广西水稻地方品种耐冷性鉴定及相关分析

对419份广西水稻地方品种初级核心种质进行芽期、苗期的耐冷性鉴定及相关分析,结果表明:广西水稻地方品种芽期、苗期耐冷性主要集中在7级和9级,总体耐冷性较弱。芽期、苗期极强耐冷种质(1级)分别为24份和27份,占参试总数的5.73%和6.44%,其中10份种质芽期和苗期均表现极强耐冷(1级)。芽期、苗期耐冷性呈极显著正相关(r=0.66)。粳稻芽期、苗期耐冷性均显著高于籼稻;粘糯稻之间耐冷性差异是由籼粳稻类型的耐冷差异引起的;来自高寒山区稻作区的品种芽期和苗期平均耐冷表现最强。利用34个SSR标记与芽期、苗期耐冷性进行Pearson相关分析,在第7和第9染色体上,各鉴定出1个同时与芽期和苗期耐冷性相关联的位点。本研究为水稻芽期、苗期耐冷育种提供新的抗源材料,并为水稻耐冷基因定位及机理研究奠定基础。     

基于单片段代换系的水稻芽期耐冷QTL定位和聚合北大核心CSCD

芽期耐冷性是华南双季稻地区水稻育种的一个重要目标。虽然水稻芽期耐冷QTL的标记定位已取得了一定的进展,但是这些QTL/基因尚未在水稻育种中得到有效的应用。定位稳定表达的芽期耐冷QTL,开展QTL聚合育种是水稻芽期耐冷性育种取得突破的关键。在本研究中,利用以粳稻IR65598-112-2为供体,籼稻华粳籼74为受体构建的单片段代换系(SSSL)开展芽期耐冷QTL定位,并进行聚合育种。通过评价SSSL与受体华粳籼74的芽期耐冷性差异,定位了2个稳定的芽期耐冷QTLs(qCTBB-3和qCTBB-12)。试验表明,分别携带有耐冷QTL qCTBB-3和qCTBB-12的SSSL在冷处理后都比华粳籼74表现出更高的幼苗成活率。通过代换作图,发现在qCTBB-3区间存在2个紧密连锁的耐冷QTLs(qCTBB-3a和qCTBB-3b)。利用本研究携带qCTBB-3a/qCTBB-3b的单片段代换系和前期研究鉴定出的芽期耐冷QTL qCTBB-6的单片段代换系为亲本进行杂交,通过分子标记辅助选择,获得了2份含有这3个QTL的聚合系。耐冷性评价表明,来源于两个供体/亲本的QTL不存在显著的上位性效应,聚合系的芽期耐冷性较亲本显著增强。可见,通过聚合芽期耐冷QTLs qCTBB-3a/qCTBB-3b和qCTBB-6能显著提高水稻芽期的耐冷性,获得的QTL及三耐冷QTL聚合系为水稻芽期耐冷性分子育种提供了优良的基因资源和亲本材料。     

水稻RIL群体苗期耐冷性QTL分析

水稻苗期冷害是影响早春季节和高纬度地区水稻成苗和秧苗生长的重要限制因素之一。为了鉴定控制水稻苗期耐冷性的QTL,研究采用了1个水稻“粳籼交”重组自交系(RIL)群体,结合1张高密度分子遗传图谱,对3叶期幼苗经过10℃冷处理3d、恢复培养2d和4d时的秧苗存活率进行复合区间作图。亲本Lemont和特青的苗期耐冷性具有极显著差异,Lemont的苗期耐冷性很强,而特青对低温敏感。在重组自交系群体中,苗期耐冷性表现为连续变异,在两个方向上均出现大量超亲分离。共检测到5个水稻苗期耐冷性QTL,分别位于水稻1、3、8和11号染色体上,单个QTL对性状的贡献率为7％～21％。其中,4个QTL的增效基因来源于亲本Lemont,另1个QTL的增效基因来源于亲本特青。2个主效QTL(qSCT-3和qSCT-8)分别位于3号染色体标记区间RM282-RM156和8号染色体标记区间RM230—RM264,对性状的贡献率达到或接近20％,被检测到的LOD值显著较高,其增效基因均来自于耐冷性亲本Lemont。研究结果进一步揭示了水稻苗期耐冷性QTL具有丰富的位点多样性,表明耐冷性普遍较强的粳稻是发掘苗期耐冷性优异基因的主要稻种资源。     

水稻耐冷性鉴定评价方法

水稻耐冷性是我国东北和西南高海拔地区、日本、韩国和朝鲜等国水稻育种的重要研究目标,至今许多学者对水稻耐冷性进行了广泛的研究,并且目前所采用的耐冷性鉴定评价方法已基本成熟,但国内还没有对其进行技术规范化.本文汇总了国内外至今所采用的水稻耐冷性鉴定方法和耐冷指标及分级标准等,将为水稻耐冷性种质资源鉴定和育种以及我国水稻耐冷性鉴定评价技术规范的制定提供参考依据.     

