between 1800 and 1380 years bp using the medians of the radiocarbon ages, was significantly higher than that between 1380 years bp and present in a stable sea-level phase.     

The sediment column as a record of trophic status: examples from Bosherston Lakes,SW Wales

Bosherston Lakes are a series of interconnected, mesotrophic to hypereutrophic, artificially-created coastal marl lakes in Dyfed, South West Wales. Progressive eutrophication of the lake system has been produced by a high external phosphorus loading which includes phosphorus-rich effluent from a sewage treatment works (STW) in the catchment of the Lakes.Cores were taken from four sites of varying eutrophic status within the Lakes. In the surface sediment layer, organic C, N and P concentrations generally correlate directly with trophic status and reflect distance from the source of P input. At one site, sediment stratigraphy records a clear transition at 20–15 cm depth, marked by a sharp upward increase in porosity, organic C, N, and P, and iron-associated-P; decreases in organic matter C/N, C/P and N/P ratios; a sharp decrease in carbonate, and a change in the subfossil diatom assemblage. Lead-210 dating indicates that this change occurred in the period 1919 to 1938.The diatom stratigraphy and sediment geochemistry suggest that this transition reflects an increase in trophic status at this site, probably as a result of the influx of nutrient-rich water. This took place when the management of the Stackpole estate surrounding the lake system, fell into decline during the period 1919–1938.     

The inventories of anthropogenic Ph,Zn, As,Cd, and the radionuclides 137Cs and excess 210Pb in lake sediments of the Adirondack region,USA

We determined the inventories of four anthropogenic trace elements, Pb, Zn, As, and Cd, and two radionuclides, ¹³⁷Cs and excess ²¹⁰Pb, in sediment cores collected from eight remote lakes in the Adirondack region of the northeastern United States. The inventories of all six substances vary considerably among the sediment cores, although the lakes and their associated catchments must have received similar cumulative per unit area atmospheric inputs of these substances. These variations are highly correlated, indicating that the trace elements and radionuclides are affected in a coherent way by the processes controlling their deposition to the sediments of these lakes. Assuming that the anthropogenic trace element inventories in each sediment core are enhanced or depleted relative to cumulative atmospheric deposition to the extent indicated by the sediment core inventories of either ¹³⁷Cs or excess ²¹⁰Pb, we produced estimates of the cumulative atmospheric inputs of the four anthropogenic trace elements to this region. Comparison of the excess ²¹⁰Pb normalized anthropogenic Pb, Zn, Cd inventories of the Adirondack sediment cores with excess ²¹⁰Pb normalized inventories of the same substances in a group of South Central Ontario lakes suggests that the Adirondack region has received greater cumulative anthropogenic inputs of Pb, Zn and Cd by a factor of 1.6, 4.5, and 2.9, respectively.     

Biokinetics of lead in various organs of rats using radiotracer technique

Uptake, distribution, and elimination of lead in various organs of rats have been studied using a radiotracer technique. The elimination data for various organs, except whole blood, is fitted to a double-exponential function using a computer program. The biological half-lives along with the percent elimination of lead by two different decay modes in testis, epididymis, prostate, and seminal vesicles are being reported together with that in liver, kidney, blood, and whole body. It is evident from this study that the elimination of lead is limited for all the organs and permits lead accumulation in the bone, where it is stored and becomes almost unavailable for elimination. Lead levels in blood, testis, and femur of lead acetate-fed rats measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy have been correlated to the uptake of²¹⁰Pb in various organs.