普通大麦和球茎大麦抗病种间杂种的产生及其同工酶标记

以二棱大麦（Ｈｏｒｄｅｕｍ ｖｕｌｇａｒｅ Ｌ．）“苏啤１ 号”为母本与四倍体球茎大麦（Ｈ． ｂｕｌｂｏｓｕｍＬ．）“ＧＢＣ１４１”杂交, 并通过幼胚培养获得１１ 株三倍体Ｆ１ 植株． 三倍体Ｆ１ 植株与二倍体母本二棱大麦“苏啤１ 号”回交, 获得７ 株二倍体回交后代ＢＣ１． ７ 个回交后代株系通过大麦黄花叶病病圃鉴定, 其中ＢＣ１－２株系抗大麦黄花叶病． 利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对父本、母本和ＢＣ１－２株系进行了同工酶分析,结果表明二倍体二棱大麦与四倍体球茎大麦的过氧化物酶同工酶差异显著,并且在ＢＣ１－２株系幼根的过氧化物酶同工酶谱中,发现一条来自父本球茎大麦“ＧＢＣ１４１”的过氧化物酶谱带,该酶带的相对迁移率（Ｒｆ）为０．４７, 重复性好并且易于检测．由于回交后代ＢＣ１－２抗大麦黄花叶病, 又带有来自球茎大麦特异的幼根过氧化物酶谱带作为易于检测的同工酶标记,因此该回交后代株系可以作为大麦抗病育种工作重要的抗源．     

甘薯属植物过氧化物酶同工酶分析

采用垂直平板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对23份甘薯属不同倍性材料进行过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱分析。初步结果表明,过氧化物酶同工酶酶带数目与材料倍性无明显相关性;二倍体或四倍体野生种的种间酶谱差异显著;六倍体野生种不同株系间以及六倍体栽培种甘薯的不同品种间酶谱差异较小;但栽培种甘薯与六倍体野生种I.trifida(6x)、四倍体野生种I.littoralis(4x)以及二倍体野生种I.trifida(2x)的酶谱有4条明显共同标记带,表明其间有一定亲缘关系。     

黄芩过氧化物酶同工酶电泳和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性分析

对黄芩（Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi)二倍体和同源四倍体过氧化物酶进行了同工酶电泳分析及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性测定。结果表明,黄芩二倍体与同源四倍体过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱一致,但后者的着色程度大于前者,二年生黄芩叶子在快速区Rf为0．494和0．512处出现新的谱带,不同发育阶段和不同组织器官的谱带存在明显差异;根和叶中谱带数最多,花其次,种子最少;试管苗谱带数先减少后增加,并在整个培养过程中出现特征性谱带C。各组织器官抗坏血酸过氧化物酶总活力差异明显,顶芽最高,叶子次之,花最低。黄芩一年生和二年生各个多倍体株系叶子抗坏血酸过氧酶总活力均高于二倍体叶子抗坏血酸过氧化酶总活力。试管苗生长过程中抗坏血酶过氧化物酶活活力的变化与生长趋势一致,表明该酶与植株生长发育紧密相关。     

关于棉属四倍体种起源问题的过氧化物酶同工酶研究

本文采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板电泳和等电聚焦技术,对棉属(Gossypium)A基因组2个二倍体种、D基因组10个二倍体野生种和四倍体2(AD)基因组的3个种进行过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱分析。种间酶谱关系符合形态学,细胞学和遗传学的研究结果,但G.gossypioides,G.thurberi和G.trilobum的酶谱与D基因组其他种有较大差异却与A基因组相似。由二倍体种酶液组成的体外人工混合体与自然四倍体的比较分析表明,四倍体棉种G.darwinii,G.barbadense和G.hirsutum是A基因组和D基因组的异质组合,G.raimondii而不是G.thurberi或G.trilobum为四倍体种祖先基因组的最可能的D亚基因组供体。对过氧化物酶同工酶分析为棉属种间亲缘关系和四倍体起源的研究提供生化遗传依据的可行性进行了阐述。     

四类不同倍性鲫鱼在胚胎发育期间同工酶基因表达的比较分析

用聚丙烯酰胺梯度凝胶电泳比较分析了单倍体、二倍体、三倍体和复合四倍体4类不同倍性鲫鱼以及单倍体和二倍体鲤鱼在胚胎发育时期4种同工酶(EST,LDH,MDH,SOD)酶谱。结果表明,单倍体鲫鱼和单倍体鲤鱼胚胎与各自的二倍体胚胎相比,同工酶酶谱看不出差异;天然三倍体银鲫胚胎的MDH和SOD同工酶酶谱与二倍体鲫相似,但EST和LDH同工酶比二倍体增多了酶带,有的酶带如EST5和EST6还可在鲤鱼胚胎中找到相应的表达产物,提供了天然雌核发育三倍体银鲫杂交起源的证据;复合四倍体由于含有鲤鱼的一个外来基因组,其胚胎的基因表达有些与杂种类似,在所分析的4种同工酶酶谱中,都可观察到来自鲤鱼基因的影响。此外,在由源于不同复合四倍体个体的卵子发育形成的胚胎间,还观察到同工酶基因表达的异质性。     

菘蓝二倍体及其同源四倍体遗传差异的ISSR分析

以1个菘蓝二倍体及其10个同源四倍体株系为材料,利用19个随机扩增ISSR引物分析其遗传差异性,为菘蓝多倍体诱变的基因表达调控以及遗传改良提供依据。结果显示:菘蓝二倍体与其同源四倍体及四倍体之间的ISSR多态性有明显差异,除主要遗传位点相同外,有些四倍体株系扩增条带数多于二倍体,有些四倍体株系扩增条带数少于二倍体,四倍体株系间亦有多态位点;11个株系共扩增111条多态性条带,多态性达55.22%。聚类分析显示,不同四倍体株系与二倍体的遗传差异大小亦不同。研究表明,菘蓝二倍体与其同源四倍体具有中等偏高的遗传差异性。     

