黄河三角洲滩地不同造林模式的土壤酶活性

 该文对东营市垦利县柽柳（Tamarix chinensis）林、枣（Ziziphus jujuba）园、 旱柳（Salix matsudana）林、刺槐（Robinia pseudoacacia）林、白蜡（Fraxinus chinensis）林、桑（Morus alba ）园土壤酶活性及其与土壤化学性质和土壤微生物的关系进行了分析。结果表明：在土壤空间上,脲酶和 过氧化物酶活性随土层的增加而减小,多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶的活性在土层之间变化不明显。过氧化氢 酶与脲酶和多酚氧化酶显著相关,脲酶与多酚氧化酶呈负相关。不同造林模式对土壤过氧化氢酶和过氧化 物酶影响不大,对脲酶和多酚氧化活性有显著的影响。各种造林模式增加了脲酶的活性,均高于柽柳林; 减小了多酚氧化酶的活性,除刺槐林外,均显著低于柽柳林;而造林模式对过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶的影 响较小。土壤酶活性与土壤养分有一定的相关,其中脲酶与全氮、有机质显著正相关,与速效氮正相关; 多酚氧化酶与速效钾正相关,而过氧化氢酶与全氮、速效磷和有机质呈负相关,与土壤pH值相关性不显著 ;与微生物的相关系数不大,其中脲酶与固氮菌、纤维素分解菌显著正相关,与细菌正相关;多酚氧化酶 与固氮菌和细菌负相关;过氧化氢酶与固氮菌显著负相关,与纤维素分解菌负相关。脲酶和多酚氧化酶可 以作为滩地土壤质量评价的指标。     

乌兰布和沙漠东北部沙区人工林土壤微生物及酶活性研究

以荒漠为对照,对乌兰布和沙漠东北部沙区9种人工林0～20 cm和20～40 cm土层的3大类微生物(细菌、放线菌和真菌)及4种酶活性(蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢和碱性磷酸酶)的生态分布特征进行了研究.结果表明:(1)各林地三大菌数量级均表现为细菌(106)＞放线菌(105)＞真菌(103);在0～40 cm垂直剖面内,细菌数在柠条、沙枣和沙棘林地中较多,两白杨林地中放线菌数量最多,真菌数在花棒和柠条林地中较多,微生物总数整体表现为灌木林地多于乔木林地;随土层加深各林地土壤微生物总数量均呈明显减少趋势.(2)在0～40 cm土层中,两白杨林地蔗糖酶活性最高,小美旱林地脲酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性均较高,沙棘和沙枣林地碱性磷酸酶活性较高;土壤酶活性具有明显垂直分异特征,除过氧化氢酶外其余几种酶活性均随土层深度增加而递减,其中脲酶活性降幅最大.(3)4种土壤酶活性间整体正相关性较好,土壤放线菌数量与其蔗糖酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性呈显著正相关.可见,人工乔、灌林地的土壤微生物数量比荒漠地增加,酶活性增强,土壤生物学性质得到改善;不同林地土壤微生物组成、数量、分布和土壤酶活性存在差异.     

灰渣场土壤酶活笥与植被和土壤化学性质的关系

通过野外调查和实验分析,研究了芜湖火力发电厂灰渣场土壤蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性与土壤污染物及植被的关系。结果表明,灰渣场植被多以单种植物组成的斑块零散布,以草本植物为主,且多为1－2年生。同时,灰渣场3种土壤酶活性和渣场的自然环境条件具有较强的相关性,其中3种酶活性对环境胁迫的敏感性依次为脲酶＞蔗糖酶＞过氧化氢酶,3种酶活性与环境中因子的相关性整体表现为蔗糖酶＞脲酶＞过氧化氢酶。由于对环境胁迫为敏感,而且其活性与植被状况和土壤化学性质具有显著或极显著相关性,建议用脲酶活性作为废弃地复垦的一个指示指标。     

