Multivariate analysis of the Vicia sativa L. aggregate

GIL, J. & CUBERO, J. I., 1993. Multivariate analysis of the Vicia sativa L. aggregate . The sativa group of species was studied by using multivariate analysis and karyological analysis. Thirty biometrical characters were studied by using 92 Vicia sativa L. accessions from a variety of geographical sources. The four main taxa analysed were: sativa, macrocarpa, cordata and angustifolia. Principal component analysis provided clear separation among sativa, cordata and angustifolia in terms of the first two components. Karyotype analysis confirmed the PCA results, and by combining both methods, misclassed specimens can be correctly determined. Cluster analyses using the characters which displayed the greatest loads over the first components were performed in order to identify the most valuable characters from the taxonomic point of view. These were flower length, calyx length, pod width, constriction of the pod between seeds, leaf length, leaflet width, seed length and seed width. Our results suggest an early separation of angustifolia from the ancestral stem. The taxon cordata may be useful in future plant breeding programmes not only for crossing with V. saliva to increase the leaflet size of this taxon, but also as a bridge species between sativa and angustifolia.     

9种植物水浸提液对空心莲子草的化感作用

【背景】空心莲子草是难以防除的恶性入侵杂草,因此,探索高效无毒的化感防治方法具有重要意义。【方法】利用水浸提法研究了博落回、苦瓜、樟树、柳杉、凤尾蕨、柑橘、夹竹桃、洋葱及大蒜9种植物不同器官对空心莲子草的化感作用。【结果】与对照相比,博落回叶、苦瓜果肉与种子、凤尾蕨、樟树叶和柳杉叶的水浸提液对空心莲子草具有较强的化感作用,主要表现为空心莲子草叶片数和茎节数减少,株高与生物量的增长受到抑制。【结论与意义】不同植物水浸提液对空心莲子草的化感作用有所差异。本研究为利用植物的化感作用控制空心莲子草提供了依据。     

P elements in the saltans group of Drosophila: a new evaluation of their distribution and number of genomic insertion sites

Few are studies on P elements that have addressed the saltans group. These studies had shown that species from the cordata and elliptica subgroups were devoid of any discernible P homologous sequences, while species from the parasaltans, sturtevanti, and saltans subgroups all contain P element sequences. Our analyses showed the presence of one to 15 P element insertion sites in species of the saltans group, including Drosophila neocordata and Drosophila emarginata (cordata and elliptica subgroups, respectively). From these species, only those from the parasaltans, sturtevanti, and saltans subgroups harbor canonical P elements and, only those of the last two subgroups seem to harbor putative full-sized elements. Due to the low similarity of the sequences found in D. neocordata and D. emarginata to those earlier described, we suggest that these sequences might be rudimental P element derivatives that were present in the ancestral of the subgenus Sophophora.     

两种手术方式治疗原发性闭角型青光眼疗效比较

目的:探讨治疗原发性闭角型青光眼二种手术方式的适应症和初步临床疗效观察。方法:拟订手术适应症,对临床收治的42例48眼原发性闭角型青光眼进行手术处理:单纯抗青光眼手术--小梁切除术(Trabeculectomy,Trab)、青白联合手术--超声乳化白内障吸除联合小梁切除+人工晶体植入术(Phacotrabeculectomy+IOL,PhacoTrab+IOL)。比较不同适应症下二种手术方式初步的临床疗效。包括术前术后眼压情况、前房深度、眼轴长度的变化。随访时间平均1个月。结果均经统计学处理。结果:原发性闭角型青光眼患者术后眼压有显著改变,有统计学差异,Trab组手术后平均(10.92±1.74)mmHg,Phaco Trab+IOL组手术后平均(10.86±1.73)mmHg。术后眼压明显降低(t检验,P值<0.001),Trab组和Phaco Trab+IOL组两组间术后眼压无显著差异(t检验,P值>0.05)。Trab组手术前后前房深度无统计学差异(t检验,P值>0.05),Phaco Trab+IOL组手术前后前房深度有统计学差异(t检验,P值均<0.001)。术前分别为(1.74±0.16)mm、(1.72±0.16)mm,术后分别为(1.74±0.17)mm、(2.06±0.14)mm。Trab组及Phaco Trab+IOL组手术前后眼轴长度无统计学差异(t检验,P值>0.05)。结论:青-白联合手术可以改善前房深度,明显降低眼压,不同手术方式适合不同的病人情况,但要注意适应症的选择。利用A超检查可快速、有效、准确地观察眼前节结构,有助于早期进行手术。     