棉花在广西南宁的越冬耐冷性鉴定和遗传分析

在广西南宁对不同种质来源的棉花材料及其杂交后代进行越冬耐冷性鉴定,为多年生棉花耐冷育种提供基础材料。在开展最佳处理时间和处理温度筛选的基础上,采用5个耐冷生理生化指标(相对电导率、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、丙二醛和脯氨酸)和露地越冬指标综合鉴定63份材料的越冬耐冷性,并运用系统聚类的方法将其聚为4大类,即耐冷型23份、中度耐冷型19份、中度冷敏型9份和冷敏型12份,分别占供试材料的36.51%、30.16%、14.29%和19.05%。所有耐冷型材料均和多年生海岛棉种质有关,说明多年生海岛棉在越冬耐冷性育种上具有很高的利用价值。供试棉花材料越冬性的细胞质效应不显著,杂交后代的越冬性有向亲本的平均类型回归的趋势。     

Identify and genetic analysis on the cryotolerance of overwintering cotton in Nanning, Guangxi

在广西南宁对不同种质来源的棉花材料及其杂交后代进行越冬耐冷性鉴定,为多年生棉花耐冷育种提供基础材料.在开展最佳处理时间和处理温度筛选的基础上,采用5个耐冷生理生化指标(相对电导率、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、丙二醛和脯氨酸)和露地越冬指标综合鉴定63份材料的越冬耐冷性,并运用系统聚类的方法将其聚为4大类,即耐冷型23份、中度耐冷型19份、中度冷敏型9份和冷敏型12份,分别占供试材料的36.51%、30.16%、14.29%和19.05%.所有耐冷型材料均和多年生海岛棉种质有关,说明多年生海岛棉在越冬耐冷性育种上具有很高的利用价值.供试棉花材料越冬性的细胞质效应不显著,杂交后代的越冬性有向亲本的平均类型回归的趋势.     

茶陵野生稻苗期耐冷性研究

以耐冷性强弱不同的栽培稻为参比,通过自然冷胁迫与(或)人工冷处理,比较了茶陵野生稻与不同类型栽培稻经冷胁迫后的秧苗成活率、净光合速率和光系统Ⅱ光化学量子效率的变化,对茶陵野生稻苗期耐冷性作出评估.结果表明:经冷胁迫后,茶陵野生稻上述指标值的变化小于典型籼稻和爪哇稻,大于典型粳稻.说明茶陵野生稻苗期耐冷性强于籼稻和爪哇稻,但弱于粳稻.     

水稻耐冷相关基因克隆研究进展

全球约有一半的人口以稻米为主食,然而,大多数栽培水稻品种(尤其是籼稻品种)的耐冷性不强,易受冷害(冰点以上低温危害)。采用分子育种方法培育耐冷水稻新品种是提高水稻耐冷性、减轻冷害的措施之一,对水稻耐冷相关基因进行定位与克隆是水稻耐冷分子育种的重要环节。介绍了以东乡野生稻为研究对象的耐冷相关基因定位以及以栽培稻为研究对象的OsDREB1A与OSISAP1等耐冷相关基因的克隆,并指出了今后该领域研究的重点。     

玉米耐盐种质筛选及群体遗传结构分析

本研究采用盆栽法评价了157份玉米自交系的苗期耐盐性,并利用115对SSR标记解析了耐盐自交系的群体遗传结构。结果表明,T5V、N1026、农大1145及4S等10份玉米自交系为高耐盐玉米种质;处理后10d株高、地上鲜重、地下鲜重、地上干重、地下干重及存活率可作为玉米苗期耐盐鉴定的重要指标;利用SSR分子标记,结合系谱资料,将157份自交系划为6个类群,其中具有通系5血缘（Ⅰ类群）、泰国糯玉米种质血缘（Ⅲ类群）及旅大红骨、黄早四等血缘（Ⅵ类群）的自交系耐盐性较强,是开展玉米耐盐育种的重要种质类群。本研究筛选到的耐盐种质将为玉米耐盐遗传机制研究、玉米种质遗传改良及耐盐分子育种提供优异的基因资源。     

