A cladistic analysis of Scinax (Anura: Hylidae)

The hylid frog genus Scinax ranges from southern Mexico to eastern Argentina. The 84 recognized species are currently arranged in five groups: the Scinax rubra , Scinax rostrata , Scinax catharinae , Scinax staufferi , and Scinax perpusilla species groups. Although a few species groups are distinctive, compelling evidence of monophyly is lacking for three groups, and their interrelationships remain virtually unknown. With the objective of testing the monophyly of the species groups and exploring their interrelationships, a cladistic analysis was performed, employing 86 characters from osteology, myology, adult and larval external morphology, reproductive biology, and karyotypes taken from 36 representative species of the five species groups plus eight outgroup taxa. The analysis of the resulting data matrix shows moderately well-supported (as assessed through Bremer support and parsimony jackknifing) S. catharinae and S. rostrata species groups. The S. staufferi species group is polyphyletic, as currently composed, given that some of its species are nested within the S. catharinae species group. The only representative of the S. perpusilla species group is the sister species of the S. catharinae species group. Although weakly supported, the representatives of the S. rostrata and S. staufferi species groups are nested, separately, within the S. rubra species group. In order to have a taxonomy consistent with these results, it is proposed not to recognize the S. rubra group but to recognize a more inclusive rubra clade that includes all studied exemplars of the former S. rubra group, plus some of the S. staufferi group and all of the S. rostrata group. Similarly, a catharinae clade is recognized, within which all studied exemplars of the S. catharina e group (that now includes Scinax berthae and Scinax agilis ) and the one studied representative of the S. perpusilla group are included.     

Species and series boundaries of Solanum series Longipedicellata (Solanaceae) and phenetically similar species in ser. Demissa and ser. Tuberosa: implications for a practical taxonomy of Section Petota

Species boundaries were assessed by phenetic analyses of morphological data for all species of wild potatoes (SOLANUM: section PETOTA:) assigned to ser. LONGIPEDICELLATA: S. fendleri, S. hjertingii, S. matehualae, S. papita, S. polytrichon, and S. stoloniferum. These six tetraploid species grow in the southeastern United States (S. fendleri) and Mexico (all six species). We also analyzed morphologically similar species in ser. DEMISSA: (S. demissum) and ser. TUBEROSA: (S. avilesii, S. gourlayi, S. verrucosum). We chose S. verrucosum and S. demissum as Mexican representatives, and S. avilesii and S. gourlayi as South American representatives of other series that are difficult to distinguish from ser. LONGIPEDICELLATA: We also analyzed morphologically more dissimilar species in ser. TUBEROSA: (S. berthaultii) and ser. YUNGASENSIA: (S. chacoense). The results support only three species in ser. LONGIPEDICELLATA: (1) S. polytrichon, (2) S. hjertingii + S. matehualae, (3) S. fendleri + S. papita + S. stoloniferum. Solanum avilesii, S. gourlayi, and to a lesser extent S. demissum and S. verrucosum are very similar to members of ser. LONGIPEDICELLATA: and are difficult to distinguish practically from them, despite differences in chromosome numbers and crossability relationships. These data help document and explain the extensive taxonomic difficulty in sect. Petota, highlight conflicts between biological and morphological species concepts, and add to a growing body of evidence that too many wild potato species are recognized.     

中国展足蛾属五新种一新纪录种(鳞翅目:织蛾科:展足蛾亚科)

报道了中国展足蛾属5新种和1新纪录种,绘制了新种的外生殖器特科。模式标本保存在南开大学生物系。     

我国华鳊属鱼类形态差异及其物种有效性的研究

为探讨华鳊属鱼类种间和种内居群间的形态差异及其物种有效性,采用多变量形态度量,结合传统分类方法,获得该属鱼类不同地理居群共224尾标本的32个测量性状和7个可数性状数据,并做主成分分析。在可数性状上,海南华鳊各居群间无差异,但明显不同于其他种类;四川华鳊与大眼华鳊差别明显,与伍氏华鳊之间也存在较大程度的差异;大眼华鳊的乌江和珠江居群之间存在显著差异,而伍氏华鳊各地理居群差异不明显。在可量性状上,四川华鳊和大眼华鳊的乌江居群都明显区别于其他种或居群,而大眼华鳊的珠江居群与伍氏华鳊之间以及海南华鳊各居群之间没有明显差异。对上述结果分析认为：四川华鳊和海南华鳊为两个有效的物种;大眼华鳊的乌江标本是一个未被描述的物种,而珠江居群和伍氏华鳊各居群应属同一个种。     

