笼养间蜂猹猴的繁殖

1989年至今，对15只（10♂♂，5♀♀）成年间蜂猴在人工饲养条件下的繁殖进行观察，结果为：1）间蜂猴的繁殖有明显的季节性；2）发情周期为49.67 d（SD=1.25），在此期间，雌性外生殖器红肿、变大；雄性阴囊胀大；3）交配以背腹相贴为主；4）怀孕期为188 d；5）哺乳期为108 d（SD=4.12）；6）均为一胎二仔。     

灰椋鸟的繁殖生态

1994年 3月至 7月在吉林省左家自然保护区对灰椋鸟的繁殖生态研究发现 ,在 1 2 2hm2 的面积内共有 36个灰椋鸟巢 ,繁殖密度为 0 32 1巢 hm2 。繁殖期由 4月 2 4日持续到 7月 1 1日共 79d。平均窝卵数为 5 89(SD =1 1 7,n =36 ) ,窝卵数同繁殖季节呈显著负相关 (r=-0 75 72 ,P <0 0 1 )。平均孵化期为1 3 6d ,平均育雏期 2 1 6d。平均每巢出飞 5 1只幼鸟。幼体 (卵、雏鸟 )死亡的最主要原因是人为干扰。     

蜂猴线粒体细胞色素b基因变异特点及系统发育分析

测定了蜂猴属（Nycticebus)1个蜂猴（N.coucang)和2个矮蜂猴（N,pygmaseus)个体的线粒体细胞色素b(cyt-b)基因全序列,比较现有的司猴科其他种序列,分析了核苷酸序列差异和碱基替换特点,以指猴为外群重建了系统发育树,结果表明,在所研究的个体中,2个蜂猴物种碱基组成具有哺乳动物的共同特点,它们之间转换比（特别是密码子第3位）是颠换比的6倍多,大于其他种间比较;低的Ka/Ks值（＜0．1）,说明懒猴科cyt-b基因的异义突位点受到强的选择压力作用。由cyt-b基因构建的系统发育树符合懒猴科化石记录和形态学分类观点,根据化石记录和与分化时间有一定线性关系的第3位颠换和同义突变速率,估算蜂猴与倭蜂猴种间,蜂猴与蜂属间可能的分化时间分别为300和600万年。     

蜂猴、倭蜂猴的现状与保护策略

蜂猴(Nycticebus bengalensis)和倭蜂猴(N.pygmaeus)同属懒猴科,是目前已知的我国灵长类中仅有的夜行性动物,濒临灭绝,为国家一级保护动物。在我国主要分布在云南和广西南部的热带、亚热带雨林中。通过对蜂猴、倭蜂猴特征、分布和生存现状等方面进行阐述,分析其濒危原因,并提出相应的保护策略。     

河南董寨寿带鸟繁殖生态及雌雄个体形态类型

寿带（Terpsiphone incei）是雀形目王鹟科的鸟类,在我国大部分地区均有分布。以往研究曾对我国部分地区寿带的繁殖习性进行了报道,但对其雌雄个体的形态类型缺少描述。为进一步了解寿带的繁殖习性及其雌雄个体的形态类型,本研究于2014至2017年每年的5至7月在河南董寨国家级自然保护区对其进行了观察。观察发现,寿带在董寨国家级自然保护区一般于5月下旬开始筑巢繁殖,雌雄亲鸟均参与筑巢、孵卵和育雏。寿带巢多位于刺槐（Robinia pseudoacacia）、麻栎（Quercus acutissima）、枫杨（Pterocarya stenoptera）等几种植物上,平均窝卵数（± SD）为（3.8 ± 0.6）枚（n = 25巢）,孵卵期12 ~ 13 d（n = 4巢）,各巢卵的平均孵化率（± SD）为91.7% ± 17.7%（n = 9巢）,窝雏数（± SD）为（3.6 ± 0.8）只（n = 19巢）,巢内育雏期约10 d,巢成功率为34.5%（n = 29巢）,弃巢和天敌捕食是巢失败的主要原因。寿带雌鸟具有栗色短尾型和栗色长尾型2种形态,而雄鸟具有栗色长尾型、白色长尾型和栗色短尾型3种常见形态,且雄鸟以栗色长尾型所占比例最高,为69.4%（n = 36巢）。此外还记录到1只栗色身体但具有白色长尾羽的雄鸟。本研究的结果有助于进一步了解寿带的繁殖习性及其雌雄个体的形态类型。     

