蒲河流域河流生境质量综合评价及其与水质响应关系

河流生境是河流生物赖以生存的环境,是维持河流生态完整性、维护河流健康的重要因素。本文结合蒲河流域环境特点,运用层次分析法建立了蒲河流域河流生境质量评价体系,对流域内25个河段的生境质量状况进行了综合评价,并进一步分析了河流生境综合评价指数与河流水质的相关关系。结果表明:(1)蒲河流域25个河段的生境质量状况差异显著,其中1个河段的生境质量等级为好,5个河段为较好等级,16个河段为一般等级,3个河段为较差等级。(2)生境综合评价指数与TP、NH4+-N、CODCr呈负相关,生境质量评价体系中其他指标也与水质指标具有相关性,表明生境质量是影响水质的重要因素。     

蒲河水质空间异质性特征及其对流域土地利用方式的响应

河流水质空间变化特征是流域生态系统健康评价的关键指标,是地形、地貌、气候、水文等自然环境因素及综合反映人类活动强度的土地利用方式对流域生态环境的复合作用,研究河流水质空间异质性特征及其对流域土地利用方式的响应关系对流域生态管理具有十分重要的指导意义,然而水质空间异质性特征及其对土地利用方式的响应机制研究仍不清楚。本文以辽河流域支流蒲河子流域为研究对象,利用GIS技术和地统计学方法,分析蒲河流域水质指标TN、TP、NH4+-N、CODcr、pH、DO和TDS空间变异特征,探讨流域不同土地利用方式对水质空间变化的影响。结果表明:蒲河流域水质指标NH4+-N、DO和TDS受结构性因素影响显著,表现出较强空间变异性;TP、CODcr和pH的空间异质性较弱,主要由随机性因素引起;TN受到结构性因素和随机性因素共同作用,表现出较弱空间变异特征;TN和NH4+-N含量与林地所占比例呈显著负相关,与耕地和建设用地所占比例呈显著正相关;pH和DO与水域面积和未利用地所占比例呈负相关;表明蒲河流域TN和NH4+-N空间异质性的主导因素为林地、耕地和建设用地等土地利用类型,pH和DO空间异质性的主导因素为水域和未利用地土地利用类型,该研究可为流域水环境管理提供数据支持。     

土地利用方式和社会经济对大伙房水库上游河流水质空间异质性的影响

根据2012年8—9月大伙房水库上游河流水体采样数据,利用GIS技术和地统计学方法,分析了水质指标TN、TP、NH_4~+-N、COD_(cr)、BOD_5、p H、DO和硅酸盐的空间变异特征,并运用冗余分析的方法识别不同土地利用方式和社会经济状况对河流水质的影响。研究结果表明,大伙房上游河流水质指标在空间分布上存在较大差异,浑河(清原段)水质状况优于社河和苏子河,靠近库区及库区周边小支流水质状况变差。TN、TP、NH_4~+-N、BOD_5和DO的结构比大于75%,说明其空间变化主要由随机性因素引起的,硅酸盐结构比较小,说明其受结构性因素影响显著。土地利用和社会经济的影响在大伙房上游水质空间分布占有重要份额,其中土地利用能解释流域水质变异的16.2%,具体表现为TN和NH_4~+-N含量与草地所占比例呈显著负相关,与耕地所占比例呈显著正相关。TP、COD_(cr)、BOD_5、p H和硅酸盐含量与林地所占比例呈显著负相关,与水域面积、建设用地和未利用地所占比例呈显著正相关。社会经济能解释大伙房上游水质变异的12.1%,主要表现为水体TN、TP含量与人均GDP呈正相关,COD_(cr)和BOD_5含量与工业比重呈正相关。因此,合理配置土地类型、调控工业、农业和服务业等产业结构将在流域水生态管理中起到重要作用。     