Typification of three taxa of the genus Festuca L. (Poaceae)

Lectotypifications of Festuca infesta Hack. ex Trab., Festuca maroccana Trab. and Festuca rubra L. subsp. scabrescens Hack. ex Trab. are designated here. The principal diagnostic characters and chorology are also presented for each taxon. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 158 , 342–343.     

The rare silver gum, Eucalyptus cordata, is leaving its trace in the organellar gene pool of Eucalyptus globulus

The process of genetic assimilation of rare species by hybridizing congeners has been documented in a number of plant genera. This raises the possibility that some of the genetic diversity found in phylogeographical studies of widespread species has been acquired through hybridization with species that are now rare or extinct. In this fine-scale phylogeographical analysis, we show that a rare eucalypt species is leaving its trace in the chloroplast genome of a more abundant congener. The heart-leafed silver gum, Eucalyptus cordata, is a rare endemic of south-eastern Tasmania. Its populations are scattered amidst populations of more abundant related species, including the Tasmanian blue gum, Eucalyptus globulus. Using 339 samples from across the full range of both species, we compared chloroplast (cp) DNA haplotype phylogeography in E. globulus and E. cordata. The genealogy and distribution of chloroplast haplotypes suggest that E. globulus has acquired cpDNA from E. cordata in at least four different mixed populations. Shared haplotypes are highest in E. globulus sampled within 2 km of known E. cordata populations and drop to zero at a distance of 25 km from the nearest known E. cordata population. Localized haplotype sharing occurs in the absence of obvious hybrid zones or locally shared nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. Given that the future loss of E. cordata from some mixed populations is likely, these findings indicate that phylogeographical analyses of organellar DNA should consider the possibility of introgression, even from species that have been eliminated from the sites of interest.     

CHEMICAL DEFENSE AGAINST HERBIVORY IN THE ANTARCTIC MARINE MACROALGAE IRIDAEA CORDATA AND PHYLLOPHORA ANTARCTICA (RHODOPHYCEAE)

Iridaea cordata (Turner) Bory and Phyllophora antarctica A. et E. S. Gepp (Gigartinales, Rhodophyceae) are common in many high-latitude, shallow benthic marine communities in Antarctica, but previous observations have indicated little or no exploitation by potential herbivores. We have measured retention of test disks over the mouths of the common Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri Meissner, and we have used this assay to examine potential chemical defenses in I. cordata and P. antarctica. Thallus disks of both macroalgal species were retained by the urchins for significantly shorter times than inert filter paper disks and much shorter times than paper disks with a feeding stimulant. Both nonpolar and polar extracts of each macroalgal species added to disks with a feeding stimulant significantly decreased retention times relative to controls. These results support the hypothesis that chemical defenses in I. cordata and P. antarctica play a role in deterring potential herbivores.     

Comparison of vegetative anatomy of piperales. I. Juvenile xylem of twigs

Medullary bundles of Piperaceae resemble those of Ranunculaceae. The nature of tracheary elements of primary xylem suggests that Houttuynia cordata (Saururaceae), Piper cubeba (Piperaceae) and Chloranthus officinalis (Chloranthaceae) are of lower evolutionary status than others. Among these three, P. cubeba shows stratification of secondary xylem, a specialized character. Lateral wall of metaxylem tracheary elements and distribution of bundles of Peperomia, suggest their primitive status and distinctness, supporting separation of "Peperomiacea:" (of NOVAK). Piper cubeba, Houttuynia and Chloranthus bear one important Ranunculaceous character: scalariform perforation in primary vessels. Primitive species of Peperomia carry probably another Ranunculaceous character, i.e., many circles of medullary bundles. Shape and pattern of vascular bundles of Piper cubeba, Houttuynia and Chloranthus are similar. Other species of Piper show modifications. Peperomia represents another distinct pattern.     