黄瓜的冷害及耐冷性

随着蔬菜反季节栽培面积的不断扩大,如何提高黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)耐冷性已成为选育新品种的研究重点。系统地综述近几年黄瓜耐冷性的鉴定、获得途径、冷害机理以及遗传和分子遗传学等方面的研究,以促进对黄瓜冷害机制的研究, 加速耐冷品种的培育。耐冷性鉴定时要从耐冷指数、低温发芽能力、MDA (丙二醛)含量和电解质渗漏率等几个方面综合鉴定。耐冷性的获得途径主要有冷驯化、激素处理、热激处理和培育耐低温品种,最重要的途径是耐冷品种选育。黄瓜冷害机理包括细胞膜的流动性降低及透性增加,光合作用被抑制,根系吸收减弱,可溶性糖含量减少,淀粉粒积累增加,微管的稳定性受到破坏等。黄瓜低温发芽能力由非加性基因决定,而幼苗时期主要由加性基因控制。黄瓜 耐冷的分子遗传学研究进展缓慢,目前已克隆出在低温锻炼中特异表达的功能未知的基因CCR18。今后还应研究黄瓜低温胁迫时的信号转导系统,以进一步揭示黄瓜的冷害机理;利用野生资源的抗逆性状,拓宽栽培黄瓜的遗传基础,选育适于保护地栽培的耐低温品种。     

Relationship of restriction fragment length polymorphisms to single-cross hybrid performance of maize

Summary Isozymes and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) have been proposed for use in varietal identification and selection for agronomic traits. Although the use of isozymes for these purposes has been well documented, evaluation of the efficacy of RFLP technology as applied to crop improvement is far from complete. This investigation was conducted to study the relationship between RFLP-derived genotypes and heterotic patterns of a group of maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines. A total of 22 inbreds was crossed to four testers (B73, B76, Mo17, and Va26) in combinations that minimized crossing within heterotic groups. Forty-seven single-cross progeny were subsequently evaluated for several agronomic traits (including grain yield and moisture, ear height, and root lodging) over 2–4 consecutive years at two to four Iowa locations in a randomized complete-block design. The inbred lines were subjected to RFLP analysis, which involved 47 genomic clones and the restriction enzymes EcoRI and HindIII. Hybrid RFLP patterns were predicted from their inbred parents. Modified Roger's distances were computed to estimate genetic distance among the inbred lines. Principal component analysis facilitated ascertainment of relative dispersion of the inbreds based on the frequency of variants at specific RFLP loci. Evident associations of variants with genes affecting agronomic traits were identified by principal component regression analysis, in which adjusted hybrid means were regressed on the matrix of hybrid variants frequencies. The hybrid means were adjusted by removing environmental effects, using residuals as dependent variables in the regression analysis. Results from this study suggest that RFLP analysis may be of value in allocating maize inbreds to heterotic groups, but no relationship between RFLP-based genetic distance and hybrid performance was apparent. Principal component regression identified variants potentially linked to genes that control specific agronomic traits.Joint contribution: USDA-ARS and Journal Paper No. J-13590 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, IA 50011, USA. Projects No. 2818 and 2778     

Molecular marker diversity among current and historical maize inbreds

Advanced-cycle pedigree breeding has caused maize (Zea mays L.) inbreds to become more-elite but more-narrow genetically. Our objectives were to evaluate the genetic distance among current and historical maize inbreds, and to estimate how much genetic diversity has been lost among current inbreds. We selected eight maize inbreds (B14, B37, B73, B84, Mo17, C103, Oh43 and H99) that largely represented the genetic background of current elite inbreds in the U.S. seed industry. A total of 32 other inbreds represented historical inbreds that were once important in maize breeding. Cluster analysis of the inbreds, using data for 83 SSR marker loci, agreed well with pedigree information. Inbreds from Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic (BSSS), Reid Yellow Dent, and Lancaster clustered into separate groups with only few exceptions. The average number of alleles per locus was 4.9 among all 40 inbreds and 3.2 among the eight current inbreds. The reduction in the number of alleles per locus was not solely due to sample size. The average genetic distance (D _ij ) was 0.65 among the eight current inbreds, 0.67 among the 32 historical inbreds, and 0.67 among all 40 inbreds. These differences were statistically insignificant. We conclude that genetic diversity among current inbreds has been reduced at the gene level but not at the population level. Hybrid breeding in maize maintained, rather than decreased, genetic diversity, at least during the initial subdivision of inbreds into BSSS and non-BSSS heterotic groups. We speculate, however, that exploiting other germplasm sources is necessary for sustaining long-term breeding progress in maize. Received: 21 August 2000 / Accepted: 5 January 2001     

