三峡库区珍稀濒危植物资源保护对策

分析了三峡库区珍稀濒危植物资源现状。针对三峡库区珍稀濒危植物资源所面临的各种生态和社会问题,提出了相应的保护对策。这些对策包括对部分珍稀濒危植物实行迁地保护,加强种质资源保护,建立珍稀特有植物的专项或综合保护区,建立珍稀特有植物资源的环境监测体系。加强科研和宣教工作,保护珍稀濒危植物的现有生境和恢复植被等。     

湖北省三峡库区珍稀濒危及国家重点保护野生植物资源的初步研究

实地调查表明,湖北省三峡库区宜昌、兴山、秭归和巴东４县分布有珍稀濒危野生植物３９种,分别占三峡库区、湖北省和全国总数的９０７％、６２９％和１００５％;国家重点保护野生植物１３２种,分别占湖北省及全国总数的６４０８％及７７６％。其中,国家一级保护植物有红豆杉、南方红豆杉、珙桐、光叶珙桐等４种,二级保护植物有金毛狗等１２８种。在国家重点保护植物中,湖北省新记录种３种,县级新分布种３种。研究结果证明,湖北省三峡库区是三峡库区和湖北省珍稀濒危及国家重点保护植物物种多样性中心。     

三峡库区地方特有维管植物研究

三峡库区位于我国中亚热带北部 ,既是我国植物种类丰富的地区之一 ,又是我国第三纪古老植物的残遗分布中心之一。从中国特有属的分布来看 ,该区被认为是中国三大特有植物分布中心之一的“川东 -鄂西”的分布中心〔1〕。该区的特有植物是在长期的自然历史发展过程中形成的 ,它们的存在与分布在科研上具有重要价值 ,而且较多的种类又是重要的资源植物 ,在开发利用上亦至关重要。因此 ,作者根据近年来在三峡库区实地调查的结果 ,结合有关文献 ,对三峡库区的地方特有维管植物的种类及分布特点进行了分析与探讨 ,为有效地保护三峡库区特有植物资…     

三峡库区植物资源及保护

三峡库区有丰富的植物资源。据资料统计表明：库区有维管束植物6088种,分属于208科,1428属,约占全国植物总数的20％左右;有珍稀植物57种,占全国珍稀植物的14.7％。库区有植被类型78个,有药用植物3500种,隶属于603属,174科,同时有丰富的粮食经济植物和野生香料植物资源．随着三峡工程的修建,直接或间接地破坏了植物的生存环境,因此,加强法制宣传教育,提高环境保护意识．建立自然保护区和植物园等措施,有效的保护了库区植物资源,改善了生态环境的质量,促进了人与自然的和谐发展。     

长江三峡珍稀植物——巴东木莲冬芽的组织培养

巴东木莲是长江三峡库区的珍稀濒危植物 ,数量不多 ,树形美观 ,是一种常绿大乔木 ,扦条繁殖不易。本文关于冬芽培养试验为巴东木莲提供了一条新的繁殖途径 ,具有重要的现实意义 ,为保护长江三峡库区物种资源提供了参考。     

上海濒危植物现状及保护对策

通过实地网格化调查、标本查阅及历史资料搜集对上海濒危植物现状及保护对策进行了研究,结果表明:上海共有国家重点保护和濒危野生植物23科27属28种,建议上海重点保护的野生植物有54科82属101种。上海原生植物减少、外来植物增多、生物多样性降低等是上海一些原生植物变为濒危的主要原因。今后应建立上海濒危植物保护体系,重点保护上海的植物多样性中心,并尽快立法公布上海地方重点保护野生植物名录;加强植物多样性保护宣传,保护上海的野生植物资源并防范外来植物入侵。     

长江三峡库区分布的中国种子植物特有属

长江三峡库区分布中国特有属67属,占库区种子植物区系属的6．4％,其中木本属28属,草本属39属,集中分布在川东、鄂西一带。本文主要对长江三峡库区中国种子植物特有属的物种组成、分布及特点进行分析,并对三峡库区众多中国种子植物特有属形成的原因及其在库区植物区系研究中的地位进行了讨论。     

黄河三角洲贝壳堤岛自然保护区维管植物区系研究

为了给黄河三角洲贝壳堤岛自然保护区维管植物资源的开发和利用提供理论依据,对黄河三角洲贝壳堤岛自然保护区植物资源进行了调查和研究,初步统计本地区维管植物共有58科、149属、228种。其中,蕨类植物3科、5属、9种;裸子植物1科、1属、1种;被子植物54科、143属、218种。从科、属、种三个层次对其植物区系进行了统计分析后得出结论：该区植物多样性贫乏;区系属的分化程度高;地理成分复杂,分布类型多样;无特有现象。     

