濒危植物大别山五针松枝叶NPK化学计量特征季节动态

为了解我国特有珍稀濒危植物大别山五针松(Pinus dabeshanensis)枝和叶的养分状况及其季节变化特征,连续12个月对其开展野外取样和室内分析,探讨了枝叶N、P、K含量及其化学计量比的动态变化及其在器官间的差异性。结果表明,器官和月份对大别山五针松化学计量特征有显著影响,其中器官的影响最大。枝和叶化学计量特征的季节变化不规律,N∶K变异系数最大(枝叶分别为26.75%和28.00%),其余均属弱变异(变异系数<25%)。叶N、P、K平均含量(10.40、1.43及5.15 mg·g-1)显著高于枝(6.56、1.26及4.80 mg·g-1),叶N∶P(7.27)也显著高于枝(5.18),但枝和叶N∶P均远低于14,呈严重N限制。枝和叶N∶P、N∶K及P∶K分别受制于N、K和K(即相关系数最大)。枝和叶N、P和K之间(枝N-K除外)具有显著的相关性和异速生长关系,其中叶N分配速率高于枝而P分配速率低于枝。降水和温度对枝叶化学计量特征有不同影响。降水量具有明显的时间尺度效应,短时间尺度降水多影响叶而长时间尺度多影响枝。在各时间尺度下,温度均与叶P含量呈显著负相关而与枝K含量呈显著正相关。综合来看,大别山五针松枝、叶间化学计量特征差异显著,且具有明显的季节变异,在一定程度上受降水和温度的影响。     

华北石质山地侧柏人工林C、N、P生态化学计量特征的季节变化

以北京九龙山自然保护区幼龄侧柏人工林为研究对象,对其不同生长季节叶、枝、根(0—10 cm、10—20 cm土层)的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及其生态化学计量学特征进行了分析,深入探讨了生长季节与器官以及两因素交互作用对以上特征的影响,研究有助于理解植物各性状之间的相互作用以及植物生长过程中资源的利用和分配状况。结果表明:1)不同器官间C含量为414.97—461.58 g/kg,枝最大,根(0—10 cm)最小;N含量为6.57—14.28 g/kg,叶最大,枝最小;P含量为0.39—1.28 g/kg,叶最大,根(10—20 cm)最小;C∶N为31.76—70.98,枝最大,叶最小;C∶P为369.93—1099.20,根(10—20 cm)最大,叶最小;N∶P为9.21—23.81,根(0—10 cm)最大,枝最小。整个生长季节中侧柏各器官C含量最稳定,变异系数均小于7%;P含量变异性最大,变异系数均超过15%,N含量变异性介于两者之间;各器官中C∶N和N∶P较C∶P更为稳定,C、N与P具有较好的耦合协同性,C∶P和N∶P的变化主要取决于P的变化。2)器官对C、N、P含量及其化学计量关系均存在显著影响,生长季节对N和P含量存在显著影响,两者交互作用只对P含量存在显著影响,器官对侧柏C、N、P含量及其化学计量变异的贡献大于生长季节。3)侧柏各器官间C、N、P含量及其化学计量比相关性多数未达到显著性水平,仅有叶与枝中的P及C∶P显著相关,说明侧柏器官分化过程中各器官对元素的吸收利用具有特异性。侧柏叶片N∶P14,说明生长季节里幼龄侧柏人工林更多受到N限制。     

不同管理模式对茶树碳氮磷含量及其生态化学计量比的影响

植物不同器官的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及其生态化学计量特征能够反映植物内部的养分分配与平衡关系。该研究以福建安溪3种不同管理模式的铁观音茶园为研究对象, 设置了常规管理模式下的茶园(M1)、间作套种模式下的茶园(M2)和现代技术管理模式下的茶园(M3) 3种样地, 分析茶树根、茎、叶器官的C、N、P含量及其化学计量学特征, 养分的变异特征与异速生长关系。结果表明: M2和M3管理模式下茶树根、茎、叶N、P含量均显著高于M1管理模式, C含量差异不明显; 茶树根、茎、叶C:N、C:P、N:P均表现为M1 > M2 > M3。茶树不同器官C、N、P含量差异较大, 根据变异来源分析, 管理模式因素对C、N、P含量变异的影响均达到显著水平。根茎叶N-P的异速生长关系表明茶树不同器官的养分需求存在相似性; 土壤pH和容重是影响C:N、C:P、N:P的重要因素, 而土壤含水量和盐度对茶树根和叶C含量的影响较大。总体来讲, 间作套种以及现代化滴灌、水肥等管理模式可以改善茶树对养分的吸收效率, 对解决土壤养分不均衡问题具有正面效应。     