桉树人工林林下植被、地面覆盖物与土壤物理性质的关系

对儋州市东成镇的7个不同类型的桉树(Eucalyptussp.)人工林和一个马占相思林(Acaciamangium)林下的土壤含水量、土壤温度、土壤容重、土壤坚实度(硬度)以及土壤的机械组成等5个土壤物理指标进行研究。结果表明,有林下植被的桉树人工林地的土壤含水量比无林下植被的桉树人工林地的高出11.2~62.9 g.kg-1;同一样地内,有枯枝落叶覆盖物的土壤含水量平均比没有枯枝落叶覆盖物的土壤含水量高27.6~38.2 g.kg-1;有林下植被的桉树人工林地土壤温度比无林下植被的桉树人工林地和空旷弃荒地低,但却比无林下植被、树冠大、荫蔽度大的马占相思林地的高。有林下植被的桉树人工林地的土壤硬度要比无林下植被的桉树人工林地、马占相思林地和空旷弃荒地的小5.49~18.76 kg.cm-3。林下植被覆盖率高的桉树人工林地,其容重比有林下植被的桉树人工林地、无林下植被的桉树人工林地、马占相思林地、牧草实验地样地小0.33~0.48 g.cm-3。这说明桉树人工林下植被和枯枝落叶是影响土壤含水量、土壤硬度、土壤温度、土壤容重等土壤物理性质的重要因子。因此,为了有效改善桉树林的立地条件以及能更好地经营桉树人工林,在...     

模拟增温对川西亚高山两类针叶林土壤酶活性的影响

采用开顶式生长室(open top chamber,OTC)模拟增温,同步监测了亚高山人工针叶林和天然针叶林表层土壤温、湿度的变化,以及模拟增温初期土壤转化酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性的变化.结果表明：在整个生长季节中,OTC使人工林和天然林5 cm土壤日平均温度分别增加0.61 ℃和0.56 ℃,10 cm体积含水量分别下降4.10%和2.55%;模拟增温增加了土壤转化酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性.增温与林型的交互作用对土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性有显著影响,而对转化酶和多酚氧化酶影响不显著.增温对过氧化氢酶活性的影响与季节变化相关.在各处理下,天然林土壤酶活性显著高于人工林.土壤酶活性季节动态与土壤温度有着较大相关性,而与土壤水分季节变化关系不明显.模拟增温易于增加土壤酶活性,但增温效应和林型、酶种类和季节变化有一定关系;亚高山针叶林土壤酶活性主要受控于土壤温度,而与土壤水分关系不大.     

模拟增温对川西亚高山西类针叶林土壤酶活性的影响

采用开顶式生长室(open top chamber,OTC)模拟增温,同步监测了亚高山人工针叶林和天然针叶林表层土壤温、湿度的变化,以及模拟增温初期土壤转化酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性的变化.结果表明:在整个生长季节中,OTC使人工林和天然林5 am土壤日平均温度分别增加0.61 oC和0.56 ℃,10 am体积含水量分别下降4.10%和2.55%;模拟增温增加了土壤转化酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性.增温与林型的交互作用对土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性有显著影响,而对转化酶和多酚氧化酶影响不显著.增温对过氧化氢酶活性的影响与季节变化相关.在各处理下,天然林土壤酶活性显著高于人工林.土壤酶活性季节动态与土壤温度有着较大相关性,而与土壤水分季节变化关系不明显.模拟增温易于增加土壤酶活性,但增温效应和林型、酶种类和季节变化有一定关系;亚高山针叶林土壤酶活性主要受控于土壤温度,而与土壤水分关系不大.     

长期施肥对东北黑土酶活性的影响

在中国科学院海伦农业生态实验站长期定位试验基础上,研究了长期施用化肥和有机肥对黑土0～20cm和20～40cm土层土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和转化酶活性及土壤全碳和全氮的影响.结果表明：长期施用化肥和有机肥均不同程度地提高了0～20cm和20～40cm土层土壤磷酸酶、脲酶和转化酶活性,特别是化肥和有机肥配合施用显著增加了该3种土壤酶的活性,增幅分别为43.6%～113.2%、25.9%～79.5%、14.7%～134.4%（0～20cm）和56.1%～127.2%、14.5%～113.8%、16.2%～207.2%（20～40cm）,长期施用化肥对土壤过氧化氢酶活性影响不大.随着土层深度的增加,土壤磷酸酶、脲酶和转化酶活性均有所降低;长期施用氮肥对土壤脲酶、施用磷肥对土壤磷酸酶有明显的促进作用;长期施肥对土壤全C、全N含量及C/N也有明显影响.     