Regulation of Root-Associated Methanotrophy by Oxygen Availability in the Rhizosphere of Two Aquatic Macrophytes

The relative importance of oxygen for root-associated methanotrophy was examined by using sediment-free, intact freshwater marsh plants (Pontederia cordata and Sparganium eurycarpum) incubated in split chambers. The root medium contained approximately 100 (mu)M methane. Methane oxidation was calculated from the difference between methane loss from chambers in the presence and absence of 1 mM 1-allyl-2-thiourea, a methanotrophic inhibitor. When the root medium was oxic, methane oxidation accounted for 88 and 63% of the total methane depletion for S. eurycarpum and P. cordata, respectively; the remainder represented diffusional loss to the atmosphere via roots, stems, and leaves. Under suboxic conditions, methane oxidation was not detectable for S. eurycarpum but accounted for 68% of total methane depletion for P. cordata. The introduction of a biological oxygen sink, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, resulted in complete loss of methane oxidation in S. eurycarpum chambers under oxic conditions, while methane consumption continued (51.6% of total methane depletion) in P. cordata chambers. The differences between plant species were consistent with their relative ability to oxygenate their rhizospheres: during a suboxic incubation, dissolved oxygen decreased by 19% in S. eurycarpum chambers but increased by 232% for P. cordata. An in situ comparison also revealed greater methanotrophic activity for P. cordata than S. eurycarpum.     

Morphological diversity and structure of West Mediterranean Abies species

The aim of this study was the biometrical comparison of Abies pinsapo Boiss., Abies maroccana Trab. and Abies tazaotana Côzar ex Villar from Spain and Morocco. The morphological and anatomical analysis of the needle characters of these firs revealed significant taxonomic differences. The results showed considerable distances between regions and very small differences among the Moroccan fir taxa. The examination of the needles and earlier genetic analysis did not provide evidence for distinguishing A. tazaotana at the species level.     

Quaternary plant fossils from the Jebel Marra volcanic complex and their palaeoclimatic interpretation

The fossil plants from the Malha Crater, previously referred to as Cyperus papyrus L. have been re-identified as Phragmites sp.; since determination to species is not possible, this record can have no phytogeographical or palaeoclimatic significance.Olea sp., probably O. laperrinei Batt. et Trab. from Jebel Marra, dated 3 500 B.P. raises interesting but so far speculative considerations regarding the inter-relationship of Mediterranean and tropical African species in the southern Sahara during the last pluvial period.Leaf impressions of the oil palm, Elaeis guineensis Jacq. from Jebel Marra, where it is no longer to be found, plus considerations regarding other surviving forest species in the gallery forests, suggest a minimum northwards climatic shift during the last pluvial in the order of 400 km.This fossil record is regarded as suggesting that the source of the oil palm kernel discovered at the Neolithic site of Esh Shaheinab, near Khartoum, is probably Jebel Marra.     

西藏和四川省管巢蛛属三新种记述(蜘蛛目,管巢蛛科)

在进行中国管巢蛛科系统学研究时,发现了产自西藏和四川的管巢蛛属3新种:波密管巢蛛Clubiona bomiensis sp.nov.,心形管巢蛛Clubiona cordata sp.nov.和指管巢蛛 Clubiona dactyla sp.nov,.这3新种均属于管巢蛛属的拟管巢蛛种组(group paraclubiona).所有标本均保存在河北大学生命科学学院.文中测量单位为mm.     