青藏高原东部窄叶鲜卑花碳、氮、磷化学计量特征

为了探究青藏高原东部窄叶鲜卑花(Sibiraea angustata)灌木不同器官碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量的分配格局及其生态化学计量特征,该文采用分层随机抽样方法布设样地,选择16个窄叶鲜卑花灌丛样地,分别采集窄叶鲜卑花灌木根、茎、叶、当年枝和果等植物器官样品,并分析样品C、N、P含量及其计量比。结果表明:C、N、P在不同器官中的含量分别表现为茎当年枝果根叶,叶果当年枝茎根,果叶当年枝根茎。窄叶鲜卑花各器官中C含量相对稳定,N、P含量变异系数较大,在根部的变异系数最大。在不同器官中N:P的范围为7.12–12.41,其值变化不大,N:P变异系数的最小值在当年枝中,说明N:P在当年枝中的内稳性较高。在该灌木植物体中C与N之间、C与P之间呈极显著的负相关关系,C对N、P具有稀释作用;N与P呈极显著正相关关系,N与P间具有较好的耦合协同性。分析发现:窄叶鲜卑花不同器官C、N、P化学计量特征在一定程度上符合内稳态理论和生长速率理论,其元素分配与器官所执行的功能密切相关;同时指出在物种水平上应当谨慎使用生态化学计量比来判断养分的限制情况。     

基于器官-凋落叶-土壤生态化学计量特征的樟子松和赤松人工林养分利用策略

以科尔沁沙地樟子松与赤松人工林为对象,分析不同器官、凋落叶和土壤的C、N、P化学计量,比较研究两个树种的养分保存与利用机制。结果表明：樟子松叶C含量及C∶N、C∶P和N∶P、枝N含量以及根N和P含量显著高于赤松,而叶P含量、枝C∶N、根C含量及C∶N和C∶P显著低于赤松。樟子松N和P含量随枝叶年龄增加而下降,而赤松P含量表现为当年和二年生枝叶显著高于一年生枝叶。樟子松凋落叶C、N、P含量均显著高于赤松,C∶P和N∶P显著低于赤松。赤松叶片P重吸收效率显著高于樟子松,并且两个树种的P重吸收效率显著高于N重吸收效率。樟子松林土壤P含量显著低于赤松林,而C∶N和C∶P显著高于赤松林。樟子松养分主要供给新生组织器官,而老年枝叶的养分保存能力下降,凋落叶更易于分解,不利于土壤养分保存,土壤P含量较低。赤松养分保存能力更强,通过维持较高养分重吸收效率,提高体内养分利用效率,降低对土壤P的消耗。     

干旱胁迫对3种灌木不同器官化学计量特征的影响

采用盆栽控水试验,研究了3个水分处理,即田间持水量(FC)的(75±5)%、(55±5)%和(35±5)%,对丁香、黄刺梅、连翘的叶、茎、极细根(0～1 mm)、细根(1～2 mm)和粗根(>2 mm)化学计量特征的影响。结果表明: 3种灌木相同器官间氮(N)和磷(P)含量以及C∶N、C∶P、N∶P均存在显著差异。随着干旱胁迫的加剧,3种灌木各器官C含量总体上无显著变化;叶片N含量呈增加趋势,茎N含量逐渐下降,极细根和细根N含量均呈先上升后下降的趋势;叶片、茎P 含量呈降低趋势,极细根和细根P含量呈先增加后下降的趋势。3种灌木在干旱胁迫下叶C∶N呈降低趋势,叶和茎C∶P、N∶P均呈增加趋势。干旱胁迫对极细根C∶N和叶C∶P、N∶P影响最大,而对粗根C∶N、N∶P以及极细根C∶P的影响最小。土壤C、N含量与灌木各器官中C、N、P含量无显著相关性,但土壤P含量与叶和根系C、N、P含量均显著相关。土壤中相对缺乏的P是影响灌木器官化学计量特征的最重要因素。干旱对不同灌木不同器官化学计量的影响不同,叶和极细根的化学计量较其他器官对干旱胁迫更加敏感。干旱可能主要通过影响灌木对土壤中养分P的吸收和在不同器官中的分配,进而影响灌木不同器官的化学计量特征,尤其是与P相关的化学计量特征。     

