底泥中微囊藻复苏和生长特性的研究

研究了微囊藻群体从底泥中释放进入水体的过程及这一过程与水体温度、光照及营养盐的关系 ,并比较了底泥和水体中微囊藻群体的生长特性。同时 ,比较了温度对经低温 (4℃ )处理的和处于对数期的Microcystis.sp .94 0的叶绿素荧光强度的影响。结果表明 ,在 15℃ ,30 μEm-2 s-1光照条件下 ,底泥中的微囊藻群体复苏开始启动 ,并于15d后开始上升到水体中。研究表明 ,存在于底泥中的微囊藻群体从底泥中迁移至上层水体的最适条件为 2 0℃ ,30 μEm-2 s-1。分别培养底泥微囊藻群体和同时期水体中的微囊藻群体 ,研究它们的生长特性 ,发现底泥中的微囊藻群体生长的最适温度为 2 0℃ ,光照强度为 30 μEm-2 s-1,与同期水体中的微囊藻群体生长条件相似。经低温 (4℃ )处理的微囊藻群体和生长周期处于对数期的微囊藻群体叶绿素荧光的影响的实验中 ,作者发现在 2 0℃和 2 5℃时 ,两种经过不同处理的微囊藻群体都随着时间增加而增长。但是 ,在 10℃和 15℃时 ,低温处理的微囊藻群体的叶绿素荧光随着时间增加而增长 ,而处于对数期的微囊藻群体的叶绿素荧光随着时间增加而降低。这表明长期处于低温和黑暗环境中的微囊藻细胞的光系统Ⅱ未受到严重的损伤 ,当环境转变有利于生长时 ,微囊藻细胞的光系统Ⅱ恢复活性。本研究结     

武汉东湖湖水和底泥对黄丝草生长的影响

利用人工栽培方法,研究了武汉东湖重污染区湖水和底泥对黄丝草（ＰｏｔａｍｏｇｅｔｏｎｍａａｃｋｉａｎｕｓＡ．Ｂｅｎｎ．）生长的影响。以湖滨黄棕色粘土作对照,在上覆水条件相同时,东湖底泥上培养的黄丝草生长良好,生物量高,枝条较长。东湖底泥中黄丝草根系较纤细,每个植株的根数也较少,但根系活力明显高于对照。底泥中有机质过高对黄丝草根系发育不利。东湖湖水的水质状况对黄丝草的生长也有一定的影响,在底质相同的情况下,在湖水中生长的黄丝草生物量低,根茎重量比小,根数少。对东湖黄丝草种群消失机理和水生植被重建对策也作了探讨。     

栽培绿狐尾藻的鱼塘底泥菌群结构与优势属生态位特征分析

为探究栽培绿狐尾藻的鱼塘底泥细菌组成以及优势菌属的生态位特征,本研究采用高通量测序技术检测底泥细菌在门水平和属水平的组成,计算优势菌属的生态位宽度、生态位重叠指数,并分析了优势属和环境理化因子之间的关系.结果 表明,栽培绿狐尾藻的鱼塘底泥细菌归属于63个门类、153个纲、190个目、168个科、143个属;6门15优势属以变形菌门为第一大门类,其次为绿弯菌门、拟杆菌门、酸杆菌门、硝化螺旋菌门、OP8门等.15个优势属的生态位宽度介于0.584～0.957,80％的优势属生态位宽度大于0.8;优势属生态位重叠值的变化范围为0.505～0.983,生态位重叠值大于0.6的属占优势属总对数的98.O％;表明各优势属的资源利用和生存能力较强,存在激烈资源竞争,空间异质性较小.冗余分析发现上覆水总磷、氨氮浓度和底泥有机质是影响优势菌属丰度的主要环境因子.本研究结果为揭示绿狐尾藻对淡水养殖池塘环境微生物的影响提供科学依据.     