杂色山雀的繁殖成功率

2004～2006年的3～7月,在辽宁省白石砬子国家级自然保护区,对杂色山雀(Parus varius)的繁殖及繁殖成功率进行了初步研究。结果显示,杂色山雀主要营巢于海拔400～900m的阔叶杂木林、针叶林及林缘地带;繁殖期在3～7月,其洞巢种类多样,筑巢期约15d;巢为碗状,巢结构的2/3由苔藓构成;窝卵数为6～8枚,平均(6·92±0·92)枚(n=13);雌鸟单独孵卵,孵化期为(14·00±0·00)d(n=10);育雏由雌雄鸟共同承担,育雏期为(17·50±0·58)d(n=4)。杂色山雀繁殖成功率为50·95%,繁殖力为2·22。人为干扰是造成卵和雏鸟损失的主要原因,占总损失的74·19%。     

圈养山魈繁殖行为的观察

2001年1～9月,在成都动物园用所有事件取样法对人工饲养状态下7只(5♀♀,2♂♂)山魈的繁殖行为进行了观察。结果表明,山魈的繁殖没有明显的季节性,一年四季均发情繁殖,月经周期为30 55±0 77d(N=11),行经期2 38±0 13d(N=16);交配行为均发生在白天,交配持续时间为14 90±0 34s(N=246),具有明显的交配模式,其中碟牙、爬跨、插入和抽动4种行为在每次交配中都出现,交配姿势仅有背腹式一种;孕期为171 13±4 19d(N=8),产前不废食;分娩都在夜间进行,产程2～3h;育幼期哺乳时间随幼仔长大逐渐减少。     

杭州城市环境中白头鹎的繁殖生态

白头鹎(Pycnonotus sinensis)是一种中国南方城市分布广泛、种群数量丰富的鸟类。其对环境变化和人类活动的适应能力已引起关注。2012年3—7月,在杭州城市环境下,对白头鹎的繁殖生态进行了系统调查,共记录到白头鹎繁殖鸟巢117巢。结果显示,在杭州市区,白头鹎主要在居民小区、行道树和绿化带的树冠层筑巢,主要营巢植物为桂树(Osmanthus fragrans),占总数的84.6%(n=117)。所有繁殖巢距地面均高(3.16±0.91)m(n=117)。3月底开始筑巢产卵,产卵高峰集中在4月11—25日。窝卵数为(3.37±0.48)枚(n=103),孵化期为(11.34±1.12)d(n=32),育雏期为(11.85±1.12)d(n=47)。孵化率为68.3%(n=111),离巢率为52.1%(n=117),总繁殖成功率为34.7%(n=111)。繁殖失败原因主要包括卵及雏鸟被捕食、人为干扰等。     

台湾中部暗绿绣眼鸟的繁殖生物学

本研究将暗绿绣眼鸟 (Zosteropsjaponicasimplex)捕捉、套彩色环后释放 ,分别于 1999年和 2 0 0 1年 3～ 8月追踪监测 7对和 13对暗绿绣眼鸟的繁殖行为。总结此二年对 2 0对暗绿绣眼鸟的监测 ,其繁殖期始于 3月中旬 ,终止于 8月下旬。 1对最多可年产 5窝 ,但以 3～ 4窝为常见。初次筑巢所需时间平均为 10 4d ,筑第 2、3巢的时间依次减少 ;窝与窝之间的繁殖间隔视情况而定 ,如孵化或喂养失败 ,通常都在 1～ 2d内再筑巢 ,如繁殖育雏成功 ,平均相隔 7d再筑巢。 2年 6 3窝的窝卵数平均为 2 6 8± 0 71(n =6 3)枚 ;孵化期平均为 11±0 6 4 (n =4 7)d ;6 3窝孵化成功 4 7窝 ,孵化成功率为 74 6 % ;雏鸟离巢日龄平均为 10 5± 0 88(n =35 )d ;4 7窝雏鸟喂养成功 35窝 ,育雏成功率为 74 5 % ;6 3窝繁殖成功 35窝 ,繁殖成功率为 5 5 5 %。失败因素包括气候、动物掠食、人为破坏和其它不明原因     

