官山保护区白颈长尾雉栖息地适宜性评价

2009年4月-2009年5月和2009年12月-2010年1月,在江西官山国家级自然保护区对白颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus ellioti) 繁殖期和越冬期的栖息地进行调查。通过实地调查,结合已有研究结果,确定了官山自然保护区白颈长尾雉栖息地适宜性评价因子,即植被类型、海拔、坡度和坡向等4个栖息地因子。基于"被利用生境-可获得生境比较法",以对各评价因子不同梯度的资源选择指数为依据,确定了白颈长尾雉适宜性评价准则。应用ArcGIS 9.3空间分析功能和栖息地片断化指数,对官山保护区白颈长尾雉栖息地进行了适宜性评价。结果表明:在官山自然保护区适宜白颈长尾雉繁殖的栖息地斑块有502个,总面积为3307 hm²,占保护区总面积的28.6%,分离度指数和片断化程度指数分别为0.365和0.912;适宜白颈长尾雉越冬的栖息地斑块有514个,总面积2755 hm²,占保护区总面积的23.8%,分离度指数和片断化程度指数分别为0.443和0.939。官山保护区白颈长尾雉栖息地片断化较严重,片断化现象在白颈长尾雉越冬期加剧。因此,迫切需要采取措施白颈长尾雉现存栖息地进行保护,特别是要高度重视其越冬栖息地的保护。     

针阔混交林内白颈长尾雉栖息地利用的影响因子研究

采用无线电遥测和样方法对针阔混交林内白颈长尾雉栖息地利用的影响因子进行了定量研究。结果显示：（１）白颈长尾雉对其栖息地的利用有较强的选择性；（２）白颈长尾雉主要在阳坡春、秋、科三季活动对坡度较平缓，夏季略陡。该雉栖息地利用受水源距离的影响；（３）各种灌枯木、 草本层和地被层因子在白颈长尾雉栖息吉食物条件和隐蔽条件方面发挥重要作用。大叶白纸扇、油茶、山缰、野枇杷、毛冬青、格药柃、乌饭、蔷薇科植物、苔     

白颈长尾雉生物学研究进展及展望

白颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus ellioti)是地栖生活的大型森林鸟类,为我国特有珍稀鸟类。由于白颈长尾雉栖息地片段化与丧失,导致该物种种群数量减少及局部地区种群灭绝,为有效保护该物种。国内外学者针对白颈长尾雉生态学和生物学开展了大量研究。文章从种群生态、栖息地、迁移及活动区、食性及觅食、繁殖生态、遗传及生理、濒危原因与保护对策等方面对白颈长尾雉的研究成果进行了综述。同时,对白颈长尾雉下一步的研究工作提出了建议。     

笼养白颈长尾雉和黑颈长尾雉冬季能量代谢的比较研究

采用全部收粪法试验、代谢试验和统计分析,对不同日龄组白颈长尾雉（Syrrnaticus ellioti）和黑颈长尾雉（Syrmaticus humiae）的能量代谢进行对比研究,表明冬季3～4年种鸡组白颈长尾雉和黑颈长尾雉每只每天平均摄入能分别为（461．90±129．06）KJ和（425．67±61．24）KJ,能量代谢率分别为（87．14±1．56）％和（89．66±1．09）％;210日龄组白颈长尾雉和黑颈长尾雉每只每天平均摄入能分别为（492．78±160．41）KJ和（560．59±133．18）KJ;能量代谢率分别为（84．83±2．25）％和（86．98±1．26）％,这说明冬季黑颈长尾雉的能量代谢率高于白颈长尾雉。     

白颈长尾雉与白鹇秋冬季空间生态位比较

2008年9月-2009年2月,在江西官山国家级自然保护区对白颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus ellioti)和白鹇(Lophura nycthemera)及其栖息地生态因子进行调查,通过8个资源轴分析了2个种的多维生态位宽度、重叠及种间竞争.结果表明,白鹇和白颈长尾雉综合空间生态位宽度分别仅为0.268和0.294;白鹇的海拔和坡度空间生态位大于白颈长尾雉.而白颈长尾雉的坡向生态位宽度大于白鹇,在其他资源轴上二者接近;白颈长尾雉和白鹇的栖息地生态位相似性为0.425,竞争系数为0.584,竞争比较激烈.应加强低海拔地区植被及水源的保护,减少人为干扰.     