稻草覆盖、间作三叶草茶园土壤酶活性与养分的关系

通过小区实验,分析了稻草覆盖与间作三叶草后的丘陵茶园土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性变化,并采用相关分析、通径分析、主成分分析探讨了酶活性和土壤养分的关系。结果表明：稻草覆盖与间作三叶草能显著提高丘陵茶园土壤有机质、全N及速效P、速效K含量,间作三叶草明显增加土壤过氧化氢酶、转化酶含量,而稻草覆盖明显增加磷酸酶和脲酶活性。相关分析表明,土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶均与全氮、有机质、速效N呈极显著或显著正相关。通径分析表明,与4种酶关系最直接的是有机质或全N。主成分分析表明,土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性在第1主成分内的权重分别为0.842、0.937、0.873和0.847,可见,过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性可用于评价丘陵茶园土壤C、N肥力。     

长期施肥对东北黑土酶活性的影响

在中国科学院海伦农业生态实验站长期定位试验基础上，研究了长期施用化肥和有机肥对黑土0～20 cm和20～40 cm土层土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和转化酶活性及土壤全碳和全氮的影响.结果表明：长期施用化肥和有机肥均不同程度地提高了0～20 cm和20～40 cm土层土壤磷酸酶、脲酶和转化酶活性，特别是化肥和有机肥配合施用显著增加了该3种土壤酶的活性，增幅分别为43.6%～113.2%、25.9%～79.5%、14.7%～134.4%(0～20 cm)和56.1%～127.2%、14.5%～113.8%、16.2%～207.2%(20～40 cm)，长期施用化肥对土壤过氧化氢酶活性影响不大.随着土层深度的增加，土壤磷酸酶、脲酶和转化酶活性均有所降低；长期施用氮肥对土壤脲酶、施用磷肥对土壤磷酸酶有明显的促进作用；长期施肥对土壤全C、全N含量及C/N也有明显影响.     

十溴联苯醚与锌复合污染胁迫下土壤酶和呼吸强度的响应

为了了解多溴联苯醚与重金属复合污染对土壤微生态的影响,采用室内模拟土培方法研究了十溴联苯醚(decabromodiphenyl ether,BDE-209)和锌(Zn SO4·7H2O)单一及复合污染处理对土壤过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性及土壤呼吸强度的影响。结果表明:短期(1~7 d)处理条件下,土壤蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶对BDE-209和Zn2+单一和复合污染均表现出较高的敏感性,但随着暴露时间的延长,酶活性有逐渐恢复至对照组水平的趋势;最高浓度100 mg·kg-1的BDE-209与最高浓度1000 mg·kg-1的Zn2+复合处理组,蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性则始终处于受抑制状态;BDE-209和Zn2+复合污染处理对土壤过氧化氢酶活性的影响在暴露前期主要为拮抗作用,而后期以协同作用为主,对土壤蔗糖酶的影响在不同时期分别表现出加合作用、拮抗作用和协同作用;BDE-209与Zn2+复合处理对土壤呼吸的影响呈现"促进-抑制-促进-抑制"的规律,但无论是促进作用还是抑制作用,其强度随时间而减弱。     

红壤酶活性与肥力的关系

对供试红壤的基本化学性质、微生物量以及酶活性进行分析.结果表明,红壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶及过氧化氢酶与土壤有机碳、全氮及全磷显著相关或极显著相关,这些酶活性反映了红壤肥力水平的差异.土壤酶活性聚类分析结果与根据土壤化学、生物学性质所得结果基本相似.酶活性可用于评价红壤肥力质量.新鲜土样的酶活性不仅高于风干土样,且与土壤肥力质量联系更为密切.     

Bt玉米秸秆分解对土壤酶活性和土壤肥力的影响

通过室内实验,研究了Bt玉米34B24和同源常规品种34B23、Bt玉米农大61和常规品种农大3138秸秆分解对土壤酶活性和土壤肥力的影响.结果表明,与34B23处理相比,34B24处理的土壤蛋白酶和酸性磷酸酶活性在观测期没有显著差异;75 d时土壤脱氢酶活性显著提高,15、45、60和75 d土壤蔗糖酶活性显著提高;30 d时土壤脲酶活性显著提高,45 d和75 d时则土壤脲酶活性显著降低.2个Bt玉米处理和2个常规玉米处理的土壤酶活性也在某些时间有显著差异.秸秆分解90 d后,34B24处理比34B23处理.显著降低了土壤速效磷和速效钾含量.以上差异与不同秸秆的化学构成有关,Bt基因的转化过程可能会影响受体作物秸秆的化学成分.应建立不同土壤类型土壤酶活性的标准分级体系,以便科学评价Bt玉米秸秆分解对土壤质量的影响.     