New species records for the blackfly (Diptera-simuliidae) fauna of Argentina with description of adults, pupa and larva of Simulium oyapockense s. l. And S. seriatum

Two blackfly species Simulium (Cerqueirellum) oyapockense Floch & Abonnenc and S. (Hemicnetha) seriatum Knab are recorded from Argentina, representing the most southern register for both species. S. oyapockense is a species epidemiologically very important, as a vector of onchocerciasis in the Amazonian focus. Both species are described and illustrated and their distribution are reported, in similarity to others like S. roraimense Nunes de Mello and S. ganalesense Vargas et al. in reference to S. oyapockense and S. mexicanum Bellardi similar to S. seriatum are discussed.     

Six new cavernicolous cixiid planthoppers in the genus Solonaima from Australia (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea)

Abstract The monophyletic genus Solonaima , endemic to northern Queensland, is reviewed and six new species are described: S.sullivani sp.n., S.pholetor sp.n., S.stonei sp.n., S.halos sp.n., S.irvini sp.n. and S. baylissa sp.n. The previously known epigean species, S.solonaima Kirkaldy and S.pallesens (Distant) are illustrated and redescribed. The six new species represent four separate independent cave invasions and nearly double the number of known cavernicolous cixiids in the world. This is the first report of a closely related group of cave-dwelling Homoptera showing varying degrees of cave adaptation. One facultative cave species, S.sullivani , shows virtually no modification from surface relatives. Two species, S.pholetor and S.stonei , show some eye, colour, and wing-reduction, but they are still flighted and are considered facultative cave species. S.halos and S. irvini are nearly blind and have reduced, non-functional wings and are considered obligate cave species. S. baylissa , the most remarkable obligate cave species, is highly modified: eyeless, nearly wingless and colourless. The evolutionary trends displayed in cave adaptation are illustrated and discussed. These include reduction in body colour, eyes and wings, alteration of head and thorax shape, and possibly simplification of the male genitalia. The geology of the caves is complex and ranges from greater than 5-million-year-old caves in Silurian-aged metamorphosed limestone to 190,000-year-old lava tubes. The facultative species are generally found in the most open caves, the two intermediate obligate species are found in deeper caves, and the most highly modified species is restricted to damp cave passages with high CO₂ levels. There is no correlation between the ages of the caves and the degree of cave adaptation.     

东亚分布合叶苔属(苔纲: 合叶苔科) 三种植物的比较和评估

对最近被Potemkin作为同一种处理的合叶苔属Scapania中东亚分布的三种即细齿合叶苔S. parvidens Steph.、弯瓣合叶苔S. parvitexta Steph.和灰绿合叶苔S. glaucoviridis Horik.的模式标本及相关标本进行了比较研究。结果表明, 它们仍应该作为三个独立不同的种来处理。对三个种的模式标本进行了绘图和描述, 并详细讨论了三种之间的区别。     

Taxonomy of the genus Sclerochilus Sars (Crustacea: Ostracoda) from British waters with a pictorial key

Nine species of the ostracod genus Sclerochilus which live in British waters are diagnosed and illustrated, including lour new species: S. hicksi, S. rudjakovi, S. schornikovi , and S. whatleyi . The appendages of the genotype, S. contortus , are illustrated for the first time, and many previous records of that species are shown to be erroneous. A pictorial key is provided to facilitate identification.     