贵州雷公山亦有白颈长尾雉分布

贵州雷公山亦有白颈长尾雉分布梁伟（黔东南教育学院生化系凯里５５６０００）关键词白颈长尾雉，分布白颈长尾雉（Ｓｙｒｍａｔｉｃｕｓｅｌｌｉｏｔｉ）国内主要分布于安徽南部、浙江、江西、福建和广东北部等地（郑作新，１９７６年）。近年来广西和湖南等地也见有其分...     

笼养黑颈长尾雉和白颈长尾雉代谢产热特征及体温调节(英文)

采用封闭式流体压力呼吸仪,在5～35℃的环境温度范围内测定了黑颈长尾雉(Syrmaticushumiae)和白颈长尾雉(Syrmaticusellioti)的代谢率(MR)、热传导(C)和体温(Tb)等指标,探讨了其代谢产热特征。结果显示:黑颈长尾雉和白颈长尾雉的热中性区(TNZ)分别为24.5～31.6℃和23.0～29.2℃。在5～35℃的温度范围内,黑颈长尾雉和白颈长尾雉能保持稳定的体温,分别为(40.47±0.64)和(40.36±0.10)℃;在热中性区内,黑颈长尾雉和白颈长尾雉的平均基础代谢率(BMR)分别为(1.36±0.84)和(2.03±0.12)mLO2/(g.h),分别是体重预期值的77%和86%。在下临界温度以下,黑颈长尾雉和白颈长尾雉的最小热传导分别是(0.12±0.01)和(0.17±0.01)mLO2/(g.h.℃),分别是体重预期值的119%和124%。这两种鸟的生理生态学特征是:黑颈长尾雉和白颈长尾雉都具有较低的代谢率,较高的体温和热传导,能较好地适应南方湿热的气候特征。     

白颈长尾雉

白颈长尾雉分布于长江以南、北纬24—31°的华东和华南地区,多栖于海拔300一800米的山谷林地内,以阔叶林和混交林为其最适栖息地。 白颈长尾难道常3—4只成小群活动,其活动以早晚为主,并形成两个日活动高峰。当然该雉的活动受到气候条件.食物基地、季节变化和人类活动等因素影响。 由于滥浦乱猎和栖息地的破坏,白颈长尾雉的数量十分稀少,已处于濒危状态。     

古田山国家级自然保护区白颈长尾雉的分布格局及其季节变化

为了解浙江省古田山国家级自然保护区内白颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus ellioti)的分布格局和季节变化, 2014年5月至2016年4月, 我们对其进行了为期2年的网格化监测。共有44个公里网格拍摄到白颈长尾雉, 独立探测数量为211次, 雌雄性比为1 : 1.64。白颈长尾雉主要分布在实验区和缓冲区, 其探测率在常绿落叶阔叶混交林、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)林、针阔叶混交林、人工油茶(Camellia oleifera)林和常绿阔叶林中依次递减, 主要分布在海拔600-800 m。冬、春两季, 白颈长尾雉活动强度和区域相对较小, 而夏、秋两季活动强度和区域相对增加, 其分布在海拔段(F_4,12 = 3.76, P < 0.05)和季节间(F_3,12 = 3.34, P < 0.05)都存在显著差异。对海拔和气候因子进行回归分析发现, 日平均气温和海拔对白颈长尾雉是否出现均有极显著影响(P < 0.01); 白颈长尾雉月探测率和探测到白颈长尾雉位点的海拔均与月平均气温呈极显著正相关(P < 0.001), 而与月平均降水量无显著线性关系(P > 0.05)。这表明白颈长尾雉的活动在很大程度上受海拔和气温影响, 随月平均气温的升高有向高海拔迁移的趋势。模型选择和多模型推断显示, 最优模型仅保留“100 m内水源”这一个变量, 次优模型是“100 m内水源 × 海拔”, 最优和次优模型的权重分别为0.18和0.14, “100 m内水源”和“海拔”是影响白颈长尾雉在保护区内分布的重要因子, 重要值分别为0.82和0.51。因此, 白颈长尾雉的分布并非仅由某一个或几个环境变量决定, 而是由多个环境变量共同决定。气温的变化和对不同海拔段的选择是导致白颈长尾雉形成不同季节分布格局的原因。     