四种红树植物根茎叶的碳氮磷化学计量特征

以漳江口红树林的秋茄(Kandelia candel)、木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)、桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)和老鼠簕(Acanthus ilicifolius)为研究对象,对其根、茎、叶中的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量以及生态化学计量学特征进行分析。结果表明:秋茄、桐花树、老鼠簕3种植物各器官中的C含量均表现为茎、叶显著大于根,秋茄、木榄、桐花树3种植物的N、P含量均表现为叶茎根;桐花树、老鼠簕不同器官的C含量变异系数均表现为根叶茎,秋茄、木榄、老鼠簕3种植物N含量的变异系数均表现为根、茎大于叶,秋茄、木榄、桐花树3种植物P含量的变异系数均表现为根、茎大于叶;秋茄、木榄、老鼠簕C∶N的变异系数为根、茎大于叶; 4种植物中,老鼠簕根、叶的P含量显著高于其他3种植物,茎的P含量略高于其他3种植物,根C、N、P与叶C、P的变异系数均大于其他3种植物; 4种红树植物叶的C∶N∶P质量比(151∶9∶1)显著小于根(187∶4∶1)和茎(239∶5∶1),叶的C、N和P的生态化学计量特征相对稳定。分析红树植物不同器官养分元素间的分配规律,可为大尺度的红树林生态化学计量学研究提供理论基础,并为红树植物的保护与可持续经营提供科学依据。     

新疆45种荒漠植物粗根碳、氮、磷计量特征及其与环境的关系

通过测定新疆44个样地45种荒漠植物的粗根碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)元素含量,探索荒漠植物化学计量特征与环境因子的关系。结果表明:荒漠植物粗根C、N和P含量为440±73、9.86±3.84和0.82±0.48 mg·g-1,C∶N、C∶P和N∶P为51±21、707±388和15±10。不同生活型植物的粗根C含量存在显著差异,其中乔木最高、灌木次之、草本最低,而粗根P含量表现为相反的趋势;此外,灌木的粗根N含量显著高于乔木和草本。C与P、N与P呈异速生长关系,其幂指数分别为-0.460、0.699。C、N、P化学计量特征与经纬度、年平均温度、年平均降水量存在非线性关系。荒漠植物粗根C、N、P计量特征主要受气候因子的影响,生活型差异和土壤养分影响次之,反映了荒漠植物生长主要受水分限制。     

基于白刺个体大小的生态化学计量模型

生态化学计量的提出为认识C、N、P耦合循环特征、驱动力及机制等提供了新方法,但植物在生长过程中的生态化学计量变化尚缺乏相关报道。本研究以唐古特白刺为对象,通过对白刺分株2017年当年生枝、2年生枝、大于2年生枝、叶、根和压条生物量及营养元素的测定,拟合了基于构件大小的元素总量,并推导了白刺各构件及整株依赖于个体大小的生态化学计量模型。结果表明: 推导模型能够反映植物在生长过程中的生态化学计量动态,老枝和压条均具有较高的N∶P与C∶P,叶、当年生枝和根均具有较低的N∶P与C∶P,白刺整株3种元素含量在生长过程中的累积速率为P>N>C。本研究结果符合现有的生长速率假说和异速生长理论,同时也可从侧面印证养分重吸收现象,该方法可作为分析植物生长过程中元素计量动态特征的一种有效途径。     

