基于线粒体细胞色素b基因序列探讨红喉姬鶲两亚种的分类地位

以线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因的全序列作为遗传标记,探讨红喉姬鶲普通亚种(Ficedula parva al—bicilla)和指名亚种(F．P．parva)的分类地位。应用Kimura 2—parameter法计算出红喉姬鶲普通亚种个体问的遗传距离为0．1％～0．2％,而与指名亚种之间的遗传距离为6．4％,两亚种之间的遗传距离远远大于种间的遗传距离。结合形态学的特征我们认为：红喉姬鶲指名亚种和普通亚种应为两个独立种,分别为红喉姬鶲(F．albicilla)和红胸姬鶲(F．parva),两者的分化时间为3．15～3．25百万年。     

基于线粒体细胞色素b基因序列探讨红喉姬weng两亚种的分类地位

以线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因的全序列作为遗传标记,探讨红喉姬weng普通亚种(Ficedula parva albicilla)和指名亚种(F．P．Parva)的分类地位。应用Kimura 2-parameter法计算出红喉姬weng普通亚种个体间的遗传距离为0.1%—0.2%,而与指名亚种之间的遗传距离为6.4%,两亚种之间的遗传距离远远大于种间的遗传距离。结合形态学的特征我们认为：红喉姬weng指名亚种和普通亚种应为两个独立种,分别为红喉姬weng(F. Albicilla)和红胸姬weng(F. Parva),两者的分化时间为3.15—3.25百万年。     

中国鸟类新记录种——红胸姬鹟(Ficedula parva)（英文）

2007年4-5月间,笔者在中国河北省乐亭县祥云岛林场及香港特别行政区蒲台岛分别记录到红胸姬鹟(Ficedula parva),为中国鸟类物种新记录。红胸姬鹟和F.albicilla原为红喉姬鹟(F.parva)的两个亚种,近年来很多著者依据形态、鸣声、分子等证据,认为两者应为在古北界异域分布(allopatric)的对种(semispecies)。本文亦就两者的鉴定特征和野外辨识要点进行了讨论。     

中国鸟类新记录种——红胸姬鹟(Ficedula parva)

2007年4－5月间,笔者在中国河北省乐亭县祥云岛林场及香港特别行政区蒲台岛分别记录到红胸姬鹟（Ficedula parva）,为中国鸟类物种新记录。红胸姬鹟和F. albicilla原为红喉姬鹟（F. parva）的两个亚种,近年来很多著者依据形态、鸣声、分子等证据,认为两者应为在古北界异域分布（allopatric）的对种（semispecies）。本文亦就两者的鉴定特征和野外辨识要点进行了讨论。     

盐度变化对秋茄种群遗传分化的影响

探讨盐分选择对秋茄种群遗传变异与遗传分化的影响。结果表明 ,海沧、金山与浮宫 3个亚种群的遗传变异性较小 ,期望杂合度 (H e)分别为 0 .30 1、0 .2 5 3、0 .30 4 ,遗传一致度较高 ,为 0 .9778～ 0 .992 0 ,但亚种群间遗传分化程度很小 (0 .0 2 30 ) ,表明仅有 2 .3%的分化来自亚种群间 ,而 97.7%来自亚种群内部 ,说明盐分选择对秋茄种群遗传分化影响不大 ,这种遗传结构的维持机制是秋茄亚种群之间强大的基因流 (N m=10 .6 2 )。     

西藏南部8种鸟类的新分布记录

2016年9和10月,在西藏自治区林芝及日喀则开展鸟类多样性调查期间新记录到8种鸟类,包括白胸翡翠指名亚种(Halcyon smyrnensis smyrnensis)、黑冠山雀指名亚种(Periparus rubidiventris rubidiventris)和栗腹?指名亚种(Sitta cinnamoventris cinnamoventris)、斑尾鹃鸠(Macropygia unchall)、红喉姬鹟(Ficedula albicilla)、黄胸柳莺(Phylloscopus cantator)、棕脸鹟莺(Abroscopus albogularis)以及田鹨(Anthus richardi)。     

大石鸡亚种分化及一新亚种描述(鸡形目,雉科)

通过地理分布、形态差异、分子进化证明了我国特有种大石鸡Alectoris magna分化为两个亚种,指名亚种A.magna magna和兰州亚种新亚种A.magna lanzhouensis subsp.nov..对新亚种与指名亚种的形态进行了比较.测新亚种12个和指名亚种7个样本的mtDNA控制区486个碱基,两个亚种间无共享单倍型,其间基因交流受到限制;新亚种各取样种群间共享一种单倍型,说明它们来自共同祖先;新亚种序列变异0.27%,而指名亚种为0.91%,其间差异显著(t=1.77,p=0.046＜0.05);两个亚种间的遗传距离为0.0103,约50万年前它们分歧进化.     