不同地貌条件下景观对河流水质的影响差异

景观对河流水质的影响在不同地区、不同空间尺度上存在差异。以赤水河流域为研究对象,根据地貌特征将研究区分为喀斯特地貌和非喀斯特地貌,在划分的29个子流域内采集测试水质数据,所选用的水质指标有溶解氧(DO)、电导率(EC)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP),运用空间分析及数理统计方法,分析流域内不同地貌区景观之间的差异,探究不同空间尺度上景观与水质指标之间的关系。结果表明:(1)流域内景观组成以林地和灌草为主,建设用地和耕地次之,景观组成在不同地貌区各空间尺度上存在差异。建设用地和耕地对水质具有负面影响,且在碳酸盐岩地区更显著;林地对水质具有正面影响;灌草对水质的影响相对复杂。(2)流域内水质表现为碳酸盐岩地区优于碎屑岩地区。景观破碎化指数与总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)呈正相关,是水质变化的重要影响因素;景观聚集度指数与溶解氧(DO)呈正相关;景观破碎化指数和景观聚集度指数与电导率(EC)的关系在两个地区呈相反的结果。(3)不同地貌区景观对河流水质具有不同程度的影响。在两个地区,景观组成对河流水质解释能力最大空间尺度均为河岸带尺度,解释率分别为53.4%和59.1%;景观格局对河流水质解释能力最大的空间尺度在碳酸盐岩地区为河岸带尺度,解释率为62.9%,在碎屑岩地区为圆形缓冲区尺度,解释率为82.4%。因此,在不同地貌区应采取不同的景观优化措施以减少对流域水质的污染。     

广东省水质现状及驱动因素

水质现状评估及其驱动因素分析是实现水生态保护、水资源利用和水污染治理的关键,对于水生态系统的可持续发展具有重要意义。以广东省七大流域为研究区,基于2019-2020年间的溶解氧（DO）、透明度（SDD）、悬浮物（SPM）、叶绿素a （Chla）、氨氮（NH₃N）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）7个指标的水质监测数据,综合运用单因子指数法（SI）和综合水质指数（WQI）评价方法,分丰水期（N=66）和枯水期（N=54）评估研究区的水质现状,并探讨水质参数与地形、气象、社会经济和土地覆被类型等驱动因素之间的相关关系。SI评估结果显示广东七大流域主要以工业污水、农业面源等造成的Chla和TN浓度超标、部分水体富营养化严重为主,同时伴有溶解氧浓度偏低的问题;WQI评估结果显示研究区有57%以上的采样点属于中等以下水质。Chla、SPM、NH₃N和TP浓度具有显著的季节和驱动因素差异：丰水期的Chla和TP浓度低于枯水期,但SPM和NH₃N浓度高于枯水期。枯水期DO、TN和WQI的显著性影响因子为丰水期的1/3左右;这种季节差异可能是流域内降雨、营养盐负荷和土地覆被类型导致的复杂地表径流及面源污染所致。珠江三角洲河网区、粤西诸河、韩江下游以及粤东诸河练江流域的水质问题突出。未来水生态系统的可持续发展研究可以借助长时间序列、多频次、高分辨率的遥感监测手段和多种数值模拟方法以及常规水质评估模型,探讨气候变化、河岸带产业结构和流域土地利用方式对面源污染的影响,以进一步厘清降雨强度、三产结构和土地利用方式转变对区域水质变化的影响。     

洋河水质现状及其成因分析

为探究洋河水质现状,利用2017年11月至12月水质实测数据,分析了洋河10项水质指标的异质性及其成因。结果表明:(1)单因子指数评价结果:洋河总体水质较差,不同地段差异明显。基于各断面水质现状与评价结果来看,总体达标率为25%,下游污染较严重达标率为0%,主要超标因子为COD、TP、DO、NH_4~+-N和浊度。(2)分析上下游水质变化特征,发现上游水体中浊度变异系数最大,其次是TP和BOD_5;下游水体中TP变异系数最大,其次是BOD_5,表明水质呈现一定变异性。(3)基于遥感影像,提取河岸两侧一定范围内的土地利用类型并与水质要素进行相关性分析,洋河上游主要以面污染源为主,下游主要以点源污染为主。耕地、城镇、建设用地、水面和草地对水质的影响较显著。(4)统计分析流域区县社会经济结构并建立与水质要素间相关关系,结果显示洋河流域水生生态系统较脆弱,下游受工业企业的污染贡献较大。人口、农产品、水产品产量和综合能源消耗量对水质影响显著。     