武夷山五种竹子叶、枝、秆碳氮磷化学计量对生长阶段和海拔的响应

探究竹子化学计量特征对生长阶段和海拔的响应对于了解其生理生态特征及生长适应策略至关重要。对武夷山沿海拔分布的五种典型竹子叶、枝、秆的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及化学计量内稳态指数(H)进行两个生长阶段的测定。结果显示不论生长阶段的变化,各器官N、P含量的变异系数均显著大于C含量,且秆的N、P含量变异系数要显著大于叶片和竹枝,但不同生长阶段并未改变秆的N∶P (12∶1)。毛竹4月份枝和8月份叶的N、P含量均随海拔增加而降低,而箬竹叶的N、P含量均随海拔增加而增加。海拔和生长阶段的交互作用显著提高了竹秆N含量对生长阶段变化的响应。竹叶N和秆的N、P含量在不同生长阶段具有明显的内稳性调控机制,但竹枝N、P的内稳性特征表现不明显。总而言之,这些结果一方面反映了武夷山五种竹子偏向于选择维持叶N含量的内稳态机制,另一方面调节秆N、P含量的协变来应对海拔和生长阶段变化中养分的利用策略。     

Synopsis of the tribe Bocageeae (Annonaceae), with revisions of Cardiopetalum,Froesiodendron, Trigynaea,Bocagea, and Hornschuchia

The tribal name Bocageeae Endlicher is reestablished and the tribe is circumscribed on the basis of solitary internodal ebracteate pedicels that are articulated at the base, and pollen shed in polyads of eight or more grains. Septate anther locules, large pollen size, and seed appendages are prevalent in the tribe. Intectate pollen with free-standing columellae, rare in Annonaceae, occurs not only in the genusTrigynaea but also in some species ofBocagea andHornschuchia. As defined here, the Bocageeae include seven neotropical genera:Cymbopetalum, Porcelia, Bocagea, Cardiopetalum, Froesiodendron, Hornschuchia, andTrigynaea. The latter five genera are revised and the treatments include ten new species:Cardiopetalum plicatum, Froesiodendron urceocalyx, Hornschuchia lianarum, H. santosii, H. leptandra, Trigynaea cinnamomea, T. lanceipetala, T. triplinervis, T. lagaropoda, andT. axilliflora, all from tropical South America. A new combination,Froesiodendron longicuspe, changes the rank of that taxon from subspecies to species.Cardiopetalum surinamense is removed fromFroesiodendron and reassigned toCardiopetalum on the basis of its connate petals, dehiscent monocarps, and seeds with bilobed arils. A cladogram provides an explicit hypothesis of intergeneric relationships in the tribe. The new combinationOnychopetalum periquino, based onTrigynaea periquino, is made.     

Location,expression and orientation of the putative chlororespiratory enzymes,Ndh and IMMUTANS,in higher-plant plastids

The chloroplasts of many plants contain not only the photosynthetic electron transport chain, but also two enzymes, Ndh and IMMUTANS, which might participate in a chloroplast respiratory chain. IMMUTANS encodes a protein with strong similarities to the mitochondrial alternative oxidase and hence is likely to be a plastoquinol oxidase. The Ndh complex is a homologue of complex I of mitochondria and eubacteria and is considered to be a plastoquinone reductase. As yet these components have not been purified to homogeneity and their expression and orientation within the thylakoid remain ill-defined. Here we show that the IMMUTANS protein, like the Ndh complex, is a minor component of the thylakoid membrane and is localised to the stromal lamellae. Protease digestion of intact and broken thylakoids indicates that both Ndh and IMMUTANS are orientated towards the stromal phase of the membrane in Spinacia oleracea L. Such an orientation is consistent with a role for the Ndh complex in the energisation of the plastid membrane. In expression studies we show that IMMUTANS and the Ndh complex are present throughout the development of both Pisum sativum L. cv Progress No. 9 and Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. leaves, from early expansion to early senescence. Interestingly, both the Ndh complex and the IMMUTANS protein accumulate within etiolated leaf tissue, lacking the photosystem II complex, consistent with roles outside photosynthetic electron transport.Abbreviations PQ plastoquinone - PSI, PSII photosystem I, II     

Lack of relationship between gliding cyanobacteria and filamentous gliding heterotrophic eubacteria: comparison of 16S rRNA catalogues of Spirulina,Saprospira, Vitreoscilla,Leucothrix, and Herpetosiphon