玉米自交系幼胚培养能力与遗传关系研究(简报)

玉米幼胚培养获得的胚性愈伤组织具有较强的长期继代能力和再生植株能力,常被用于构建转基因受体系统。然而基因型是制约玉米组织培养植株再生的重要因素之一,不同玉米基因型的幼胚培养能力关系到其遗传转化研究的结果[1]。     

Proline accumulation and its implication in cold tolerance of regenerable maize callus

Embryogenic callus of maize (Zea mays L.) inbreds B37wx, H99, H99³H95, Mo17, and Pa91 accumulated proline to levels 2.1 to 2.5 times that of control callus when subjected to mannitol-induced water stress, cool temperatures (19°C) and abscisic acid (ABA). A combination of 0.53 molar mannitol plus 0.1 millimolar ABA induced a proline accumulation to about 4.5 times that of control callus, equivalent to approximately 0.18 millimoles proline per gram fresh weight of callus. Proline accumulation was directly related to the level of mannitol in the medium. Levels of ABA greater than 1.0 micromolar were required in the medium to induce proline accumulation comparable to that induced by mannitol. Mannitol and ABA levels that induced maximum accumulation of proline also inhibited callus growth and increased tolerance to cold. Proline (12 millimolar) added to the culture media also increased the tolerance of callus to 4°C. The increased cold tolerance induced by the combination of mannitol and ABA has permitted the storage of the maize inbreds A632, A634Ht, B37wx, C103DTrf, Fr27rhm, H99, Pa91, Va35, and W117Ht at 4°C for 90 days which is more than double the typical survival time of callus. These studies show that proline and conditions which induce proline accumulation increase the cold tolerance of regenerable maize callus.     

三峡库区72份玉米地方品种产量性状的评价

从三峡库区征集72份玉米地方品种分别同改良Reid和改良Lancaster血缘自交系进行测配,采用灰色关联度分析法对这些地方品种产量及其构成性状进行了综合评价.结果表明这些玉米地方品种中具潜在利用价值的有16份,其中与改良Reid测验系测交表现出强优势的地方品种有6份,与改良Lancaster测验系测交表现出强优势的品种亦有6份,与两个测验系测交均表现出较强杂种优势的地方品种有4份.     

中国栎属植物的数量分类研究

在全面衡量中国栎属49种4变种性状特征的基础上,观测了25个定性性状和18个数量性状。通过聚类分析,可以将中国栎属分为5个特征明显的表征群,即5组:麻栎组(Section Aegilops)、槲栎组(Section Quercus)、高山栎组(Section Brachylepides)、巴东栎组(Section Engleriana)和橿子栎组(Section Echinolepides)。在主成分分析中,虽然性状的累积贡献率增长不明显,前3个主成分累积贡献率仅有50.4%,但结果仍然显示出和聚类分析同样的结果。说明栎属的分类性状仍存在主要方面,只不过在演化过程中由于性状变异的多样性,产生了多个不同的表征类群。分析结果对我们解决个别有疑问种的分类地位也有启示作用。因此,数量分类方法对解决栎属组间及种间的分类问题有重要的意义。     

云南薏苡种质资源农艺性状的主成分和聚类分析

为了揭示云南薏苡种质资源多样性,发掘薏苡资源中的有益基因,利用主成分分析和聚类分析,对收集的65个薏苡种质资源的13个农艺性状进行多样性评价。结果表明,云南薏苡资源存在丰富的遗传多样性,其中栽培种的分枝数和分蘖数的遗传变异系数分别达到57.4%和47.5%,野生种百粒重的遗传变异系数达到60.4%。应用主成分分析将云南薏苡13个性状简化为7个主成分,其累积贡献率为85.67%,以叶片宽因子贡献率最高,为49%。采用系统聚类分析,将65份供试材料在遗传距离16.21水平上聚为5个大类,可区分为株高较矮叶片较短型、株高较高叶片较长型以及3个特殊型。     