螨类休眠体的发育与治理

休眠体是螨类抵御不良环境并借助携播者进行传播的特殊形式,许多非痒螨股的无气门目螨类都有此现象。休眠体形成和解除由遗传因素决定,也受到一种或多种环境因素的影响,如温度、湿度、营养和密度等,但各种因素对不同的螨类所起的作用不同;环境与遗传基因的相互作用是决定休眠体形成与解除的关键。一些易形成休眠体的螨类是生产和生活中的重要害虫,它们表皮构造特殊、个体微小,给防治和检疫工作造成了很大困难。为此,本文对休眠体的发生、传播、生长发育和防治等方面的研究概况进行了回顾。     

肠道菌群与路易体痴呆的相关性研究

探讨路易体痴呆（DLB）患者的肠道菌群组成及相关性。

选取2021年1月—2023年8月在温州市中西医结合医院招募的17例DLB患者和招募的21名健康对照者（HC）,分别设为DLB组和HC组。DLB患者通过简易智能状态检查量表（MMSE）、日常生活活动能力（ADL）量表、统一帕金森病评定量表第三部分（UPDRSⅢ）评估病情。采用16S rRNA基因测序比较两组肠道菌群组成的异同。菌群特征和DLB病情严重程度的相关性分析采用Spearman相关性分析。

两组间性别、年龄、受教育时间差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,DLB组MMSE评分、ADL评分、UPDRSⅢ评分与HC组相比,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.001）。与HC组相比,DLB组肠道菌群菌种多样性降低（P＜0.05）,粪杆菌属相对丰度下降,埃希−志贺菌属、链球菌属、Ligilactobacillus相对丰度升高（P＜0.05）。粪杆菌属的相对丰度与MMSE评分呈正相关（r=0.405,P＜0.001）,与病程和UPDRSⅢ呈负相关（r= −0.238,P=0.019）;埃希−志贺菌属与病程和UPDRSⅢ呈正相关（r=0.263,P=0.008）,与MMSE评分和ADL评分呈负相关（r= −0.290,P=0.003）。

DLB患者肠道菌群结构发生改变,肠道菌群失调可能在DLB的发生发展中发挥重要作用。

     

新型淡水微囊藻噬藻体vB＿MweS-yong2的分离与基因组分析

【目的】蓝藻(cyanobacteria)水华频繁暴发,引起水质恶化,使水生生物大量死亡,给水产养殖业造成巨大的经济损失;其代谢产物藻毒素具有肝毒性、神经毒性、生殖毒性、遗传毒性和肿瘤促进作用,并可在水生生物中富集,造成饮用水安全风险和水产品食用安全风险。噬藻体(cyanophages)是一类特异性侵染蓝藻的病毒,参与调控蓝藻的种群密度和丰度,被认为是极具潜力的蓝藻水华生物防控工具。以往的研究报道多集中于海水噬藻体,有关淡水噬藻体的报道寥寥无几,迄今尚无惠氏微囊藻(Microcystis wesenbergii)噬藻体的研究报道。本研究的目的在于分离、鉴定惠氏微囊藻噬藻体。【方法】以惠氏微囊藻FACHB-1112为指示宿主,采用双层平板法从淡水中分离出噬藻体vB＿MweS-yong2,对其进行全基因组测序、基因功能注释和系统进化分析。【结果】vB＿MweS-yong2的基因组长44 530 bp,G+C含量为71.6%,有61个开放阅读框(ORF)、1个tRNA基因。成对序列比较(pairwise sequence comparison,PASC)表明,vB＿MweS-yong2与所有...     

肠道菌群与外泌体及其协同作用对骨稳态影响的研究进展

骨稳态是基于成骨细胞与破骨细胞代谢的动态平衡状态,对骨质疏松症、骨关节炎及股骨头坏死等骨科代谢性疾病的进程至关重要。随着细胞生物分子工程的发展,肠道菌群或外泌体的研究已成为预防或治疗骨代谢相关性疾病的热点,在免疫调节、炎症反应、细胞凋亡、骨代谢及内环境稳态方面的研究颇多。目前在肠道菌群和外泌体协同作用对疾病的调控方面的研究较少,以及对于骨代谢相关性疾病机制的探索方面更是较为有限。笔者通过查阅相关文献,认为肠道菌群与外泌体存在相关性,并且此二者在骨科疾病的治疗方面可能具有很高的研究价值。因此,该文就肠道菌群、外泌体及其协同作用对骨稳态影响的最新研究进展作一综述,以期为临床治疗骨相关性疾病提供新的思路与依据。     