Spirulina platensis and Spirulina maxima were characterized by 16S ribosomal RNA oligonucleotide cataloguing. Both species are highly related. They fall into the main group of the cyanobacteria, showing a remote relationship to Nostoc, Fischerella, Aphanocapsa, and also to Prochloron. Low similarity coefficients were found between the Spirulina species and certain organotrophic and sulfide oxidizing bacteria, viz. Saprospira grandis, Vitreoscilla stercoraria, Leucothrix mucor, Herpetosiphon aurantiacus, and Beggiatoa leptomitiformis, respectively. This result does not support the classical hypothesis that certain filamentous gliding bacteria are apochlorotic cyanobacteria.     

Ribotyping of 16S and 23S rRNA genes and organization of rrn operons in members of the bacterial genera Gemmata,Planctomyces, Thermotoga,Thermus, and Verrucomicrobium

The number of organization of rrn genes of two members of the order Planctomycetales, Planctomyces limnophilus and Gemmata obscuriglobus, as well as three species from other bacterial phyla, namely Thermotoga maritima, Thermus aquaticus and Verrucomicrobium spinosum were examined by Southern blot hybridization analysis of restricted DNA with labeled 16S- and 23S rRNAs. Ribotyping analysis revealed that two species contain unlinked 16S- and 23S rRNA genes. Planctomyces limnophilus possessed two unlinked rrn genes which were separated from each other by at least 4.3 kb, and Thermus aquaticus had to unlinked 16S and 23S rRNA genes, separated from each other by at least 2.5 kb. Gemmata obscuriglobus exhibited five genes for which the organization could as yet not be determined because of the complex hybridization patterns. In the other two species, rrn genes clustered in operons. Thermotoga maritima had a single gene for each rRNA species which were separated by not more than 1.5 kb, while Verrucomicrobium spinosum had four copies of probably linked 16S and 23S rRNA genes with a maximal distance between 16S and 23S rRNA genes of 1.3 kb.     

Novel phenylanthraquinones,isofuranonaphthoquinones, homoisoflavonoids,and biflavonoids from African plants in the genera Bulbine,Scilla, Ledebouria,and Rhus

The sale of non-cultivated plants poses a real threat to the survival of a large number of plant species. On the other hand, the fact that a given plant has become a traded item is an important lead in the effort to investigate plants for the purpose of discovering novel secondary metabolites that may have marketable properties. This report is largely based on the investigations of plants collected from vendors of medicinal plants. The identification is based on botanical specimens derived from the purchased plant parts either by growing them in a garden or through micropropagation using tissue culture techniques. Bulbine species yielded novel phenyl anthraquinones and isofuranonaphthoquinones, which were found to exhibit antiparasitic and antioxidant properties. Scilla nervosa subsp. rigidifolia and Ledebouria graminifolia yielded twenty homoisoflavonoids and two xanthones. Bulbs derived from tissue culture based specimens of L. graminifolia contained all the compounds isolated from the marketed samples. Some of the homoisoflavonoids were found to possess activity against colon and breast cancer cell lines. Rhus pyroides furnished six novel bichalcones some of which exhibited insect antifeedant, cytotoxic and antiproliferative activities. Structures of the compounds described in this report were elucidated by spectroscopic means including HRMS and 1D-, and 2D-NMR experiments. Interconversion of some of the phenyl anthraquinones was accomplished as part of their structure proof. The total synthesis of three of the biflavonoids was achieved using a synthetic route which involves a microwave irradiation promoted Ulmann synthesis. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Isolation,Biological Properties,and Spatial Structure of Antibiotic Loloatin A

A peptide antibiotic with cyanolytic activity was isolated from the IGM52 strain of the Brevibacillus laterosporus Gram-positive spore-forming bacteria. By ¹H NMR spectroscopy, this antibiotic was identified as loloatin A, a cyclic decapeptide cyclo(-Asn-Asp-Tyr-Val-Orn-Leu-D-Tyr-Pro-Phe-D-Phe-). The spatial structure of loloatin A in solution was determined.     