甜菜蚜(半翅目,蚜科)的种下分化——基于形态与分子数据

甜菜蚜Aphis,fabae scopoli是世界广布性害虫,主要为害甜菜、蚕豆、荞麦、玉米等农作物以及欧洲卫矛、金莲花等园林植物,该种包含6个亚种,即指名亚种A.fabae fabae Scopoli、刺菜亚种A.fabae cirsiiacanthoidis Scopoli、卫茅亚种A.fabae evonymi Fabricius、牛蒡亚种A.fabae mordvilkoi B(o)rner & Janich、茄亚种A.fabae solanella Theobald和蓟亚种A.fabae eryngii E.E.Blanchtard.由于各亚种形态特征十分相似,分类学上通常依据次生寄主植物来鉴定.至于这些亚种是否成立,不同的学者观点不同.为此,本研究选取了甜菜蚜4个亚种(卫矛哑种和蓟亚种除外),基于比较形态特征和分子遗传差异来确定这些亚种的分类地位.光学显微镜下观察并测量了10个常用的鉴别形态特征,判别分析结果表明牛蒡亚种和指名亚种具有较高的交叉重叠范围,而刺菜亚种和茄亚种部分个体互相重叠,部分个体相对独立,形态特征结果分析说明这些特征并不能对4个亚种进行有效区分.基于线粒体基因Cyt 6、用于DNA条形编码的COⅠ基因序列片段和它的5'端,对4个亚种34个个体的分子数据进行了分析,结果表明4个亚种的所有个体之间基于COⅠ和Cyt b序列的遗传距离范围均为0.0%～1.3%;基于遗传距离所构建的邻接树(NJ)明显聚为两支(支持率100%),两分支之间的遗传距离范围为1.1%～1.3%,各亚种内部的遗传距离范围为0.00～0.03%;结果表明甜菜蚜可能是一个止在分化的物种,基于DNA序列的分析并不支持4个亚种的划分.     

4种雀形目鸟消化道形态特征

鸟类消化系统的形态结构与其食性密切相关。本文对红点颏(Luscinia calliope)、红喉姬(Ficedula parva)、栗(Emberiza rutila)和普通朱雀(Carpodacus erythrinus)4种雀形目鸟类的消化道形态特征进行了比较研究。实验结果显示,4种鸟的总消化道长度和各消化器官的长度(胃长度除外),消化道总重量和各消化器官的重量均存在明显的种间差异。植食性鸟(普通朱雀)具有相对较长的消化道,而食虫鸟(红点颏和红喉姬)则具有相对较高的消化道重量。实验证明,鸟类不同的食性特征塑造了不同的消化道适应对策。     

中国繁殖鸟类新记录及生态观察

我们于1984年4—6月间在大兴安岭的满归以北,直到漠河地区进行鸟类调查中,发现2种鸟为中国繁殖鸟类新记录(郑作新,1976)。并对其繁殖生态作了初步观察。现报道如下。 (一)红喉(姬)鹟(Ficedula parva albicilla)     

Natural hybridization between endangered and introduced species of Pseudorasbora, with their genetic relationships and characteristics inferred from allozyme analyses

From 25 populations of Pseudorasbora in Japan, polymorphism at 22 allozyme loci indicated that the level of genetic differentiation between Pseudorasbora parva and Pseudorasbora pumila ( D  = 0·421–0·517) was greater than that between the two subspecies of P. pumila , P. pumila pumila and P. pumila subsp. ( D  = 0·164), consistent with morphological differences. While P. parva displayed genetic variation ( H  = 0·003–0·100) similar to other freshwater fishes, P. pumila pumila and P. pumila subsp. populations showed no genetic variation. In five of the 15 populations collected from the contact zone between P. parva and P. pumila pumila , hybrids were detected by allozyme analyses. All hybrids were presumed to represent the F₁ generation, because they were heterozygous at all 12 loci diagnostic between P. parva and P. pumila pumila . Although four populations were characterized by high frequencies of F₁ hybrids ( c . 40%), only one of the parental species was observed in each case. The results indicated that the two species have hybridized easily under natural conditions, but cannot coexist in the long-term. It is suggested that continued invasion of P. parva would hasten the extinction of P. pumila pumila .     

Divergent character displacement in the song of two allospecies: the Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca, and the Collared Flycatcher Ficedula albicollis

Songs of the three flycatcher forms, Ficedula hypoleuca hypoleuca, Ficedula albicollis albicollis and Ficedula albicollis semitorquata , were distinguishable from one another using a multivariate analysis. F. albicollis semitorquata , which has an intermediate song character, is considered to be a primary allopatric form while the nominate subspecies of albicollis is assumed to be dispersed into sympatry with F. h. hypoleuca . The differences in song between the nominate albicollis and F. hypoleuca are accentuated in their zone of sympatry and are mostly due to divergence in the albicollis song. The song is primarily an epigamic vocalization in the two species and conforms to the pattern characteristic of divergent character displacement associated with reproductive behaviour. Two alarm calls are quite similar in the two species and are the main vocalizations associated with territorial combat. Their interspecific territorial behaviour has apparently not been affected in areas of sympatry.     