富营养化山仔水库沉积物微囊藻复苏的受控因子

山仔水库作为福建省福州市重要的饮用水水源地之一,从2000年起每年都周期性爆发蓝藻门微囊藻属(Microcystis)水华现象,特别是在温暖的季节。对于这个富营养化水库,是否在沉积物中存在蓝藻门微囊藻的"种源"？假设山仔水库底泥中存在蓝藻门微囊藻休眠体,一定的环境条件能够促进蓝藻门微囊藻的复苏。研究于2009年12月采集水库大坝断面5根柱状沉积物,采用正交试验的方法,模拟了温度、光照、pH值、营养盐、物理扰动和浮游动物(膨大肾形虫)等环境因子对山仔水库沉积物中蓝藻门微囊藻的复苏响应。结果表明,底泥中存在着一定数量的底栖动物和硅藻、蓝藻和绿藻等微藻,从实验结束后沉积物中微囊藻数量的减少和上覆水体中微囊藻数量的增加,可以判断在适宜的环境条件下,蓝藻门微囊藻能够复苏并上浮到上覆水体中。正交实验显著性分析表明,温度是沉积物蓝藻门微囊藻复苏的重要影响因子,光照次之,上覆水体的pH值、营养盐、物理扰动和浮游动物干扰对沉积物蓝藻门微囊藻的复苏影响作用不显著,升温有利于沉积物中微囊藻的复苏。     

广东省水库微囊藻的产毒特征和ITS序列的遗传多样性分析

为了解广东省水库微囊藻的产毒特征和ITS 序列的遗传多样性,从广东省供水水库中分离得到28 株微囊藻(Microcystisspp.),对它们的产毒特征和15 株微囊藻的ITS 序列进行了分析.高效液相色谱(HPLC)和微囊藻毒素合成酶基因mcyE 的检测结果表明,广东省水库中的微囊藻以产毒藻株占优势,微囊藻毒素的主要类型为MC-RR.广东省15 株藻株的ITS 序列相似性大于93.2%,在用相邻法(NJ)构建的系统树上,不同形态的种和不同地理区域的藻株没有区分开,产毒和非产毒藻株没有形成独立分支.这说明微囊藻ITS 序列的遗传多样性较低,ITS 序列和mcyE 存在没有相关性,表型不能够反映藻株的进化关系.因此,有必要将藻类传统分类方法与分子方法结合起来对蓝藻进行重新分类.     

Shell recruitment in the Mediterranean hermit crab Clibanarius erythropus

Gastropod shells are vital for the majority of hermit crab species, being essential for their survival, growth, protection, and reproduction. Given their importance, shells are acquired and transferred between crabs through several modalities. We conducted observations and experiments at the Asinara Island (Sardinia, Italy) to investigate the efficacy of the different behavioral tactics adopted by the hermit crab Clibanarius erythropus to acquire shells, such as: (1) locomotion and activity at different tidal phases; (2) attendance at shell-supplying sites (simulated predation sites with five different odors: live and dead gastropods, live and dead crabs, predator); and (3) interactions with conspecifics in aggregations on simulated gastropod predation sites. In each tidal phase, locomotion was slow (0.7 cm min^− 1) and, as a consequence, the probability of encountering empty shells and conspecifics was low. Simulated gastropod predation sites quickly attracted a larger number of hermit crabs than the other sites tested. Aggregations seemed to function as shell exchange markets, as previously suggested for other species: the first attendant took the experimental shell and a chain of shell exchanges among conspecifics followed. Our results show that, in C. erythropus, aggregation is the most efficient tactic for the acquisition of new shells, whereas in other species, such as Pagurus longicarpus, it is associated with exploitation ability due to the intense locomotion. The interspecific plasticity in hermit crabs' behavior is confirmed.     