人工巢箱中大山雀和褐头山雀的繁殖比较

2009年3-7月,在北京小龙门森林公园悬挂人工巢箱,对大山雀(Parus major)和褐头山雀(P.montanus;)的繁殖进行比较研究.野外共悬挂100个巢箱,其中19巢(19.0%)被大山雀、11巢(11.0%)被褐头山雀进驻,总利用率为30.0%.同域繁殖的大山雀和褐头山雀在窝卵数、孵化期上有极显著差异(P＜0.01),其中大山雀的窝卵数(8.21枚±0.25枚,n=19)极显著大于褐头山雀(6.18枚±0.23枚,n=11),而褐头山雀的孵化期(14.22d±0.44d,n=10)极显著长于大山雀(13.17 d±O.83 d,n=12).两者在卵重、卵大小、出雏数、雏鸟出飞数上无显著差异(P＞0.05).大山雀的繁殖成功率(27.0%)和营巢成效(63.2%)均显著低于褐头山雀(54.5%和100%)(P＜0.01).表明大山雀可能采取高产卵数、低存活率的繁殖对策,而褐头山雀的繁殖策略则可能为低产卵数、高存活率.     

笼养间蜂猴的生长发育

本文报道了笼养条件下出生的２０胎４１仔（２６♂♂,１５♀♀）间蜂猴的生长发育的研究,其研究内容及结果如下：（１）体重,体长,前肢长,后肢长,耳长和尾长的生长方程及头骨的瞬时增长率,表明间蜂猴属快速生长的早熟类群。（２）幼猴的成猴毛色有一个由浅变深的过程,面部皮肤（包括耳,鼻,眼圈）及手足皮肤从幼猴到成猴有一个明显的变化,幼猴为浅粉红色,成猴为黑色,（３）初生幼仔门齿,犬齿,第１前臼齿已被龈萌发,１     

Suppressed copulatory behavior and ovarian function in lactating Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata fuscata) during the mating season

The influence of lactation on copulatory behaviors and ovarian functions was studied in Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata fuscata) during the mating season. Three lactating females were housed in an outdoor group cage with their infants, and three nonlactating females were housed in an adjacent outdoor cage. They were mated by introduction of one of four rotationally chosen males into the females' cage, for two hours three times a week; the occurrence of ejaculatory copulations was recorded. Blood samples were collected on each observation day, and plasma levels of estradiol, progesterone, and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured by specific radioimmunoassays. In nonlactating females, plasma estradiol increased during the transition into the mating season, and rose to levels over 90 pg/ml for the first time on about 50 days before the first ovulation. Shortly after plasma estradiol exceeded 90 pg/ml in the nonlactating females, the onset of ejaculatory copulations occurred. They received ejaculations continuously up to the early ovarian luteal phase. On the other hand, in lactating females, there were lower levels of plasma estradiol (below 90 pg/ml) during the transition into the mating season, and they received no ejaculation during that period. Two of the three lactating females ovulated only once, and they received ejaculations only during the periovulatory period, coinciding with the rise of their plasma estradiol levels over 90 pg/ml. The remaining lactating female remained anovulatory and received no ejaculation throughout the entire mating season. These results have demonstrated that the low sexual activity of lactating females is clearly correlated with low levels of plasma estradiol due to suppressed ovarian function.     