中国连珠藻属(串珠藻科)的分类研究

记述了中国产连珠藻属Sirodotia Kylin的6个种,即黄山连珠藻S.huangshanensis Z．X．Shi et S．L.Xie,威拉连珠藻S．huillensis(Welwitsch ex W．et G．S．West)Skuja,中华连珠藻S.sinica Jao,纤细连珠藻S.delicatula Skuja,瑞典连珠藻S.suecica Kylin和细连珠藻S．tenuissima(Collins)Skuja ex Flint。其中,黄山连珠藻S．huangshanensis Z．X．Shi et S．L.Xie为新种,威拉连珠藻S.huillensis(Welwitsch ex W．et G．S．West)Skuja,纤细连珠藻S．delicatula Skuja和瑞典连珠藻S.suecica Kylin为中国新记录。     

Revision of Scotocyma Turner (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae)

Abstract  The Australasian genus Scotocyma Turner is revised, containing the species S. albinotata (Walker), S. legalis (Warren), S. asiatica Holloway, S. scotopepla Prout, stat. n., S. manusensis Prout, stat. n., S. mimula (Warren), stat. n. and S. miscix Prout. Scotocyma euryochra Turner, syn. n., S. idioschema Turner, syn. n., S. ischnophrica Turner, syn. n. and S. transfixa Turner, syn. n. are regarded as synonyms of S. albinotata . Four species are described as new: S. samoensis , sp. n., S. sumatrensis , sp. n., S. rutilimixta , sp. n. and S. longiuncus , sp. n. Lectotypes are designated for S. scotopepla , S. manusensis and S. miscix . All species are illustrated, and keys to species and distribution maps are provided. A phylogenetic analysis was performed to test the monophyly of the genus and to examine distribution patterns of the species. A biogeographical discussion is included. The tribal position of the genus is clarified and relationships to closely related genera are discussed.     

Black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of French Guiana: cytotaxonomy and a preliminary list of species

The objectives of the present study were to broaden the survey of simuliid species in French Guiana and to cytologically analyze the species in the Simulium perflavum species group. Twelve species of Simulium were collected from which S. goeldii, S. quadrifidum, S. trombetense, S. near incrustatum, S. metallicum (s.l.) sp1, S. metallicum (s.l.) sp2 and S. ochraceum (s.l.) are reported for the first time for this region. The only species collected in the S. perflavum group was S. rorotaense; 34 larvae of this species were cytologically analyzed, all of which had the standard sequence. S. metallicum (s.l.), S. ochraceum (s.l.), S. guianense (s.l.) and S. oyapockense (s.l.) are involved with transmission of onchocerciasis in Central and South America, however, in French Guiana these species were not found biting humans during the sampling period. With the few collections made during this study, we increase the number of simulid species known in French Guiana from 6 to 13. It is clear that more simuliid species can be expected to be found when more sampling is done, including collections in other ecoregions in French Guiana.     

New species of Septobasidium from southern Costa Rica and the southeastern United States

New species are described in Septobasidium, a genus of urediniomycete parasites on scale insects. One new species, S. gomezii, is described from Costa Rica, and another, S. meredithiae, is described from Louisiana. S. gomezii is most similar to S. septobasidioides, but macroscopic and microscopic differences support it being a distinct species. S. meredithiae is similar to S. alni and S. castaneum but differs from these species in several macroscopic and microscopic characters, especially when the species are observed on the same host tree and insect species. Another species collected only once in Costa Rica is listed with observations but it is not formally described here. This Septobasidium species shares some key characteristics with S. ramorum but combines a dense, compact, nearly black thallus and pigmented probasidia-like structures with spindle-shaped haustoria. Implications for taxonomy, morphological evolution and host specificity in Septobasidium are discussed.     

Studies on the Chinese species of Selaginellaceae (Ⅰ): Selaginella subgenus Tetragono-stachys Jermy

The Chinese species of Selaginella subgenus Tetragonostachys are revised. Three species are distinguished in the present study, i.e.S. sibirica, S. indica and S. vardei. Illustrations of the leaves and strobili, distribution maps of the subgenus and the species occurring in China are made to facilitate easy identification of the species. The distribution of the species in Chinashows an interesting southwestern China and northeastern China distribution pattern.     