Seasonal variations of Microcystis populations in sediments of Lake Biwa, Japan

Seasonal variations of colony numbers of Microcystis aeruginosa(Kütz.) Kütz. and M. wesenbergii(Komárek) Komárek in N. V. Kondrat. in sediments of Lake Biwa were investigated over a period of 1 year. At two stations located in the shallow South Basin of Lake Biwa (ca. 4 m water depth), the colony number of Microcystisfluctuated seasonally. The number had a tendency to gradually decrease from winter to early summer, while it increased through mid-summer and autumn. Since the Microcystispopulation in sediment was rather small, intensive growth and accumulation in the water column should be important for the formation of Microcystisblooms in Lake Biwa. Microcystiscolonies in the sediment samples after June were observed to be floating in a counting chamber under a microscope. The observation suggests that the recruitment of Microcystis colonies into the water column mostly occurs in early summer. The number of Microcystiscolonies in the deep North Basin of Lake Biwa (70 – 90 m water depth) was larger than in the South Basin. Because the seasonal variation of colony numbers was not observed in the North Basin, and Microcystiscells do not have gas vesicles, these colonies will not return into the water column. The colonies isolated from the sediment of the North Basin were able to grow in cultured conditions, in the same way as those from the sediment of the South Basin. Therefore, Microcystiscolonies may survive for a long time under stable conditions of low temperature (ca. 8 °C) and darkness, in the sediment of the deep North Basin, accumulating gradually each year.     

Interaction dynamics between saprobic lignicolous fungi and Armillaria in controlled environments: Exploring the potential for competitive exclusion of Armillaria on peach

Armillaria root rot, caused by Armillaria tabescens and Armillaria mellea, is a major cause of premature tree death in peach orchards in the southeastern United States. The root systems of infected trees can become entirely colonized by Armillaria, serving as an inoculum source for adjacent trees and providing massive inoculum levels in replant situations. If dead or dying trees could be colonized by an effective competitor of Armillaria before their removal, the extent of root colonization by the pathogen could be reduced, thus decreasing the threat to adjacent trees and/or subsequent plantings. Interactions between five species of saprobic lignicolous fungi (Ganoderma lucidum, Hypholoma fasciculare, Phanerochaete velutina, Schizophyllum commune, and Xylaria hypoxylon) and the two Armillaria species were examined in controlled conditions to provide proof of concept for competitive exclusion of Armillaria from peach roots. On agar-coated glass slides, all five potential antagonists induced detrimental reactions in >58% of the Armillaria hyphae observed, with the majority resulting in hyphal swelling or granulation. On poplar wood blocks, all antagonists consistently either overgrew Armillaria colonies or—in the case of S. commune—engaged in deadlock reactions; in all cases, the viability of Armillaria colonies was reduced to <30% of that of unchallenged controls. When inoculated simultaneously onto opposite ends of peach root segments, all antagonists consistently reduced growth and viability of Armillaria on and under the bark, whereby reduction of pathogen growth underneath the bark, Armillaria’s primary ecological niche, was most pronounced for G. lucidum, S. commune, and X. hypoxylon. When root segments were allowed to be colonized entirely by Armillaria before being inoculated with the antagonists, the latter were able to overgrow the pathogen on the root surface but unable to pre-empt it from underneath the bark. In summary,G. lucidum, S. commune, and X. hypoxylon caused strong hyphal and mycelial interference reactions and the most pronounced reductions in growth of Armillaria above and below the bark, indicating that they would be the most promising candidates for field-scale evaluations to restrict colonization of dead or dying peach trees by Armillaria in the orchard.     

