六盘山脉的野生果树种质资源

野生果树种质资源,是国家的宝贵财富。调查研究野生果树资源,是果树科学研究的重要基础,它对于进一步探讨果树的起源、遗传、进化、分类以及发展果树生产都具有重要作用。六盘山脉野生果树种质资源的系统的调查研究工作,至今国内尚很少报道,对于该山脉野生果树利用途径的研究资料亦为少见。为了发掘和利用这一地区的宝贵资源,作者于1980—1981年对六盘山脉的野生果树种质资源进行了调查研究。现将结果简报如下。     

新疆野生樱桃李种质资源研究现状及保护对策

野生樱桃李是一种珍贵的野生果树资源也是中国稀有濒危树种之一,在我国仅分布在新疆伊犁河谷。野生樱桃李种下类型丰富,具有丰富的遗传多样性。为了更好地开发和利用这一野生资源,对其地理分布、分类学、植物学、受损现状等方面的研究进展进行了综述,并提出就地保护、迁地保护建立资源汇集圃、建立现代化的离体保存基因库以及成立野生果树学会和构建野生果树种质资源网络体系等对策,更好地开展研究和保护利用这一珍贵的野生果树资源。     

广西野生果树资源调查研究

广西有丰富的野生果树资源,计有野生果树50科99属290种(含变种、变型),其科属种分别占全国野生果树73科173属1157种(含变种、变型)的68.49%、57.23%、25.07%。蔷薇科(46种)、猕猴桃科(38种)、壳斗科(29种)、葡萄科(12种)、芸香科(12种)和桑科(11种)六个科共有148种,共占广西野生果树种类的51.03%。这六个科是广西野生果树的优势科。根据目前广西野生果树开发利用状况、技术经验、经济价值等,将广西野生果树分为具备成熟开发条件的种类(48种),进一步研究可开发种类(33种)以及亟待开发种类(209种)。对具备成熟开发条件的种类和进一步研究可开发种类的分布、生境、果熟期、果实用途等进行了详细介绍。提出了保护和合理开发利用广西野生果树资源的建议。     

粤东野生壳斗科果树资源

报道了粤东地区壳斗科野生果树资源的调查结果,记录到该地区壳斗科野生果树资源有4属、17种,分别占全国野生壳斗科果树4属、48种的100%、35.4%,同时分析了部分壳斗科果树的利用价值,并提出开发利用的建议。     

秦巴山区野生草莓资源及其研究利用

秦岭、巴山山区是我国野生果树的集中分布区,也是草莓属(Fragaria)植物资源最为丰富的地区之一,其年收购量居全国前列。当前国内外对野生草莓的系统研究报导尚少,深入开展对秦巴山区野生草莓资源的研究不仅对推动我国对“第三代果树”的研究,     

石门县野生果树资源的研究

首次报道了石门县野生果树的种类、分布及蕴藏量。该地野生果树 77种及变种 ,隶属 15科 2 8属。并提出了开发利用的建议。     

湖南省野生果树资源的研究

1991－1996年对湖南省野生果树资源进行了研究,基本上摸清了该省野生果树资源的种类、分布及蕴藏量,计有209种及变种,隶属39属18科,并对主要种类的分布特点及蕴藏量进行了评价,为综合开发利用提供了依据。     

野生果树水麻资源研究

水麻(Debregeasia edulis)是荨麻科,水麻属中一种野生果树。其树势健壮,容易繁殖、丰产性强。水麻果实呈鲜橙色,果汁中含糖量高,尤其是铁、锌、钙以及氨基酸的含量明显高于其它野生果树和栽培果树,具有明显的开发利用价值。     