太湖流域河流水质状况对景观背景的响应

为探索流域水质对景观背景的响应,以太湖流域为研究对象,在0.5—24 km共9个尺度上运用冗余分析研究了土地利用、河网密度、降水量、地形等景观背景因子与河流水化学指标的关系。结果表明:2006—2010年太湖流域河流水质状况总体较差,但整体有逐渐改善的趋势,超标水质指标主要包括总磷(TP)、氨氮(AN)、生化需氧量(BOD)、化学需氧量(COD)和溶解氧(DO),上游地区主要表现为林区和平原水网区的差异,下游地区主要表现为河段上下游间的差异。河流水质受到多种景观背景因子的综合影响,并表现出尺度依赖性和区位差异性。AN、TP、DO在流域上游与聚落用地正相关,在下游则与耕地、河网密度正相关。COD、BOD在流域上游主要与自然湿地负相关,与人工湿地正相关,在下游则与坡度负相关,与河网密度正相关。总方差贡献率在上下游表现出一致的尺度依赖特征,均在较小(0.5—1 km)和较大(16 km)两个尺度上具有较高的解释能力。自然湿地和坡度,河网密度和耕地分别为上游、下游地区在较小和较大尺度上解释能力最高的景观因子。     

长江流域景观格局与生态系统水质净化服务的关系

流域景观格局通过影响生态过程,改变进入河流污染物的数量,进而对水质净化服务产生重要影响,探讨流域景观格局对水质净化服务的影响对于流域景观规划、生态系统保护和生态系统服务提升具有重要意义。以长江流域为研究区域,在分析45个子流域景观格局特征、应用In VEST模型评估流域水质净化服务基础上,探讨了两者的关系,结果表明:①景观组成上,长江流域农田和城镇面积比例分别与生态系统水质净化服务存在显著对数关系(P0.01),森林面积比例则与之呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01);②流域景观配置上,斑块密度和景观破碎度与水质净化服务呈显著负相关(P0.01),而平均斑块面积和形状规律相反(P0.01);③斑块类型水平上,森林平均斑块面积、灌丛/湿地平均斑块形状与生态系统水质净化服务呈显著正相关(P0.01),而农田平均斑块面积/边缘密度、城镇斑块密度则与之呈显著负相关(P0.01);④森林主导景观的子流域,仅有景观破碎度与生态系统水质净化服务呈显著负相关,而农田主导景观的子流域,景观蔓延度、香农多样性与其分别呈正相关(P0.01)。研究结果可以为长江流域生态系统水质净化服务的提升提供多途径的管理信息:流域景观尺度上,增加森林面积比例、控制农田与城镇面积比例,并减少景观破碎度而增加平均斑块形状复杂性;斑块类型水平上,可增加灌丛/湿地斑块形状复杂性,减小农田边缘密度和城镇斑块密度;森林主导景观的子流域应降低景观破碎度,以农田主导景观的子流域则应该增加斑块类型丰富度和团聚程度。研究也可为其他流域水质净化服务管理提供参考。     

厦门后溪水质与流域景观特征沿城乡梯度的变化分析

基于河流水质观测数据和Landsat 8影像数据,分析厦门后溪2013至2017年干季和湿季的水质时空变化特征,研究沿城乡梯度河流水质变化与流域景观特征的关系。结果表明:后溪上游(饮用水水源地水体)和下游(景观水体)溶解氧(DO)分别符合《地表水环境质量标准(GB3838—2002)》Ⅱ类标准和Ⅴ类标准,但是总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)有不同程度的超标,其中TN的超标比例较高。后溪上游土地利用类型中70%以上为林地,具有涵养水源、保护水质的作用;下游建设用地和耕地比重增加,TN、TP和叶绿素a (Chl a)显著高于上游。耕地和建设用地是提高TN、TP和Chl a等水质参数的主要土地利用类型,斑块密度、香农多样性指数和源汇景观指数与各水质指标也显著相关。冗余分析表明,流域景观特征可解释70%以上水质变化,对TN和TP的影响在湿季更大,而对Chl a的影响在干季较大。土地利用组成、配置、距离、高程和坡度对流域水质均有较大影响,其中土地利用组成对Chl a的影响较大,而景观指数则对TN和TP的影响较大。因此,在流域尺度加强土地利用的规划与综合管理,通过减少和控制地表径流面源污染的途径在一定程度上可降低人类活动对水质的不良影响。     