Linkage disequilibrium between alleles at highly polymorphic mini- and micro-satellite loci of Theileria parva isolated from cattle in three regions of Kenya

Theileria parva schizont-infected lymphocyte culture isolates from western, central and coastal Kenya were analysed for size polymorphism at 30 T. parva-specific variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) loci using a panel of mini- and micro-satellite markers. The mean number of alleles ranged from 3 to 11 at individual loci and 183 distinct alleles were observed in total, indicating high genetic diversity within the T. parva gene pool in Kenyan cattle. The frequency distribution of the length variation of specific alleles among isolates ranged from normal to markedly discontinuous. Genetic relationships between isolates were analysed using standard indices of genetic distance. Genetic distances and dendrograms derived from these using neighbour-joining algorithms did not indicate significant clustering on a geographical basis. Analysis of molecular variance demonstrated that the genetic variation between individual isolates was 72%, but only 2.3% when isolates from different regions were pooled. Both these observations suggest minimal genetic sub-structuring relative to geographical origin. Linkage disequilibrium was observed between pairs of loci within populations, as in certain Ugandan T. parva populations. A novel observation was that disequilibrium was also detected between alleles at three individual pairs of VNTR loci when isolates from the three regional meta-populations were pooled for analysis.     

Diversity and evolution of the Mhc-DRB1 gene in the two endemic Iberian subspecies of Pyrenean chamois, Rupicapra pyrenaica

Major histocompatibility complex class II locus DRB variation was investigated by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis and sequence analysis in the two subspecies of Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica) endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. Low levels of genetic variation were detected in both subspecies, with seven different alleles in R. p. pyrenaica and only three in the R. p. parva. After applying the rarefaction method to cope with the differences in sample size, the low allele number of parva was highlighted. The low allelic repertoire of the R. p. parva subspecies is most likely the result of bottlenecks caused by hunting pressure and recent parasitic infections by sarcoptic mange. A phylogenetic analysis of both Pyrenean chamois and DRB alleles from 10 different caprinid species revealed that the chamois alleles form two monophyletic groups. In comparison with other Caprinae DRB sequences, the Rupicapra alleles displayed a species-specific clustering that reflects a large temporal divergence of the chamois from other caprinids, as well as a possible difference in the selective environment for these species.     

Contrasting demographic history and phylogeographical patterns in two Indo-Pacific gastropods

Marine species with ranges that span the Indo-Australian Archipelago (IAA) exhibit a range of phylogeographical patterns, most of which are interpreted in the context of vicariance between Indian and Pacific Ocean populations during Pliocene and Pleistocene low sea-level stands. However, patterns often vary among ecologically similar taxa, sometimes even within genera. This study compares phylogeographical patterns in two species of highly dispersive neritid gastropod, Nerita albicilla and Nerita plicata, with nearly sympatric ranges that span the Indo-Pacific. Mitochondrial COI sequences from >1000 individuals from 97 sites reveal similar phylogenies in both species (two divergent clades differing by 3.2% and 2.3%, for N. albicilla and N. plicata, respectively). However, despite ecological similarity and congeneric status, the two species exhibit phylogeographical discordance. N. albicilla has maintained reciprocal monophyly of Indian and Pacific Ocean populations, while N. plicata is panmictic between oceans, but displays a genetic cline in the Central Pacific. Although this difference might be explained by qualitatively different demographic histories, parameter estimates from three coalescent models indicate that both species have high levels of gene flow between demes (2Nem>75), and share a common history of population expansion that is likely associated with cyclical flooding of continental shelves and island lagoons following low sea-level stands. Results indicate that ecologically similar, codistributed species may respond very differently to shared environmental processes, suggesting that relatively minor differences in traits such as pelagic larval duration or microhabitat association may profoundly impact phylogeographical structure.     

鸟类核型研究 Ⅲ.莺亚科和鹟亚科14种

本文报道了莺亚科10种和鹟亚科4种的核型,并对已报道过的这二亚科18种鸟类的核型进行了比较研究。这两个亚科通常依据表型差异被划分在一个科——鹟科中。Siblcy(1988)等则依据DNA差异(通过DNA—DNA分子杂交测定)将它们划在不问的三个科(鹟科、莺科和戴菊科)中。核型比较的结果支持了Sibley对这两亚科鸟类的重新划分。     

Sympatric divergence and clinal variation in multiple coloration traits of Ficedula flycatchers

Geographic variation in phenotypes plays a key role in fundamental evolutionary processes such as local adaptation, population differentiation and speciation, but the selective forces behind it are rarely known. We found support for the hypothesis that geographic variation in plumage traits of the pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca is explained by character displacement with the collared flycatcher Ficedula albicollis in the contact zone. The plumage traits of the pied flycatcher differed strongly from the more conspicuous collared flycatcher in a sympatric area but increased in conspicuousness with increasing distance to there. Phenotypic differentiation (P_ST) was higher than that in neutral genetic markers (F_ST), and the effect of geographic distance remained when statistically controlling for neutral genetic differentiation. This suggests that a cline created by character displacement and gene flow explains phenotypic variation across the distribution of this species. The different plumage traits of the pied flycatcher are strongly to moderately correlated, indicating that they evolve non‐independently from each other. The flycatchers provide an example of plumage patterns diverging in two species that differ in several aspects of appearance. The divergence in sympatry and convergence in allopatry in these birds provide a possibility to study the evolutionary mechanisms behind the highly divergent avian plumage patterns.