Copulatory behavior in relation to anatomical characteristics of three macaques

Anatomy of copulatory organs and patterns of copulatory behavior were studied in three species of Macaca. The copulatory behavior of the rhesus monkey (M. mulatta) and crab-eating macaque (M. fascicularis) were similar. Mounting time was longer in stump-tailed macaque (M. arctoides) (48 seconds) than in the rhesus monkey or crab-eating macaque (8.5 seconds). Species differences were correlated with anatomical differences in the female and male reproductive organs. In the stump-tailed macaque the male has a relatively long penis, and the female has an elaborate vestibular colliculus in the vestibule. Both rhesus and crab-eating macaques have a short penis, and the female has no vestibular colliculus. Under scanning electron microscope, cone-like projections (3–4 mm) were observed on the surface of the glans and corpus penis of M. arctoides. In M. fascicularis shorter projections (0.05–0.1 mm) were observed on the glans penis but not the corpus penis.     

Copulatory behavior unaccompanied by ovulation in the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata)

Copulatory behavior unrelated to conception is sometimes observed in some non-human primates including the Japanese monkey. In the present study, the authors examined whether a mature follicle or a newly formed fresh corpus luteum was observed in the ovaries of female Japanese monkeys which displayed the copulatory behavior unrelated to conception. Post-conception copulatory behaviors were observed in three out of four females usually kept in individual cages in an air-conditioned room, and in two out of three females without infants kept in an outdoor group cage. However, neither a mature Graafian follicle nor a fresh corpus luteum formed newly after conception was observed in any of these females by laparoscopic examinations conducted immediately after termination of the copulatory behavior. In females with infants born in the preceding birth season, copulatory behaviors were observed in three out of four females kept in the outdoor group cage, and in two out of four females in a free-ranging troop. Ovulation was confirmed in one case out of the three kept in the outdoor group cage, but neither a mature follicle nor a newly formed corpus luteum was observed in the remaining four females. These findings suggest that copulatory behavior in the Japanese monkey is not always controlled by the development of a follicle or ovulation in the ovary.     

Silent or Vocalizing Rats Copulate in a Similar Manner

Both male and female rats produce 50 kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in the presence of a sexual partner and during copulation. Previous studies showed that USVs have no incentive value for rats. In this study, we evaluated the role of USVs in behavior during copulation. Three groups of rats were used: sham males paired with sham females, devocalized females paired with sham males, and sham females paired with devocalized males. During the copulation test, the USVs emitted by the sham rat were recorded and the sexual behavior of both the male and the female were observed. The results revealed that devocalized and sham females showed similar patterns of sexual behavior and no difference was found in the copulatory behavior of devocalized and sham males. Also the behavior of the partner of a sham rat was comparable to the partner of a devocalized rat. In addition, almost no changes in USVs emission were found in the 5 seconds before and/or after a copulatory behavior. It can be concluded that USVs play no important role in rat copulatory behavior at least in sexually naïve rats.     

Mating induces puberty in the female musk shrew.

Female musk shrews (Suncus murinus), lacking a behavioral estrous cycle, engage in copulatory behavior whenever tested; even during pregnancy, sexual activity can be displayed. Studies suggest that protracted sexual behavior has a functional significance in this species. Virgin females receiving a series of ejaculations over the course of several days are more likely to ovulate and subsequently deliver than animals given the same number of ejaculations over an interval of a few hours. After the virgin mating only one third of the ovaries placed in culture exhibit increased steroidogenesis. In the present set of studies, the hypothesis that the virgin mating induces the onset of puberty, in a manner similar to that in which male-related pheromones induce estrous in rodents, was tested. On the basis of gestational lengths it is evident that females mated three times (on Days 0, 4, and 8) became pregnant in the vast majority of cases as a result of the second and third matings. When the first and second matings were separated by 25 days, 82% of females ovulated in response to the second mating; less than one third of females mated only once ovulated. Finally females were housed across a screen from males, exposed to male urine, or housed alone prior to the virgin mating. In none of these cases did pre-exposure to male-related cues increase ovulation rates in response to the virgin mating. The results show that the virgin mating primes the neuroendocrine system in such a way that the pubertal ovulation can occur in response to subsequent mating.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