赣江流域土地利用方式对河流水质的影响

赣江是鄱阳湖的最大支流,是鄱阳湖水污染物的主要来源,查明流域土地利用方式对赣江水质的影响和鄱阳湖的水环境保护具有重要意义。基于2012年对赣江7个主要支流NH+4-N、TP、CODMn和DO浓度的每月测定结果,通过不同空间尺度和土地类型等级划分,利用相关分析和冗余分析研究土地利用方式对赣江流域河流水质的影响。研究结果表明,子流域的土地利用方式对TP的影响大于缓冲区;对CODMn的影响在丰水期大于缓冲区,在枯水期小于缓冲区;对NH+4-N的影响在丰水期与缓冲区接近,在枯水期小于缓冲区;DO受土地利用方式的影响较小。水田中的丘陵水田是赣江水体TP和丰水期CODMn的主要来源;平原水田是枯水期CODMn的主要来源。居民建设用地中的城镇用地是赣江水体TP、NH+4-N和丰水期CODMn的主要来源,农村用地是CODMn的主要来源。水域中的水库坑塘是赣江水体TP和丰水期NH+4-N、CODMn的主要来源。     

The efficient role of aquatic plant (water hyacinth) in treating domestic wastewater in continuous system

In this study, water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) was used to treat domestic wastewater. Ten organic and inorganic parameters were monitored in three weeks for water purification. The six chemical, biological and physical parameters included Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH₃-N), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), and pH were compared with the Interim National Water Quality Standards, Malaysia River classification (INWQS) and Water Quality Index (WQI). Between 38% to 96% of reduction was observed and water quality has been improved from class III and IV to class II. Analyses for Electricity Conductivity (EC), Salinity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Ammonium (NH₄) were also investigated. In all parameters, removal efficiency was in range of 13–17th day (optimum 14th day) which was higher than 3 weeks except DO. It reveals the optimum growth rate of water hyacinth has great effect on waste water purification efficiency in continuous system and nutrient removal was successfully achieved.     

七项河流附着硅藻指数在东江的适用性评估

综合运用因子分析、聚类分析、箱型图分析等统计方法评估了河流附着硅藻生物指数(Biological Diatom Index,IBD)、硅藻营养化指数(Trophic Diatom Index,TDI)、斯雷德切克指数(Sládecˇek’s Index,SLA)、特定污染敏感指数(Specific Polluosensitivity Index,IPS)、硅藻属指数(Generic Diatom Index,IDG)、戴斯指数(Descy Index,DESCY)和欧盟硅藻指数(European Economic Community Index,CEE)在东江流域河流水质评价中的适用性。结果显示:SLA与IPS,CEE显著相关(P<0.05),CEE与TDI不相关,其余指标间均极显著相关(P<0.01)。SLA与13项水质理化指标均无相关性,TDI与含氯度(Cl)显著负相关,CEE与溶解氧(DO)、电导率(Cond.)、总氮(TN)显著正相关(P<0.05),其余指标与氨氮(NH4-N)、pH不存在线性相关,与五日生化需氧量(BOD5)、高锰酸盐指数(CODKMnO4)、亚硝氮(NO2-N)、硝氮(NO3-N),总磷(TP)具极显著相关性(P<0.01)。13项水质理化指标中主成分负荷贡献大于50%的八项理化参数DO、BOD5、CODKMnO4、TN、NO3-N、NO2-N、TP和SiO2将试验区水质分为四组。IPS、IBD、IDG和CEE与水质物化分类一致性较好。IPS、IBD、IDG和CEE的逐步判别分析(引入P=0.20,剔除P=0.25)显示IPS和CEE都只选出了NO2-N,分类判别的正确率分别为55.6%和48.1%;IBD引入了NO2-N,CODKMnO4和DO 3个解释变量,判别正确率74.1%;IDG引入BOD5和NO3-N两个变量,分组正确率63.0%。硅藻群落聚类显示,IBD和IDG在水质物化分类的箱型图中呈现出明显合理的趋势。以上研究表明IBD和IDG硅藻指数最适合用于东江河流水质生物监测与评价。     