Genetic diversity among progenitors and elite lines from the Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic (BSSS) maize population: comparison of allozyme and RFLP data

Summary Data for restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of 144 clone-enzyme combinations and for 22 allozyme loci from 21 U.S. Corn Belt maize (Zea mays L.) inbreds were analyzed. The genetic materials included 14 progenitors of the Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic (BSSS) maize population, both parents of one missing BSSS progenitor, four elite inbreds derived from BSSS, and inbred Mo17. Objectives were to characterize the genetic variation among these 21 inbreds for both allozymes and RFLPs, to compare the results from both types of molecular markers, and to estimate the proportion of unique alleles in the BSSS progenitors. Genetic diversity among the 21 inbreds was substantially greater for RFLPs than for allozymes, but the percentages of unique RFLP variants (27%) and unique allozyme alleles (25%) in the BSSS progenitors were similar. Genetic distances between inbreds, estimated as Rogers' distance (RD), were, on average, twice as large for RFLP (0.51) as for allozyme data (0.24). RDs obtained from allozyme and RFLP data for individual line combinations were only poorly correlated (r = 0.23); possible reasons for discrepancies are discussed. Principal component analysis of RFLP data, in contrast to allozyme data, resulted in separate groupings of the ten BSSS progenitors derived from the Reid Yellow Dent population, the four BSSS elite lines, and Mo17. The remaining six BSSS progenitors were genetically rather diverse and contributed a large number of rare alleles to BSSS. The results of this study corroborate the fact that RFLPs are superior to allozymes for characterizing the genetic diversity of maize breeding materials, because of (1) the almost unlimited number of markers available and (2) the greater amount of polymorphisms found. In particular, RFLPs allow related lines and inbreds with common genetic background to be identified, but a large number of probe-enzyme combinations is needed to estimate genetic distances with the precision required.Joint contribution from Cereal and Soybean Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, and Journal Paper No. J-14236 of the Iowa Agricultural and Home Economics Experiment Station, Projects 2818 and 2778     

Genetic structure and diversity among maize inbred lines as inferred from DNA microsatellites

Two hundred and sixty maize inbred lines, representative of the genetic diversity among essentially all public lines of importance to temperate breeding and many important tropical and subtropical lines, were assayed for polymorphism at 94 microsatellite loci. The 2039 alleles identified served as raw data for estimating genetic structure and diversity. A model-based clustering analysis placed the inbred lines in five clusters that correspond to major breeding groups plus a set of lines showing evidence of mixed origins. A "phylogenetic" tree was constructed to further assess the genetic structure of maize inbreds, showing good agreement with the pedigree information and the cluster analysis. Tropical and subtropical inbreds possess a greater number of alleles and greater gene diversity than their temperate counterparts. The temperate Stiff Stalk lines are on average the most divergent from all other inbred groups. Comparison of diversity in equivalent samples of inbreds and open-pollinated landraces revealed that maize inbreds capture <80% of the alleles in the landraces, suggesting that landraces can provide additional genetic diversity for maize breeding. The contributions of four different segments of the landrace gene pool to each inbred group's gene pool were estimated using a novel likelihood-based model. The estimates are largely consistent with known histories of the inbreds and indicate that tropical highland germplasm is poorly represented in maize inbreds. Core sets of inbreds that capture maximal allelic richness were defined. These or similar core sets can be used for a variety of genetic applications in maize.     

南斯拉夫玉米自交系改良我国优良杂交种的遗传潜势研究

以9个引进南斯拉夫玉米自交系为母本、11个分属于不同优势类群的8个优良杂交种的亲本自交系为父本,组配107个杂交组合,采用Dudley方法分析了利用南斯拉夫自交系改良我国优良杂交种产量的遗传潜势、利用方法及改良的主要穗粒性状。结果表明,引进自交系具有较高的间接利用价值,9801、9802、9803、9805、9807、9808、9809可以分别通过改良不同亲本自交系的不同穗粒性状提高各杂交种的产量水平。具体改良效果还有待通过进一步的育种实践予以印证。