人工饲养白颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus ellioti)夏、秋季行为节律研究

白颈长尾雉Syrmaticusellioti是鸡形目Galliformes雉科Phasianidae长尾雉属Syrmaticus珍稀鸟类。为了解笼养白颈长尾雉夏秋季行为节律的特点和变化规律, 2016年6月和10月采用瞬时扫描法对湖南省野生动物救护繁育中心笼养的6只白颈长尾雉行为节律进行观测。将白颈长尾雉的行为分为取食、运动、警戒、静止、清理共5类,包含16种具体行为,对每一种行为进行描述,初步建立白颈长尾雉行为谱。统计各时间段白颈长尾雉行为种数,研究发现白颈长尾雉夏季的行为种类较多且更活跃。游走、站立、休憩、摄食、觅食、理羽和张望等行为在各个时间段有发生。运动和静止行为是人工饲养白颈长尾雉主要行为类型。夏季的警觉行为相较秋季发生频率更高。建议笼养条件下在繁殖期间对雄鸟进行分栏管理,避免雄鸟求偶炫耀争夺配偶打斗受伤,同时雌雄搭配多应以1雄2雌或者1雄3雌搭配为佳;警觉行为在秋季发生的频率较低,秋季白颈长尾雉受威胁情况不多,且不存在求偶、孵卵、育雏等繁殖期行为,只需要保证自身安全即可,非繁殖期共笼饲养是可行的,只需保持合理的密度即可。初步掌握白颈长尾雉夏秋季节的行为习性,时间规律和活动节律,能为笼养白颈长尾雉饲养、野外放归、保护等提供科学参考。     

白颈长尾雉栖息地的季节变化

１９９２年１０月至１９９３年５月,在浙江省乌岩岭自然保护区,利用无线电追踪技术和野外直接观察等采样方法对白颈长尾雉各季节栖息地及其食性进行了研究。     

白颈长尾雉春季扩散活动的影响因子

2002年10月-2003年6月和2003年11月-2004年6月,采用无线电遥测、GPS技术、SAW模型和样方法,对浙江省古田山自然保护区白颈长尾雉的扩散过程及其影响因子进行了研究。结果表明：①白颈长尾雉在春季均存在持续约为16—23d的扩散活动,其扩散直线距离在1．5～2．1km。②扩散过程中白颈长尾雉对其运动路线存在选择性,在其扩散进入和未进入区域之间,草本盖度、乔木种数、灌木种数、灌木枝下高、灌木数量和草本数量存在极显著差异;距水源距离、坡度、乔木数量、乔木枝下高和草本种数存在显著差异。③灌木种数、灌木枝下高、坡度和灌木数量等与障碍有关的因子是影响白颈长尾雉扩散活动的重要因子。     

An application of control region sequence as a matrilineage marker for Elliot's pheasant of a zoo population

Control region sequence, an mtDNA marker, was usually used in phylogenesis analysis in species level or genetic structure study among populations. In this study, enlightened by its character of maternal heredity in vertebrates, we used control region sequence as a matrilineage marker for Elliot's pheasant (Syrmaticus ellioti) of Ningbo Zoo population. In Ningbo Zoo, 36 individuals of Elliot's pheasant were descendants from three female founders introduced in 1988. Three control region haplotypes (Ha, Hb, Hc) were identified by six variable nucleotide positions among the control region sequences over 36 individuals. The number of haplotypes was accorded with the number of female founders. Total 20 individuals (C04, C06, C08-11, C14, C20, C21, C23-29, C32, C34-36) shared haplotype a, while 12 individuals (C01, C05, C07, C12, C13, C16-19, C22, C30, C33) shared haplotype b and 4 individuals (C02, C03, C15, C31) shared haplotype c. Those individuals sharing the same haplotype were offspring from one female founder. In other words, there were three maternal lineages and the simple relationship among individuals was indicated. As a result, it seemed that the control region sequence was a useful marker for identification of matrilineage in this study. Meanwhile, the matrilineage information may be compensatory data if there were no any pedigree records in captive species for breeding management.     