The relation among soil microorganism, enzyme activity and soil nutrients under subalpine coniferous forest in Western Sichuan

Soil microorganism and enzymes are important parts of forest ecosystem and sensitive to environmental changes. They have many critical functions in energy conversion and material cycle of forest soil. However, there are few studies about soil biological properties under subalpine coniferous forest, in particular, a serial of spruce plantation chronosequences following clear-cutting of natural coniferous forest in western Sichuan. We measured the quantity of soil microorganism (including bacteria, fungi and actinomyces), enzyme activity and soil nutrients under spruce plantation chronosequences in western Sichuan to investigate soil biological properties and their relationship with soil nutrients. The results showed that soil microorganism, enzyme activity and soil nutrients of the mature spruce plantation were significantly lower than those of the young spruce plantation and secondary broad-leaved forest. Soil fertility degraded greatly with the increasing of spruce plantation age and was mainly affected by forest micro-environment. There were significant correlation between the amounts of soil microorganisms, soil enzyme activities and nutrients (e.g. soil organic matter, total N, total P, alkali-hydrolyzable N and available K). Therefore soil biological indices can be used to evaluate soil fertility. In order to accelerate the course of restoration and rehabilitation of degraded pure plantation, the strategy and measures were put forward, including application of thinning rationally for existing dense plantations and establishment of mixture forest of coniferous and broad-leaved trees for new afforestations, which would create good forest micro-environment for plant growth.     

The relation among soil microorganism, enzyme activity and soil nutrients under subalpine coniferous forest in Western Sichuan

Soil microorganism and enzymes are important parts of forest ecosystem and sensitive to environmental changes. They have many critical functions in energy conversion and material cycle of forest soil. However, there are few studies about soil biological properties under subalpine coniferous forest, in particular, a serial of spruce plantation chronosequences following clear-cutting of natural coniferous forest in western Sichuan. We measured the quantity of soil microorganism (including bacteria, fungi and actinomyces), enzyme activity and soil nutrients under spruce plantation chronosequences in western Sichuan to investigate soil biological properties and their relationship with soil nutrients. The results showed that soil microorganism, enzyme activity and soil nutrients of the mature spruce plantation were significantly lower than those of the young spruce plantation and secondary broad-leaved forest. Soil fertility degraded greatly with the increasing of spruce plantation age and was mainly affected by forest micro-environment. There were significant correlation between the amounts of soil microorganisms, soil enzyme activities and nutrients (e.g. soil organic matter, total N, total P, alkali-hydrolyzable N and available K). Therefore soil biological indices can be used to evaluate soil fertility. In order to accelerate the course of restoration and rehabilitation of degraded pure plantation, the strategy and measures were put forward, including application of thinning rationally for existing dense plantations and establishment of mixture forest of coniferous and broad-leaved trees for new afforestations, which would create good forest micro-environment for plant growth.     

不同土地利用方式下赤红壤生物学性状及其与土壤肥力的关系

以我国华南地区典型坡地的赤红壤为对象,研究了不同土地利用方式(新垦旱地、灌木林、桉树林及果园)下土壤微生物性状、酶活性及其与土壤肥力的关系.结果表明: 不同土地利用方式下土壤生物学性质差异极显著.其中,果园土壤的微生物数量和酶活性显著增加;新垦旱地土壤的呼吸速率显著增加,微生物数量、酶活性显著下降;灌木林和桉树林则介于果园和新垦旱地之间,且两者具有高度的相似性.不同土地利用方式下的土壤微生物数量和酶活性与土壤有机碳、大部分养分之间存在显著正相关;高有机质含量和高肥力水平的土壤有利于微生物的生长和酶活性的提高.     

黄土丘陵区小流域土地利用和植被恢复对土壤质量的影响

土壤质量的维护和提高是全球生物圈可持续发展的重要因素之一．对黄土丘陵小流域持续利用25年后的荒草地、山杏林地、农地、油松林地、灌木林地和撂荒地土壤性状的研究结果表明,不同土地利用方式和植被恢复类型对土壤质量有很大影响;植被恢复重建和农地撂荒将增加土壤有机质含量,提高土壤质量;粗放的农业耕作措施将降低土壤质量并引起土壤退化;灌丛有明显的肥力岛屿作用;撂荒在一定程度上可以培肥土壤。随着“西部大开发”、“退耕还林还草”和生态重建工程的开展,在半干旱黄土丘陵沟壑区,建植灌木、种植牧草、农地撂荒和自然恢复是较好的生态重建和植被恢复方式。     