新疆天山野生果树研究及保护

根据多年调查和初步统计,新疆天山山区的野生果树种类有81种,由于新疆天山野果林生态系统受到人类经济活动的强烈影响,野果林分布范围缩减、面积下降,物种减少,有的濒临灭绝状态,必须引起重视,本研究提出了新疆野生果树资源保护和可持续利用的建议及对策：（1）加强新疆野生果树种质资源的收集和保存;（2）开展资源调查、评价与利用工作,保育和开发利用并重,实现资源的永续利用;（3）应及早建立新疆新源野苹果林自然保护区和霍城大西沟野生樱桃李自然保护区。     

黄果悬钩子资源开发利用研究

蔷薇科悬钩子属植物在国外作为一种重要的浆果类果树已具有悠久的栽培历史。我国悬钩子属植物虽种类繁多、资源丰富,但绝大部分目前仍处于野生状态。选择和保护其中一些优良的种类和类型加以开发利用,可以为我国人民提供一种高营养、高抗性的新型果品,并且对我国“第三代果树”的开发利用具有直接地促进作用。黄果悬钩子(Rubus xanthocarpus Eureau et Franch)是悬钩子属中一种珍贵的草本性野生果树。     

云南省观果植物资源及其在昆明市园林绿化中的应用

对云南省野生观果植物资源及昆明市各绿地观果植物的种类进行调查分析,结果表明,云南省野生观果植物有266种,隶属于76科183属;主要分布在蔷薇科、忍冬科、卫矛科、木兰科、小檗科、冬青科等中。观果植物的观赏色彩多为红色系,其次是黄色系、深色系和绿色,少见白色。应用于昆明市各类绿地的观果树种约84种,隶属于31科52属,应用中存在以下问题：（1）绿化应用不够广泛;（2）绿化应用的种类数量较少;（3）大多生长不良;（4）应用形式较为单一,景观结构多为单层,景观效果不突出。     

广东东源康禾省级自然保护区野生水果植物资源调查

本文根据现场调查和相关资料统计,广东东源康禾省级自然保护区共有野生水果27科45属71种,其种数约占该自然保护区维管植物总数的6.94%,占广东省野生水果的30.34%,全国野生水果的6.41%。其中双子叶植物24科43属67种,单子叶植物2科2属4种;乔木20种,灌木36种,藤本13种,草本2种;浆果类53种,核果类10种,仁果类6种,柑果类2种;热带分布科16个,占59.26%,温带分布科7个,占25.93%,以热带分布占优势;可作药用的62种,可作观赏的35种,用材树种17种,纤维植物12种,鞣料植物9种等。本自然保护区野生水果生命力强、生食性较好、同时具有较高的营养价值和药用保健价值。     

中国天山野果林种子植物组成及资源状况分析

中国天山野果林种子植物共计60科237属435种,种类组成趋向于集中在少数科内,区系优势现象相当明显,反映出野果林自然环境的特殊性与区系的过渡性。在这些植物种类中有国家重点保护植物9种、中国珍稀濒危保护植物3种、自治区重点保护植物9种;林区野生植物资源非常丰富,统计结果表明：野生果树40种、食用植物30种、饲用植物以种、蜜源植物111种、观赏植物132种、香料植物如种、药用植物131种。文中对各类资源植物的特征进行了分析和讨论,并就野果林的保护及可持续利用提出建议。     

A field test of the directed deterrence hypothesis in two species of wild chili

The directed deterrence hypothesis posits that secondary metabolites in ripe fruit function to deter fruit consumption by vertebrates that do not disperse seeds, while not impacting consumption by those that do. We tested this hypothesis in two species of wild chilies (Capsicum spp.). Both produce fruits that contain capsaicinoids, the compounds responsible for the pungency of chilies. Previous work suggests seed-dispersing birds but not seed-destroying rodents consume chili fruits, presumably because rodents are deterred by capsaicin. However, fruit removal from chili plants by rodents and other mammals has not been previously explored. Because laboratory rodents can develop a preference for capsaicin, it is quite possible that wild rodents are natural consumers of chili fruits. We monitored the fate of 125 marked fruits of Capsicum chacoense and 291 fruits of Capsicum annuum. For both species, essentially all fruit removal occurred during the day, when rodents are inactive. Video monitoring revealed fruit removal only by birds, mostly by species known to disperse chili seeds in viable condition. Furthermore, these species are from taxonomic groups that tend to specialize on lipid-rich fruits. Both species of chili produce fruits that are unusually high in lipids (35% in C. chacoense, 24% in C. annuum). These results support the directed deterrence hypothesis and suggest that fruiting plants distinguish between seed predators and seed dispersers by producing fruits that repel the former and attract the latter.     