官山白颈长尾雉活动区域海拔高度的季节变化及其影响因素

2005年7月至2006年12月,采用无线电遥测的方法在江西官山国家级自然保护区内对5只白颈长尾雉（Syrmaticus ellioti）的活动区域进行了跟踪监测,结合GIS技术和样方法分析其活动区域的海拔高度随季节变化的影响因素。结果表明：海拔400-600m为白颈长尾雉全年最适活动带,其主要活动区域的海拔高度呈现明显的季节变化：夏秋季最高,春季次之,冬季最低。水源是其冬季喜欢在低海拔区域活动的最主要原因;而距林缘距离、灌木数量、灌木种数、灌木盖度等与增加食物丰富度和隐蔽度相关的因子是促使它们在春季和夏秋季倾向于在高海拔区域活动的主要因素。     

The influence of pheasant releasing and associated management on farmland hedgerows and birds in England

Hedgerows are an integral part of the farmed landscape and are important habitats for many birds and other wildlife. Game managers recognize the importance of hedgerows for gamebirds, both in the nesting season for wild birds and as dispersal routes from woodland release pens for reared pheasants in late summer. Conservationists are interested in the potential impacts of pheasant releasing on wildlife and habitats. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of gamebird management on hedgerow structure and the density and connectedness of hedgerows at the landscape level by comparing sites with and without gamebird releasing. We surveyed 150 sites in southern and eastern England: 97 were on pheasant shoots while the others were on farms where there had been no pheasant releasing for at least 25 years. Using a combination of field survey, satellite imagery and GIS software, we determined hedgerow abundance and their structural characteristics. We also measured the extent of hedgerow connectedness. We found that the hedgerow structure was similar on farms with and without game shoots. However, hedgebanks were between 17% and 36% wider on game estates. Game estates also had between 10% and 65% more hedgerow per square kilometre than farms with no game shoot. We found no strong evidence that game management influenced bird numbers associated with individual hedgerows. We conclude that structural characteristics of hedgerows on sites with pheasant releasing do not differ from hedgerows on farms where there is no pheasant releasing undertaken. The tendency for wider hedgebanks and greater hedgerow abundance on game estates is likely due to the recognition of game estate managers of the value of hedgerows as habitats for gamebirds. The results of this study need to be considered within the context of other studies which have highlighted the potential negative effects of large pheasant releases on hedgerow vegetation.     

Habitat loss other than fragmentation per se decreased nuclear and chloroplast genetic diversity in a monoecious tree

Generally, effect of fragmentation per se on biodiversity has not been separated from the effect of habitat loss. In this paper, using nDNA and cpDNA SSRs, we studied genetic diversity of Castanopsis sclerophylla (Lindl. & Paxton) Schotty populations and decoupled the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation per se. We selected seven nuclear and six cpDNA microsatellite loci and genotyped 460 individuals from mainland and island populations, which were located in the impoundment created in 1959. Number of alleles per locus of populations in larger habitats was significantly higher than that in smaller habitats. There was a significant relationship between the number of alleles per locus and habitat size. Based on this relationship, the predicted genetic diversity of an imaginary population of size equaling the total area of the islands was lower than that of the global population on the islands. Re-sampling demonstrated that low genetic diversity of populations in small habitats was caused by unevenness in sample size. Fisher's α index was similar among habitat types. These results indicate that the decreased nuclear and chloroplast genetic diversity of populations in smaller habitats was mainly caused by habitat loss. For nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite loci, values of F(ST) were 0.066 and 0.893, respectively, and the calculated pollen/seed dispersal ratio was 162.2. When separated into pre-and post-fragmentation cohorts, pollen/seed ratios were 121.2 and 189.5, respectively. Our results suggest that habitat loss explains the early decrease in genetic diversity, while fragmentation per se may play a major role in inbreeding and differentiation among fragmented populations and later loss of genetic diversity.     