南亚热带赤红壤地区不同人工林下的土壤微生物特性

对南亚热带赤红壤地区、广州市花县不同薪材用材林型下土壤微生物特性研究表明,不同林型下的年均土壤微生物（主要是细菌、真菌和放线菌）总量由高到低依次为：混交林＞豆科纯林＞纯桉树林＞裸露生荒地。大叶相思与按树混交林地土壤具有较高的纤维素酶和转化酶活性,而豆科纯林土壤中则有较高的脲酶、蛋白酶和触酶活性。土壤的呼吸作用强度以马占相思纯林及其混交林为高,纯桉树林较低。经过五年垦荒造林后,土壤中的微生态环境有很大改善,这种变化由地下微生物特性和地面上林木的生物量充分反映出来,而未开垦生荒地土壤微生物数量和生物化学活性则仍处于低水平的衰退状态。     

Effects of soil fertility on the activities of certain enzymes of desiccated wheat leaves

Summary Isolated wheat (Triticum aestivum var. Kalyan Sona) leaves obtained from plants raised under high and low soil fertility were subjected to quick and slow drying conditions avoiding temperature stress. The leaves of plants raised under high fertility display higher enzyme activity (Amylase, acid pyrophosphatase and ATPase) and large chlorophyll content as compared to the leaves of plants raised under low fertility.It was concluded that adequate nutrition conducive for greater plant vigour brings about an efficient enzyme activity and higher chlorophyll content, despite desiccation, as compared to plants raised under low soil fertility. The results indicated that the hydrature of the tissue need not necessarily be an index of efficiency of metabolism. Under desiccation leaves of plants under high fertility may lose more moisture as compared to leaves of plants raised under low fertility. At the low identical states of hydrature enzyme activities and chlorophyll content remain higher in leaves of plants raised under high soil fertility.     

Spatial variation of soil quality and pollution assessment of heavy metals in cultivated soils of Henan Province,China

Abstract

Eight chemical and physical characteristics and seven biological properties of the soils from five cultivated areas in the Henan Province were quantified. Concentrations of Cu, Cr, Zn and Mn were determined using the flame atomic absorption spectrometry. In addition available phosphorus, chloride, soluble salt and pH were measured. The activities of enzymes were determined by a literature method. The results showed that the concentrations of Mn, Zn and Cr had close relationships with that of available phosphorus, and their concentrations increased with the prolonged application of organic and mineral fertilisers and pesticides-fungicides. The activities of cellulase have a relationship to the concentrations of Zn and Mn at 0.95 levels respectively, Zn and Mn stimulate many enzyme activities. The relationship between protease and available phosphorus was nearly distinctive at 0.95 levels, relating with the use of nitrogen fertiliser in the farmlands. Local organic manures and urea fertilisers did not change the soil characteristics to a great extent. However, the soils showed moderate and moderate-to-strong contamination by Mn and Zn in the study areas. Wastewater and groundwater irrigation, pesticides-fungicides, and fertiliser may be responsible for the elevated concentrations of Zn and Mn in the soil samples.     

巨桉人工林地土壤微生物类群的生态分布规律

研究了四川省洪雅县巨桉人工林地土壤微生物数量及其类群分布规律.结果表明,洪雅县巨桉人工林地土壤微生物数量具有明显的季节变化,各样地均以秋季最多,达到17.42×10⁶ CFU·g^-1,春季次之,夏季最少.土壤微生物主要集中在0～20 cm的土层,随着土层的加深,微生物数量迅速减少;在0～60 cm土层,同一类群微生物数量变动范围较大,其中好气性细菌0.31×10 ⁶～14.39×10⁶ CFU·g^-1,放线菌0.06×10 ⁶～0.79×10⁶ CFU·g^-1,真菌0.02×10 ⁶～0.07×10 ⁶ CFU·g^-1,厌氧细菌0.05×106～3.22×106 CFU·g^-1.巨桉人工林地微生物以细菌为主要类群,占微生物总数的92.83%以上,其次是放线菌和真菌,其微生物组成结构合理.与青冈次生林和农耕地相比,巨桉人工林地微生物数量远远高于青冈次生林地,有利于土壤微生物生长.细菌生理类群的Simpson多样性指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分别达到0.773和1.896.