Identification of b,c, and d cytochromes in the membrane of Vitreoscilla

Cytochromes b, c, d, and o were identified by spectroscopic analysis of respiratory membrane fragments from Vitreoscilla sp., strain C1. Carbon monoxide difference spectra of the reduced membranes had absorption maxima at 416, 534, and 571 nm (ascribed to cytochrome o) and 632 nm (cytochrome d). Derivative spectra of the pyridine hemochromogen spectra of the membranes identified the presence of b- and c-type cytochromes in Vitreoscilla. The cyanide binding curve of the membranes was biphasic with dissociation constants of 2.14 mM and 10.7 mM which were assigned to cytochrome o and cytochrome d, respectively. Membranes bound carbon monoxide with dissociation constant 3.9 M, which was assigned to cytochrome o. Cytochrome c ₅₅₆ and a NADH-p-iodonitrotetrazolium violet reductase component were partially purified from Vitreoscilla membranes.Abbreviations INT p-iodonitrotetrazolium violet - RMF respiratory membrane fragments - K _d dissociation constant - CHAPS 3-[(3-cholamido propyl) dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate - DOC sodium deoxycholate - PAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis - SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate     

Dispersibility, cost and allometry of tumblers (Combretum, Combretaceae) and parachutes (Leucadendron, Proteaceae) of different size

Fall rates of tumblers ofCombretum and of parachutes ofLeucadendron are shown to be generally high (> 1.8 ms^–1). Tumblers contribute up to 77% of the mass of the dispersal unit and parachutes upto 22%. This implies that they are relatively expensive and inefficient in comparison with other propagule types. Morphometric analyses confirm previous findings that species with large seeds also have the largest dispersal structures, but the lowest dispersibility. Finally, there is a correlation between the sizes of these propagules and their associated leaf-size, confirming other studies that link the relative sizes of various plant attributes.     

Introduction,distribution, spread,and impacts of exotic freshwater gastropods in Texas

We examined the patterns of distribution, vectors of introduction, and potential ecological impacts of freshwater exotic species in Texas over the last 45 years. Currently, five species of exotic gastropods are established: channeled-type applesnail (Pomacea insularum), red-rim melania (Melanoides tuberculatus), quilted melania (Tarebia granifera), giant rams-horn snail (Marisa cornuarietis), and Chinese mysterysnail (Cipangopaludina chinensis). In contrast to the northern part of the US, where shipping appears to be the most important vector for the introduction of aquatic invasive species, aquarium and ornamental trade dominated among unintentional vectors of introduction of all freshwater exotics in Texas, resulting in different patterns of distribution, spread, and ecological impacts. The rate of spread of exotic gastropods in Texas varied from 39 waterbodies colonized over 18 years for P. insularum to only three waterbodies during last 45 years for C. chinensis. Four of five exotic gastropods were found in highly vulnerable aquifer-fed springs and rivers, which contain numerous endemic and endangered species. The fifth species, Pomacea insularum, is an agricultural pest. Potential negative ecological effects of exotic gastropods include impacts on wetlands and wetland restoration, competitive exclusion of native snails, and the introduction of exotic parasites, trematodes, which could infect fish and waterfowl, including federally protected species. Aquifer springs with stable temperature regimes are refuges for both cold and warm intolerant species. Handling editor: D. Dudgeon     

Karyotypic analysis of Cajanus,Atylosia, and Rhynchosia species

Summary Somatic chromosomes of two cultivais of Cajanus cajan, eight species of Atylosia (A. albicans, A. cajanifolia, A. lineata, A. platycarpa, A. scarabaeoides, A. serica, A. trinervia and A. volubilis), and of Rhynchosia rothii were analysed. All species had 2n=22. Eight of the 10 species studied had two pairs of satchromosomes while A. scarabaeoides and A. sericea had only one sat-chromosome pair. Based on relative chromosome length (L%), arm ratio (pa-value) and presence or absence of secondary constriction, a karyotype formula for each species was formulated. Based on these parameters the chromosome pairs could also be assigned to groups ranging from 8 to 10 in different species. Except for the asymmetrical karyotype of A. albicans, the other species had rather moderately symmetrical karyotypes.