Effects of Land Use,Topography and Socio-Economic Factors on River Water Quality in a Mountainous Watershed with Intensive Agricultural Production in East China

Understanding the primary effects of anthropogenic activities and natural factors on river water quality is important in the study and efficient management of water resources. In this study, analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Principal component analysis (PCA), Pearson correlations, Multiple regression analysis (MRA) and Redundancy analysis (RDA) were applied as an integrated approach in a GIS environment to explore the temporal and spatial variations in river water quality and to estimate the influence of watershed land use, topography and socio-economic factors on river water quality based on 3 years of water quality monitoring data for the Cao-E River system. The statistical analysis revealed that TN, pH and temperature were generally higher in the rainy season, whereas BOD₅, DO and turbidity were higher in the dry season. Spatial variations in river water quality were related to numerous anthropogenic and natural factors. Urban land use was found to be the most important explanatory variable for BOD₅, COD_Mn, TN, DN, NH₄ ⁺-N, NO₃ ⁻-N, DO, pH and TP. The animal husbandry output per capita was an important predictor of TP and turbidity, and the gross domestic product per capita largely determined spatial variations in EC. The remaining unexplained variance was related to other factors, such as topography. Our results suggested that pollution control of animal waste discharge in rural settlements, agricultural runoff in cropland, industrial production pollution and domestic pollution in urban and industrial areas were important within the Cao-E River basin. Moreover, the percentage of the total overall river water quality variance explained by an individual variable and/or all environmental variables (according to RDA) can assist in quantitatively identifying the primary factors that control pollution at the watershed scale.     

Influence of anthropogenic activities on water quality of a tropical stream ecosystem

Water samples were collected from three sites located in the middle reach of the Njoro River, Kenya, and analysed for total phosphorus (TP), orthophosphate, ammonia‐nitrogen, and nitrate‐nitrogen to evaluate stressor sources (e.g. factories and wastewater ponds) and the general stream water quality. The stream surface water was also analysed for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅) to provide an overview of organic matter loading. Mugo, Egerton Bridge and the canning factory sites of the Njoro River had low water quality which is likely to be due to poor farming, partially treated effluents and poor provision of sanitation facilities to the riparian communities. The concentrations of the selected nutrients did not differ significantly among the three sites, presumably due to pollution of the whole stream reach by the catchment nutrient sources. High phosphate concentrations (i.e. ～0.76 mgPO₄ l^?1 and ～0.87 mgTP l^?1) at Canning Factory were recorded during the low flow dry season. Nitrate‐nitrogen concentrations varied significantly with water discharge which explained between 63 and 87% of the nutrient variability in the three sites. BOD₅ differed significantly among the three sites, with historical effects of wastewater and factory effluent discharge being reflected in the results of Egerton Bridge and Canning Factory. The concentrations of ammonia‐nitrogen, TP and orthophosphate were higher in the wastewater than in the river water whereas nitrate‐nitrogen was lower. This study indicates that the Njoro River is stressed by nutrients from the activities within its catchment. With the increasing population, the nutrient load to the river will continue to increase and the water quality will continue to deteriorate. Reductions of nutrient loads into the river as well as provision of sanitation facilities to the riparian communities are needed to control further water degradation.     

Application of modified water quality indices as indicators to assess the spatial and temporal trends of water quality in the Dongjiang River

The Dongjiang River plays an important role in southern China, as a source for irrigation and potable water of Hongkong and the other parts of the Pearl River Delta (PRD). The water quality index (WQI) was calculated to assess the spatial and temporal variability and identify the classification of water quality in the river. In order to simplify the procedure and reduce the analytical costs of the water quality evaluation, a modified WQI (defined as WQI_min) was introduced based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and correlations analyses of the water parameters detected in dry and wet seasons during 2011–2012. Compared with the previous index, similar spatial changing trend and classification of the water quality were obtained by WQI_min, which was composed of pH, temperature, total suspended solid, NH₄⁺-N, and NO₃⁻-N. The results showed an excellent water quality in the tributary site near the reservoir, a good water quality in the upstream of the river, and medium water quality in the downstream of the river, which suggested that the urban wastewater originated from increasing population size and industry development in the downstream mainly led to the deterioration of water quality along the river. Moreover, WQI_min could more adequately reflect the seasonal changes of water quality which was slightly worse in dry season than wet season. Our results also suggest that continuous monitoring should be conducted to prevent pollution from industry and anthropogenic activities.     