三峡工程对库区特有濒危植物荷叶铁线蕨的影响与对策

荷叶铁线蕨是被列入《中国植物红皮书》的三峡库区特有的濒危植物,其分布范围狭窄,繁殖力弱,资源量稀少^［1］。三峡水库的兴建将对荷叶铁线蕨的生长环境及种质资源产生严重影响。本文阐述了该种植物的生物学、生态学特性,分析了其群落学特征,并评估了三峡工程对它的影响,提出了保护该物种的有效措施。     

湖南省小溪国家级自然保护区杀虫植物资源调查研究

实地调查了小溪国家级自然保护区内的杀虫植物资源的种类、生境、利用价值及现状。结果表明,小溪自然保护区的杀虫植物资源十分丰富,有87科171属242种及变种。菊科等11科植物含有6种以上的植物,为该区的优势类群。简要介绍了保护区内重要的杀虫植物28科40种的杀虫作用及部位、植物类型、繁殖方式和药用部位。针对保护区内的杀虫植物资源的开发利用现状提出了建议。     

Contrasting structures of plant–mite networks compounded by phytophagous and predatory mite species

Differences in the feeding habits between phytophagous and predatory species can determine distinct ecological interactions between mites and their host plants. Herein, plant–mite networks were constructed using available literature on plant-dwelling mites from Brazilian natural vegetation in order to contrast phytophagous and predatory mite networks. The structural patterns of plant–mite networks were described through network specialization (connectance) and modularity. A total of 187 mite species, 65 host plant species and 646 interactions were recorded in 14 plant–mite networks. Phytophagous networks included 96 mite species, 61 host plants and 277 interactions, whereas predatory networks contained 91 mite species, 54 host plants and 369 interactions. No differences in the species richness of mites and host plants were observed between phytophagous and predatory networks. However, plant–mite networks composed of phytophagous mites showed lower connectance and higher modularity when compared to the predatory mite networks. The present results corroborate the hypothesis that trophic networks are more specialized than commensalistic networks, given that the phytophagous species must deal with plant defenses, in contrast to predatory mites which only inhabit and forage for resources on plants.     

广西野生阴生观赏植物资源及其特点

为了解广西境内蕴藏的野生阴生观赏植物资源及珍贵种质,采取野外实地考察及标本采集鉴定相结合的方法,对广西全境分布的阴生和半阴生观赏植物资源进行研究。结果表明:广西野生阴生观赏植物有5个基本特点:种类丰富(162科485属1309种)、种质资源珍贵(珍稀植物195种,广西特有植物136种)、生长基质多样(喜钙植物、喜酸植物和中间类型植物)、草本性状比值显著(草本植物约占总种数的66.1%)、野生资源贮藏量的多寡悬殊性。6个主要野生阴生观赏类群为:蕨类植物(43科240种)、兰科(37属126种)、百合科(21属82种)、苦苣苔科(17属63种)、秋海棠科(1属43种)、天南星科(12属30种)。研究结果可为合理开发利用广西野生阴生观赏植物资源提供参考。     

云南高黎贡山怒族对植物传统利用的初步研究

采用民族生物学和文化人类学等方法,广泛调查和研究了云南西北部高黎贡山地区怒族对植物的传统利用形式。结果表明：怒族对植物的传统利用主要表现在食用、药用、观赏、宗教祟拜和文化利用等方面。讨论了怒族的传统文化在当地植物多样性利用和管理中的作用和意义,并探讨了在植物多样性管理中传统管理和现代管理之间的关系以及在我国利用文化多样性进行自然生态环境保护的可能性、必要性和可行性。此外,面对优秀的传统文化知识和文化多样性逐渐消失的现实,作者建议加以拯救和广泛的研究。     

Similarity and specialization of the larval versus adult diet of European butterflies and moths

Many herbivorous insects feed on plant tissues as larvae but use other resources as adults. Adult nectar feeding is an important component of the diet of many adult herbivores, but few studies have compared adult and larval feeding for broad groups of insects. We compiled a data set of larval host use and adult nectar sources for 995 butterfly and moth species (Lepidoptera) in central Europe. Using a phylogenetic generalized least squares approach, we found that those Lepidoptera that fed on a wide range of plant species as larvae were also nectar feeding on a wide range of plant species as adults. Lepidoptera that lack functional mouthparts as adults used more plant species as larval hosts, on average, than did Lepidoptera with adult mouthparts. We found that 54% of Lepidoptera include their larval host as a nectar source. By creating null models that described the similarity between larval and adult nectar sources, we furthermore showed that Lepidoptera nectar feed on their larval host more than would be expected if they fed at random on available nectar sources. Despite nutritional differences between plant tissue and nectar, we show that there are similarities between adult and larval feeding in Lepidoptera. This suggests that either behavioral or digestive constraints are retained throughout the life cycle of holometabolous herbivores, which affects host breadth and identity.     