西方蜜蜂工蜂肠道菌群定殖起始点和定殖稳态点的结构比较分析

【目的】目前,针对昆虫肠道细菌定殖规律的研究还未见报道。探索西方蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)肠道菌群定殖过程两个重要时间节点(起始0日龄和稳态7日龄)间肠道细菌群落(菌群)结构组成的差异,加深对蜜蜂及昆虫肠道菌群定殖规律的认识。【方法】分别采集两个化蛹后工蜂发育阶段的个体各5只,分别解剖并提取其肠道菌群DNA。使用Illumina技术对肠道菌群16S rD NA高变区进行高通量测序。通过生物信息学的分析方法对肠道菌群进行多样性分析,并对两个时间点相对丰度最高的肠道菌群进行统计分析,比较肠道菌群相对丰度和组成的差异。【结果】共获得515156条高质量序列,长度为227904953bp,平均长度为442bp。基于OTUs的分类表明,工蜂肠道细菌分别隶属于34个门82个纲221个目405个科799个属。此外,工蜂肠道菌群定殖起点和终点间的Alpha多样性指数存在显著差异(ACE,P=0.0014;Chao,P=0.0013;Shannon,P=0.0003;Simpson,P=0.0028,Student’s t检验)。此外,相较0日龄工蜂,7日龄工蜂肠道中的乳酸杆菌Lactobacillus、Gilliamella、双歧杆菌Bifidobacterium、Snodgrassella4个属的相对丰度显著增加;相反,不动杆菌Acinetobacter、大肠杆菌志贺氏菌Escherichia-Shigella、鞘脂单胞菌Sphingomonas、类杆菌Bacteroides、涅斯捷连科氏菌Nesterenkonia、栖热菌Thermus6个属的细菌相对丰度显著降低(P0.05)。【结论】出房(0日龄)成年工蜂的肠道菌群多样性显著高于菌群定殖完成(7日龄)工蜂的肠道菌群多样性,且成年工蜂肠道菌群定殖完成前后部分类群的相对丰度显著改变。本研究的结果不仅可增加我们对蜜蜂肠道菌群定殖规律的认识,也能够为研究其他昆虫肠道菌群的定殖规律提供重要的参考信息。     

苦豆子和披针叶黄华种子硬实特性与活力关系研究

以苦豆子和披针叶黄华种子为实验材料,在恒温25℃下吸胀,每24h取出吸胀种子,10d后未吸胀的种子为硬实种子(H),硬实种子用硫酸处理后恒温吸胀24h,与非硬实种子进行发芽试验和各项活力指标测定。结果显示:(1)每日内吸胀的种子数量随时间推移以一定比列下降,苦豆子非硬实种子吸胀速率较缓慢,第10天后吸胀率降到1%,披针叶黄华非硬实种子第3天后下降到1%,第9、10天突然上升后又下降到1%。(2)两种豆类种子都显示出硬实种子发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、脱氢酶、呼吸速率、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)均高于非硬实种子,而电导率、浸出液可溶性糖和丙二醛(MDA)均低于非硬实种子,缓慢吸胀的硬实种子活力指标高于快速吸胀的硬实种子。研究表明,硬实种子活力高于非硬实种子,硬实种子吸胀过程中存在吸胀损伤。而在非硬实种子中,根据以上活力指标判断,晚吸胀的种子比早吸胀的种子活力高。     

豚草和三裂叶豚草不同植株部位种子萌发与入侵扩散关系

豚草(Ambrosia artemisiifoliaLinn.)和三裂叶豚草(A. trifidaLinn.)是我国恶性入侵物种,分布常呈高密度单一种群,且结实量庞大。探讨二者不同植株部位种子萌发(休眠)与扩散特点,对了解二者入侵机制具有重要意义。以新疆伊犁新源县发生的豚草和三裂叶豚草为材料,在种子成熟期,根据植株高度、枝条长度,按比例从上到下分为9个部位,对不同植株部位种子的形态特征、数量和萌发特性进行比较,分析这两种植物不同植株部位种子萌发与扩散的共性和差异性,研究二者种群密度调节和入侵的关系。结果表明:1)两个物种内不同植株部位间种子的长、宽、百粒重无显著差异,但三裂叶豚草种子的长度和宽度分别是豚草的2—3倍,百粒重高7倍。结合两个物种在伊犁地区分布差异,认为种子大小是两个物种分布区域性差异的原因之一。2)豚草和三裂叶豚草植株外部的上顶、中顶、上中部位种子数占植株总种子数量的50%,中中、下顶占比约23%,而下部的上基、中基、下中、下基的种子数占比约27%,表明当年生产的种子有近73%的比例具有远距离扩散的潜力。3)豚草和三裂叶豚草不同植株部位种子的萌发率具有上端中端下端的趋势;初始萌发时间为下端中端上端;萌发持续时间为上端中端下端。这种萌发方式避免了同一生长季大批种子同时萌发有可能导致高密度死亡的风险。基于上述研究分析,认为豚草和三裂叶豚草不同植株部位种子具有不同的适应功能。其中,上部所产生的种子具较强的扩散能力和低休眠性,有利于两物种快速占据新生境并扩大种群;而中、下部位的种子在母株周围就近扩散,翌年萌发率低,缓解了种群竞争。豚草和三裂叶豚草不同植株部位生产的种子特性和萌发差异是两个物种进行种群密度调节和扩散入侵的重要原因。     