A dynamic water quality index model based on functional data analysis

A water quality index (WQI) incorporates two shortcomings in the dynamic assessment of water quality, namely: (1) the sampling time series must be identical for each indicator and no missing data should occur, and (2) stationary weights cannot represent the changes in the pollutant importance. To solve these problems, the present study introduces the functional data analysis method into WQI research and establishes a dynamic WQI (D-WQI) model. D-WQI is a generalization of the conventional WQI. In the D-WQI model, the changes of water quality and pollutant importance are represented in the form of dynamic functional curves. The generation methods of the concentration curves, sub-index curves, dynamic weight curves, and WQI curves are discussed. As an illustration, the D-WQI model is applied in the water quality assessment of the Changjiang River in Sanjiangying in 2012. Result shows that the river can be classified as II (good) throughout the year, which can satisfy the requirement of the Chinese South-to-North Water Diversion Project.     

Physico-chemical and Water Quality Index analysis of the Okhuaihe River,Edo State,Nigeria

The water quality of the Okhuaihe River, Edo State, Nigeria was investigated from February to June 2016 to determine its suitability for drinking and other domestic purposes. Water samples collected from three stations were tested for fifteen physico-chemical parameters using standard analytical procedures. Biochemical oxygen demand and sodium were significantly different across the three stations. Except for calcium and iron, all other parameters were within the permissible limits recommended by the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) and World Health Organization (WHO). Water Quality Index (WQI) values ranged from 9.17 to 10.40, indicating excellent water quality. Although the quality of the water from the Okhuaihe River is suitable for drinking and domestic usage, regular monitoring of human activities along the water front and control of effluents discharged into the river is recommended to sustain and improve water quality.     

Water quality assessment of the Siluko River,southern Nigeria

The water quality of the Siluko River, Edo State, Nigeria was investigated from March to August 2015 to determine its suitability for drinking and usage for domestic purposes. Water samples collected from three stations were tested for thirteen physico-chemical parameters using standard analytical procedures. Temperature, phosphate and chloride were significantly different across the three stations. All other parameters, with the exception of turbidity, dissolved oxygen and phosphate, were within the permissible limits recommended by the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) and World Health Organization (WHO). Water Quality Index (WQI) values ranged from 11.24 to 16.15, indicating excellent water quality. While the quality of the water from the Siluko River is suitable for drinking and domestic usage, to prevent future deterioration of the water, it is recommended that the regulating authorities monitor effluents discharged into the river from human activities.     

北京市妫水河浮游动物群落结构与水质评价

由于浮游动物对水体环境变化敏感,可表征水体污染程度,因此在2017年对妫水河浮游动物群落结构进行调查研究,分析了浮游动物群落结构时空变化特征及其与环境因子的关系,并利用生物学评价方法对水质进行评价。结果表明:妫水河浮游动物有4门22属88种,其中原生动物种类最多,为42种,主要以轮虫和原生动物为主,浮游动物平均细胞密度和生物量分别为5041.58个/L和2.88 mg/L。浮游动物群落结构与环境因子的CCA分析显示,水温、pH、DO和氨氮是影响妫水河浮游动物群落结构变化的重要因素,其中裂痕龟纹轮虫、冠饰异尾轮虫和螺形龟甲轮虫等对水体中氮磷的相关性极为显著,具有富营养化指示作用,可作为监测水质的指示生物。妫水河浮游动物多样性指数H、均匀度指数J和丰富度指数D全年平均值分别为0.43、0.31和0.41,整体评价结果显示,妫水河水体处于中到富营养型水平,尤其是下段城区段污染严重,表明妫水河水体生态功能遭到破坏,水质还需进一步改善和治理。本研究结果可为妫水河水质评价、水环境监测及水污染治理提供基础数据资料和理论依据。