不同倍性不结球白菜营养品质及同工酶比较研究

对二倍体、同源四倍体不结球白菜主要营养品质及叶片和花蕾EST、POD、SOD同工酶谱带进行研究.结果表明:(1)同源四倍体可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、维生素C、有机酸、干物质和纤维素含量分别比二倍体增加16.65%、14.08%、18.18%、15.81%、15.82%和60.00%,差异极显著.(2)叶片中,二倍体EST谱带比同源四倍体多1条;花蕾中二倍体比四倍体多2条谱带;而POD和SOD在谱带条数上没有差异,只是四倍体的谱带亮度较二倍体强,表明其表达量较高,说明它们的酶种类相似但剂量不同.     

大麦与纤毛鹅观草属间杂种F5和BC1F4的同工酶研究

对栽培大麦（ＨｏｒｄｅｕｍｖｕｌｇａｒｅＬ．品种“Ａｒｕｐｏ”）与纤毛鹅观草（Ｒｏｅｇｎｅｒｉａｃｉｌｉａｒｉｓ（Ｔｒｉｎ．）Ｎｅｖｓｋｉ）属间杂种后代Ｆ５和回交后代ＢＣ１Ｆ４（以“Ａｒｕｐｏ”作回交亲本）的不同类型株系与其双亲的幼根、幼芽、幼穗、幼嫩籽粒分别进行了酯酶、过氧化物酶同工酶分析。结果Ｆ５和ＢＣ１Ｆ４各株系的酯酶同工酶、过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱具有母本“Ａｒｕｐｏ”全部或绝大多数酶带,父本Ｒ．ｃｉｌｉａｒｉｓ的１～３条酶带和数量不等的双亲所没有的新酶带,也出现酶带的减少。结果表明,纤毛鹅观草的遗传物质已稳定地遗传给了其自交和回交后代。酶谱变异与植株习性出现一定程度的关联。由于在不同时期内结构基因的表达起不同作用,因此,在用同工酶分析法鉴定易位系时,最好不同的器官采用不同的酶类或一种同工酶多时期连续分析。     

潞党参四倍体优良株系LDSS-5号的性状观察及多糖含量研究

目的:验证选育出的潞党参四倍体株系LDSS-5号的优良特性,以期解决生产中产量低和抗逆性差的问题。方法:以不同的方法繁殖四倍体株系LDSS-5号,与二倍体植株进行性状比较和多糖含量研究。结果:与二倍体植株比较,该株系在叶、花、茎、根及种子等方面均表现出了巨大型,增产率达到76.0%以上,种子出苗率降低了49.3%~51.1%,且差异显著,三年生根中多糖含量比二倍体根提高3.60%,符合多倍体的特征。结论:潞党参四倍体株系LDSS—5号,性状优良、且有效成分多糖含量高。     

苹果属皱叶矮生型株系及其亲本和后代实生苗的过氧化物酶同工酶特性研究

以母本平邑甜茶1株、父本扎矮山定子1株、皱叶矮生型株系(F1)6株及其自然授粉后代实生苗(F2)15株为试材,采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法研究叶片过氧化物酶同工酶谱的异同。结果表明:皱叶矮生型株系叶片的过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱共有10条酶带,R f值范围0.18~0.90,各植株间的酶带数量基本一致,只有强弱不同,与平邑甜茶酶谱的差异也很小。在皱叶矮生型株系的后代实生苗叶片中,除15 a单株有16条酶带外,其他实生苗的过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱约有10条酶带,但株间差异明显,R f值范围0.18~0.84。不同树龄平邑甜茶叶片的酶谱一致性较好。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Comparison of BMI and percentage of body fat of Indian and German children and adolescents

Today, serious health problems as overweight and obesity are not just constricted to the developed world, but also increase in the developing countries (Prentice 2006, Ramachandram et al. 2002). Focusing on this issue, BMI and percentage of body fat were compared in 2094 schoolchildren from two cross-sectional studies from India and Germany investigated in 2008 and 2009. The German children are in all age groups significantly taller, whereas the Indian children show higher values in BMI (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 22 kg/m2; German: around 19 kg/m2) and in the percentage of body fat (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 27%; German: around 18-20%) in most of the investigated age groups. The Indian children have significantly higher BMI between 10 and 13 (boys) respectively 14 years (girls). Indian children showed significant higher percentage of body fat between 10 and 15 years (boys) and between 8 and 16 years (girls). The difference in overweight between Indian and German children was strongest at 11 (boys) and 12 (girls) years: 70% of the Indian but 20% of the German children were classified as overweight. In countries such as India that undergo nutritional transition, a rapid increase in obesity and overweight is observed. In contrast to the industrialized countries, the risk of overweight in developing countries is associated with high socioeconomic status. Other reasons of the rapid increase of overweight in the developing countries caused by different environmental or genetic factors are discussed.     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.     

The synthesis and evaluation of flavone and isoflavone chimeras of novobiocin and derrubone

The natural products novobiocin and derrubone have both demonstrated Hsp90 inhibition and structure–activity relationships have been established for each scaffold. Given these compounds share several key structural features, we hypothesized that incorporation of elements from each could provide insight to structural features important for Hsp90 inhibition. Thus, chimeric analogues of novobiocin and derrubone were constructed and evaluated. These studies confirmed that the functionality present at the 3-position of the isoflavone plays a critical role in determining Hsp90 inhibition and suggests that the bicyclic ring system present in both novobiocin and derrubone do not share similar modes of binding.     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.