Multivariate approaches evaluated in the ethnoecological investigation of Tehsil Oghi,Mansehra, Pakistan

Pakistan has rich history of indigenous folk medicine, and of the 6000 species of higher plants found in the country 12% are used in medicinal formulations. This immensely important knowledge of folk practices to cure different ailments has been learned after centuries and is mostly verbally communicated. Therefore, a field study was designed to investigate the plant biodiversity and accumulate the indigenous knowledge about the uses of plants of Tehsil Oghi, District Mansehra, Pakistan. A total of 141 local inhabitants were interviewed through a structured questionnaire followed by multivariate approaches to evaluate the data based on the Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA). Plants specimen were preserved, mounted and labeled on the herbarium sheets, cataloged and deposited for voucher numbers in Herbarium, Government Post Graduate College, Mansehra, Pakistan. In present study, a total 104 species belonging to 88 genera and 54 families were recorded from the study area; herbaceous growth form dominated the study area with 56 species, followed by trees with 30 species and shrubs 14 species. Among all 54 families, Rosaceae species were dominant with 12 species, followed by Asteraceae with 8 species. Out of the reported 104 species, 94 plant species are medicinal, 22 plant species are edible fruits, 37 plant species are fuel wood, 24 plant species are timber wood, 38 plant species are fuel wood, 9 plant species are vegetables, while 34 plant species are ornamental. The present study revealed the importance of the flora of this unexplored area and also provides the baseline study for future biological, phytochemical and pharmacological experimentations.     

Woody Plant Species Richness in the Turvo State Park,a Large Remnant of Deciduous Atlantic Forest,Brazil

This paper presents a quantitative inventory of woody plants with DBH ≥ 5 cm in Turvo State park, a large remnant (17,500 ha) of seasonal deciduous Atlantic forest in Southern Brazil. The forest inventory was based on 141 sampling points (point centered quarter method). Seventy-eight species from 37 families were recorded, the density was 879 plants ha⁻¹ and the basal area 25.12 m² ha⁻¹. Timber species of commercial value made up 35% of the species and 72% of the basal area. The ten most abundant species made up 52% of the species, and the ten species with highest basal area accounted for 48% of the total basal area and 12% of the species. Zoochory was the dominant mode of seed dispersal, representing 63% of species and 67% of the plant density. Nine percent of the species were pioneers, 56% were secondary species accounting for 62% of the total basal area, and 35% were opportunistic-climax species accounting for 54% of the plant density. Turvo park has exceptionally high biodiversity and is the last intact large remnant of the Alto-Uruguai river ecosystem. In addition to species richness and an abundance of high value timber species, this forest is of value for the rich genetic resources, and for medicinal and ornamental plants.     

Preliminary ethnobotanical survey of kurupukari: An amerindian settlement of Central Guyana

A preliminary assessment of the utilization of plant species was undertaken within an Amerindian community at Kurupukari, Guyana. A total of 120 plant species of 46 plant families, covering 246 different plant uses were identified. Plant uses were divided into six utilization categories; 64 species for medicinal, 53 for technological, 43 edible, 20 for timber, 14 for construction and two species with miscellaneous uses. Of the 120 plant species, one species was recorded with five different use categories, two with four and 13 with three. A further 23 species were identified as having multiple uses. Of the 20 commercial timber species, five species were also shown to exhibit some form of non-timber product use, emphasising the under-utilization of species extraction. The dual extraction of both timber and non-timber resources from the same tree as a more effective sustainable utilization of available forest resources is also discussed.     

福建省安溪县药用植物资源调查与分析

依托第四次全国中药资源普查,采用代表区域-样地-样方-样方套,结合样线调查方法,通过野外调查、走访调查及查阅相关资料等,对福建安溪药用植物资源种类和分布进行分析。结果显示,安溪县药用植物有1515种,隶属215科844属,草本为主要生活类型,药用部位主要以根及根茎类和全草类为主;其中福建重点药材115种、特色药材46种。安溪县药用植物资源丰富,物种多样性高,今后应加强资源保护与规划,合理开发利用该地药用植物资源。     

Effects of resource additions on species richness and ANPP in an alpine meadow community

Aims Theories based on resource additions indicate that plant species richness is mainly determined by the number of limiting resources. However, the individual effects of various limiting resources on species richness and aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) are less well understood. Here, we analyzed potential linkages between additions of limiting resources, species loss and ANPP increase and further explored the underlying mechanisms.Methods Resources (N, P, K and water) were added in a completely randomized block design to alpine meadow plots in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Plant aboveground biomass, species composition, mean plant height and light availability were measured in each plot. Regression and analysis of variance were used to analyze the responses of these measures to the different resource-addition treatments.Important findings Species richness decreased with increasing number of added limiting resources, suggesting that plant diversity was apparently determined by the number of limiting resources. Nitrogen was the most important limiting resource affecting species richness, whereas P and K alone had negligible effects. The largest reduction in species richness occurred when all three elements were added in combination. Water played a different role compared with the other limiting resources. Species richness increased when water was added to the treatments with N and P or with N, P and K. The decreases in species richness after resource additions were paralleled by increases in ANPP and decreases in light penetration into the plant canopy, suggesting that increased light competition was responsible for the negative effects of resource additions on plant species richness.