粤东地区野果植物资源

本文报道了粤东地区野生水果植物资源的调查结果,记录到该地区野生水果植物有57科、101属、205种(含变种),分别占全国野生果树73科、173属、1157种(变种)的78．1％、58．4％、17．7％,含15种以上的科有蔷薇科、壳斗科、芸香科、桑科4个科,为该地区野生水果的优势科,这说明粤东地区的野生水果植物资源极为丰富．     

The allometry of the weight of fruit on trees and shrubs in Barbados

Summary Branch sampling of branch diameter and fruit crop on 22 species of Barbadian trees and shrubs provided sufficient data to build regressions between plant size and fruit crop weight. Orchard plants bear much more fruit than wild, feral or garden plants of similar size, but this difference disappears in multiple regression of fruit crop weight (F in g, fresh mass) on branch or stem diameter (D in cm) and individual fruit weight (W in g): F=22D^1.2 W^0.57. This explains 89% of the variation in F and successfully predicts crop weight for wild tropical and temperate trees and shrubs, but underestimated the crops on commercial, temperate, fruit trees by an order of magnitude. Comparisons of crop weight for feral, wild, and garden plants (F_f) using a simple regression F_f=47D^1.9 show that crop weight is a minor load relative to branch weight for larger branches. Although fruit crops represent a declining proportion of total plant weight as plants become larger, the crops become larger relative to leaf and twig weight and in this sense, reproductive investment increases in larger plants. Finally, our equations, combined with the self-thinning rule, suggest that stands of large species of fruit plants produce more fruit per unit of land area than stands of small ones.     

广东省野生水果植物资源

本文报道了广东省野生水果植物资源的调查结果,计有野生水果植物２３４种,隶属于４５科９３属。文章分析了广东野生水果植物资源的特点、开发利用的现状及存在问题,对开发利用广东野生水果资源提出了一些建议。     

Relative resistance of transgenic tomato tissues expressing high levels of tobacco anionic peroxidase to different insect species.

Different parts of genetically transformed tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) plants that express the tobacco anionic peroxidase were compared for insect resistance with corresponding wild type plants. Leaf feeding by first instar Helicoverpa zea and Manduca sexta was often significantly reduced on intact transgenic plants and/or leaf disks compared to wild type plants, but the effect could depend on leaf age. Leaves of transgenic plants were generally as susceptible to feeding damage by third instar Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) and Manduca sexta (L.) as wild type plants. Green fruit was equally susceptible to third instar larvae of H. zea in both type plants, but fruit of transgenic plants were more resistant to first instar larvae as indicated by significantly greater mortality. Basal stem sections were more resistant to neonate larvae of H. zea and adults of Carpophilus lugubris Murray compared to wild type plants as indicated by significantly greater mortality and/or reduced feeding damage. Thus, tobacco anionic peroxidase activity can increase plant resistance to insects in tomato, a plant species closely related to the original source plant species, when expressed at sufficiently high levels. However, the degree of resistance is dependent on the size of insect and plant tissue involved.     

关龙胆开花结实生物学特性

关龙胆系中药材商品名,原植物为龙胆属三种植物(东北龙胆、粗糙龙胆、三花龙胆)。本文对关龙胆从花蕾至果实发育全过程进行了观察与讨论。明确了它们有15天左右的花期相遇,可进行杂交;繁育行为属兼性自交;花期较长导致种子胚发育不整齐。