懒猴属的核糖体DNA变异及其种间分化关系

用１５种限制性内切酶和人２８Ｓ、１８ＳｒＤＮＡ探针构建了懒猴属各物种核糖体ＤＮＡ重复单位的限制性内切酶图谱。在进化速率较高的非转录间隔区,在大、中、小懒猴中分别定位了２３、２４、２４个酶切位点。大懒猴与中懒猴有１２个位点不同,与小懒猴有１４个位点不同,而中、小懒猴间则只有一个位点的差异。经过计算,大懒猴与中懒猴的遗传距离值为１２．６５％,与小懒猴的差异为１４．２４％,中、小懒猴间的差异则仅为０．７     

The influence of females on male territorial dominance and female preference in dwelling place in laboratory mice

The influence of female mice (Mus musculus) on intermale aggression and the female choice between dominant and subordinate males were tested. Normal male mice were paired with a castrated male or a female. Two pairs of the same kind were housed together after acclimation for 3 days in half (home cage) of the apparatus, which was composed of eight cages connected by tunnels. One of the two normal males became dominant. The dominant males became more aggressive in the presence of females than in the presence of castrated males. The two normal males dwelt in their own home cages. The two females dwelt together and preferred to dwell in the home cages of the dominant male. The two castrated males dwelt together and seemed to decide their dwelling cage more freely than the subordinate normal male. Received: August 20, 1999 / Accepted: December 6, 1999     

The effect of housing and environmental enrichment on stereotyped behavior of adult vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops)

Little information is available on the response of vervet monkeys to different housing conditions or on the suitability of enrichment devices or methods for vervet monkeys. In this study, the authors evaluated the occurrence of stereotyped behavior in adult vervet monkeys under various conditions of housing and enrichment. The variables included cage size, cage level (upper or lower), enrichment with a foraging log, enrichment with an exercise cage and presence of a mate. The authors first determined the incidence of stereotyped behavior in captive-bred, singly housed adult female and male vervet monkeys. They then exposed monkeys to different housing and enrichment situations and compared the incidence of stereotyped behavior among the monkeys. The authors found that more females than males engaged in stereotyped behavior and that females, on average, engaged in such behavior for longer periods of time than males. Stereotyped behavior was most often associated with a small, single cage. The average amount of observed stereotyped activity in monkeys housed in a small cage was significantly lower when the monkeys had access to either a foraging log or an exercise cage. Stereotyped behavior was also lower in female monkeys that were housed (either with a male or without a male) in a larger cage. The least amount of abnormal behavior was associated with the largest, most complex and enriched housing situation. Males and females housed in cages on the lower level of two-level housing engaged in more stereotyped behavior than did monkeys housed in the upper level, regardless of the presence or type of enrichment provided.     

Histomorphology of the glans penis in Vespertilionidae and Phyllostomidae species (Chiroptera,Mammalia)

The penises of bats are taxonomically distinctive in size and shape. In addition, they are variable in microscopic anatomy, indicating that histomorphological studies of copulatory organs of bats may help understanding their successful reproductive strategies. We studied adult males of 13 species of vespertilionid and phyllostomid bats. Both families exhibited the basic structure of the vascular penis of mammals: the hydrostatic elements of the corpora cavernosa and the corpus spongiosum surrounding the urethra, as well as accessory cavernous tissue. Variation in the position and amount of the tissues were observed in these families. Vespertilionid bats have a small glans penis with abundant accessory cavernous tissue on the prepuce and a highly variable baculum. The baculum varied in size and morphology, even among congeneric species, such as the three Lasiurus species and the two Myotis species. Phyllostomid species possess no bacula, but vascular structures are present to produce penile stiffening, particularly on the glans. Variation in the microscopic anatomy of the phyllostomid prepuce was observed, for example, Artibeus species had accessory cavernous tissue surrounded by a tunica albuginea, but Carollia perspicillata had two bundles of striated musculature and some adipose tissue; abundant pigments were present in the prepuce of most species.