中国卷柏科植物的研究(Ⅰ)： 卷柏属同形叶亚属

对中国卷柏科卷柏属同形叶亚属进行了分类学修订,首次承认中国分布有3种,即西伯利亚卷柏 S．sibirica,印度卷柏S．indica和细瘦卷柏S．vardei。绘制了每种的叶形,孢子叶穗线条图;并绘有同形 叶亚属植物的地理分布图。该亚属在中国的分布呈西南和东北分布格局。     

The taxonomic accounts of the genus Symmorphus Wesmael (Hymenoptera,Vespidae, Eumeninae) from China,with descriptions of three new species

In this study, we recognize and review a total of 19 species of the genus Symmorphus Wesmael from China. We also provide a key to these species. Three new species are described and illustrated, namely Symmorphus (Symmorphus) tianchiensis Li & Chen, sp. n., S. (S.) cavatus Li & Chen, sp. n., and S. (S.) nigriclypeus Li & Chen, sp. n. The following four species are newly recorded from China: Symmorphus (S.) fuscipes (Herrich-Schaeffer), S. (S.) lucens (Kostylev), S. (S.) sublaevis Kostylev, and S. (S.) violaceipennis Giordani Soika. In addition, we map the species geographical distributions in China of these 19 species. Type specimens of these three new species are deposited in Chongqing Normal University and Yunnan Agricultural University.     

中国盾盘菌属分类研究(英文)

对我国盾盘菌属馆藏标本和近年来采集的材料进行分类学研究表明,中国已知该属31种。描述了3个新种,命名为柯氏盾盘菌、长孢盾盘菌和假小孢盾盘菌,对新种与其相近种的区别进行了讨论;根据前人的形态描述,对S. erinaceus,S.olivascens和S. lusatiae在中国的分布提出了质疑;根据对相关馆藏标本的观察,指出S. barlae、S. superba和S. vitreola在我国的报道系基于错误鉴定,它们应从中国物种名录中排除。文中提供了该属中国已知种的分种检索表。     

黑龙江省低额溞属的种类及分布（鳃足纲：双甲目）

本文对黑龙江省低额属Ｓｉｍｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓ的种类及分布进行了初步的调查。鉴定出低额９种,即锯顶低额Ｓｉｍｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓｓｅｒｒｕｌａｔｕｓ,老年低额Ｓ．ｖｅｔｕｌｕｓ,拟老年低额Ｓ．ｖｅｔｕｌｏｉｄｅｓ,棘爪低额Ｓ．ｅｘｓｆｉｎｏｓｕｓ,西伯利亚低额Ｓ．ｓｉｂｉｒｉｃｕｓ,角壳低额Ｓ．ｌｕｓａｔｉｃｕｓ,微齿低额Ｓ．ｈｉｍａｌａｙｅｎｓｉｓｍｉｃｒｏｄｕｓ,黑龙江低额Ｓ．ｈｅｉｌｏｎｇｊｔａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ和北安低额Ｓ．ｂｅｉａｎｅｎｓｉｓ。对各种低额的形态特征及分布特点作了概括并编制了种的检索表。对所述各种的模式形态及已获种中雄体的精子形态提供活体照片。对部分低额生活环境中的几种主要因子进行了测试,其结果表明,本属各种多生活在水质清洁溶解氧较高且偏碱的水环境中,其水质多在寡污到β中污之间。     

Notes on the Genus Scorzonera L. from China

About 22 species of the genus Scorzonera L. are so far known to occur in China. Among them, S. pamirica Shih is described as new and 3 species, S. tau-sahyz Lipsch. et Bosse, S. pubescens DC. and S. transiliensis M. Pop., are new records to China. Four names in the literature are reduced to synonyms,and some wrong identications in Chinese botanical literature are pointed out in this work. Some species with considerable variation in morphology, such as, S. pseudodivaricata Lipsch. and S. sinensis Lipsch. ex Krasch., are also discussed here.     

A revision of the Solatium sessile species group (section Geminata pro parte: Solanaceae)

KNAPP, S., 1991. A revision of the Solatium sessile species (sectio Geminata pro parte : Solanaceae ). The taxonomy of the Solanum sessile species group (a part of the large and unwieldy section Geminata) is reviewed, based on detailed field and herbarium studies. Members of the group are found from Mexico to Bolivia in a variety of habitats. Ten species are recognized: S. obovalifolium, S. sessile, S. monadelphum, S. turgidum, S. triste, S. chlamydogynum, S. rovirosanum, S. palmillae, S. oppositifolium and conferliseriatum.