基于刺槐年轮重建黄土丘陵区小流域年径流输沙研究

刺槐是广泛分布于黄土高原的典型水土保持植物。以黄土丘陵区甘肃天水吕二沟小流域为研究区,分析了刺槐径向生长过程及其对气候因子的响应,并开展了利用刺槐年轮估算小流域年径流量、年输沙量的适用性评估。研究表明：(1)吕二沟刺槐人工林的径向生长随林龄呈明显的下降趋势,在幼龄林阶段(1—10 a)刺槐处于快速径向生长期((4.17±0.74)mm/a),之后逐渐下降,中龄林、成熟林、过熟林阶段(11—40 a)平均生长速率为(2.31±0.41)mm/a,较前期下降了44.60%。刺槐胸高断面积增量(BAI)在1—10 a平均以(5.46±2.13)cm²/a的速度生长,在11—40 a仍保持上升趋势但年际间生长波动较大,生长速率平均为(10.80±1.95)cm²/a,流域刺槐生长并未发生明显衰退。(2)刺槐的径向生长与温度多呈负相关,与降水、相对湿度及帕默尔干旱指数(PDSI)多呈正相关。其中刺槐径向生长与上年8月、9月(P<0.05)及当年7月均温、最高温呈显著负相关(P<0.01),与当年5月最低温呈显著正相关(P<0.05);...     

Relationship between in vivo synchronicity of Plasmodium falciparum and allelic diversity

Plasmodium falciparum cells tend to grow in synchronicity during their cyclic intraerythrocytic development in vivo. Both host and parasite factors appear to be involved in this synchronization. We examined the link between mixed-allelic-family P. falciparum infection and synchronicity in parasitized red blood cells (PRBC) from symptomatic children.The distribution of rings and trophozoites in each PRBC sample was determined by standard microscopy. P. falciparum was genotyped by using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting three loci (merozoite surface proteins (MSP) 1 and 2, and 175-kD erythrocyte binding antigen (EBA), allowing us to distinguish parasite clones belonging to a single-allelic family (SAF) and those belonging to a mixed-allelic family (MAF). Parasite development was considered synchronous when peripheral blood contained at least 95% of rings or 95% of trophozoites.Parasite development was synchronous in 22 (21.2%) of the 104 children studied. Twenty (90.9%) of these infections were SAF and two (9.1%) were MAF. Rings and trophozoites predominated in respectively 12 (60%) and 8 (40%) SAF infections. Respectively 17.1% and 82.9% of the 82 asynchronous cases corresponded to SAF and MAF infection. Parasite synchronicity was therefore significantly related to single-allelic-family infection (p < 2 × 10^− 10).Twenty different MSP-1 alleles and thirteen different MSP-2 alleles were identified. Only three isolates from patients with SAF infection comprised a single allele or genotype, the other isolates harboring at least two alleles. The mean number of alleles or clones was respectively 3.0 and 10.0 in SAF and MAF infection. These results reflect the allelic diversity of the MSP loci and show that SAF infection can correspond to multiple parasite clones (or genotypes) but, in general, fewer than in MAF infection (p ≤ 0.0007).These results confirm the extensive polymorphism of P. falciparum vaccine candidates MSP-1 and -2 in southeastern Gabon and demonstrate that parasite synchronicity in vivo is strongly associated with single-allelic-family infection.