Macroalgal Composition Determines the Structure of Benthic Assemblages Colonizing Fragmented Habitats

Understanding the consequences of fragmentation of coastal habitats is an important topic of discussion in marine ecology. Research on the effects of fragmentation has revealed complex and context-dependent biotic responses, which prevent generalizations across different habitats or study organisms. The effects of fragmentation in marine environments have been rarely investigated across heterogeneous habitats, since most studies have focused on a single type of habitat or patch. In this study, we assessed the effects of different levels of fragmentation (i.e. decreasing size of patches without overall habitat loss). We measured these effects using assemblages of macro-invertebrates colonizing representative morphological groups of intertidal macroalgae (e.g. encrusting, turf and canopy-forming algae). For this purpose, we constructed artificial assemblages with different combinations of morphological groups and increasing levels of fragmentation by manipulating the amount of bare rock or the spatial arrangement of different species in mixed assemblages. In general, our results showed that 1) fragmentation did not significantly affect the assemblages of macroinvertebrates; 2) at greater levels of fragmentation, there were greater numbers of species in mixed algal assemblages, suggesting that higher habitat complexity promotes species colonization. Our results suggest that predicting the consequences of fragmentation in heterogeneous habitats is dependent on the type and diversity of morphological groups making up those habitats.     

近40年东北地区陆栖脊椎动物种群数量及其生境变化评估

生物多样性是生态平衡维持和生态过程与功能实现的基础,东北地区是我国乃至全球生物多样性最为丰富的地区之一。为研究和探讨东北地区陆栖脊椎动物种群数量与生境变化之间的关系,利用物种调查数据和生境遥感观测数据,以地球生命力指数、生态系统面积和破碎度等指示性指标,综合评估了近40年东北地区陆栖脊椎动物种群数量及其生境变化。结果表明:1970—2010年,东北地区陆栖脊椎动物种群数量下降了近70.1%,森林脊椎动物种群数量减少了近80.9%,草原和荒漠生态系统脊椎动物种群数量增加了近180.9%。1980—2010年,湿地物种种群数量减少了近75.7%。1980—2015年期间,农业和城镇建设用地增幅分别达到25.2%和32.3%,不断挤占和蚕食着自然生态空间,致使自然生境面积不断减少,减幅约为8.0%。自然生境景观破碎化程度总体呈现加重趋势,尤其是森林生境,破碎化指数增加约42.7%。但是,2005年之后,自然生境景观破碎化程度加重趋势趋缓,与2005年之后脊椎动物种群数量减少幅度减缓趋势一致。森林砍伐、人口增长、城镇化、交通建设等造成的自然生态系统破碎度增加和栖息地质量下降对大型兽类影响比较显著。     

Reversing habitat loss: deciduous habitat fragmentation matters to birds in a larch plantation matrix

Whereas matrix management has recently been suggested as a useful tool in biodiversity conservation, patterns and processes within matrices remain unknown. We examined the effects of the loss and fragmentation (configuration) of original deciduous habitats on birds in larch plantation matrix in the winter and during the breeding season in a montane region in Nagano Prefecture, central Japan. Birds were counted using a plot-count method from 32 (winter) and 46 (breeding) matrix (plantation) sites with a range of surrounding habitat loss and fragmentation at a 1600-m scale. Birds were assigned to species groups based on ecological traits, and three groups for which larch plantation would function as low-quality matrix were analyzed. Bird occurrences were explained primarily by habitat structure. Although the effects of landscape structure were less than those of habitat structure, three of five groups across the two seasons experienced significant landscape effects. All effects were of habitat fragmentation (scatteredness of deciduous habitats), i.e. two groups (flycatchers in the breeding season and tree nesters in both seasons) frequently occurred in matrix surrounded by highly scattered deciduous habitats. However, most of these effects were confounded by local habitat structure. That is, the variation in bird occurrences explained purely by fragmentation variables was <6%. Nonetheless, because these effects were marginally significant at p<0.10, there was some support for fragmentation effects after covariation with habitat structure was considered. Based on these results and associated theoretical studies, we hypothesized that habitat fragmentation leads to loss of individuals and is more important than habitat loss in landscapes with a structurally similar matrix. We also hypothesized that matrix within landscapes with highly scattered habitats should be managed with high priority.