Sterols of marine microalgae Pyramimonas cf. cordata (Prasinophyta), Attheya ussurensis sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta) and a spring diatom bloom from Lake Baikal

The free sterol compositions of two marine microalgal species Pyramimonas cf. cordata (Prasinophyta), Attheya ussurensis sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta), and diatom bloom samples from Lake Baikal were determined by gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and (for some sterol constituents) using nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. A variety of sterol profiles were found. The principal sterol in the prasinophyte P. cf. cordata, collected in the Sea of Japan near Vladivostok, was 24(R)-ethylcholesta-5,22E-dien-3beta-ol (poriferasterol), but not 24-ethyl-5,24(28)Z-dien-3beta-ol, as reported earlier in the related species Pyramimonas cordata. The principal sterol in the marine diatom A. ussurensis sp. nov. was identified as 24-ethylcholest-5-en-3beta-ol. The sample of diatom bloom caused by Stephanodiscus meyerii with admixtures of several other diatom species, contained cholesterol and 24-methylcholesta-5,24(28)-dien-3beta-ol as main sterol constituents.     

应用AFLP技术探讨半夏属五个种的亲缘关系

利用扩增酶切片断多态性（AFLP）方法研究半夏属内5个种之间的亲缘关系。应用POPGENE及SPSS软件对所得“1”、“0”二元矩阵进行遗传距离,遗传相似性及聚类分析。实验发现鹞落坪半夏与虎掌之间的遗传差异小,鹞落坪半夏可能是虎掌的一个特化分支群体;虎掌和鹞落坪半夏组与本属其他种之间遗传差异较大,相似性较小;盾叶半夏和滴水珠是姐妹群关系,盾叶半夏虽然叶形与同属其他种有显著差异,但遗传距离及相似性分析对比不支持其独立于半夏属其他种,而作为完全独立进化类群的结论。为半夏属分类及系统进化关系提供了分子生物学证据。     

Energy requirement for foliage formation is not constant along canopy light gradients in temperate deciduous trees

Foliage construction cost (glucose requirement for formation of a unit foliar biomass, G , kg glu kg⁻¹), chemical composition and morphology were examined along a light gradient across the canopies in five deciduous species, which ranked according to increasing shade-tolerance as Populus tremula < Fraxinus excelsior < Tilia cordata = Corylus avellana < Fagus sylvatica . Light conditions in the canopy were estimated by a hemispheric photographic technique, allowing ranking of sample locations according to long-term light input incident to the sampled leaves (relative irradiance). G and foliage carbon concentration increased with increasing relative irradiance in F. excelsior , T. cordata and C. avellana , but wereindependent of irradiance in F. sylvatica and P. tremula . However, if G of non-structural-carbohydrate-free dry mass was considered, it also increased with increasing relative irradiance in P. tremula . A positive correlation between the concentration of carbon-rich lignin and irradiance, probably a result of the acclimation to greater water stress at higher light, was the major reason for the light-dependence of G . Lignin concentrations were highest in more shade-tolerant species, resulting in greatest carbon concentrations in these species. Since carbon concentration and G are directly linked, the leaves of shade-tolerant species were also more expensive to construct. As the result of these effects, G increased faster with increasing leaf dry mass per area which was mainly determined by relative irradiance, in shade-tolerators. Given that shade-tolerant species had lower leaf dry mass per area at common irradiance and that this saturated at lower relative irradiance than leaf dry mass per area in the intolerant species, it was concluded that enhanced energy requirements for foliage construction might constrain species morphological plasticity and the upper limit of leaf dry mass per area attainable at high light.     

猕猴桃属植物狗枣子的修订

作者将海棠猕猴桃Actinidia maloides H.L.Li,心叶海棠猕猴桃A.maloides H.L.Lif.cordata C.F.Liang合并于狗枣子(Actinidia kollmikta (Maxim. and Rupr.)Maxim.)中作为异名,同时对狗枣子及其近缘种软枣猕猴桃A.arguta (Side. and Zucc.)Planch.ex Miq,木天蓼A.polygama(Sieb. and Zucc.)Maxim.和四数猕猴桃A.arguta (Sieb. and Zucc.)Planch.ex Miq,木天蓼A.polygama(Sied.and Zucc.)Maxim.和四数猕猴桃A.tetramera Maxim.的形态学特征进行了辨析。     

中国半夏属植物亲缘关系的SRAP分析

利用序列相关扩增多态性(SRAP)标记对中国半夏属植物5个种的亲缘关系进行了研究.38个引物组合在半夏属植物的5个种中共扩增出752条清晰的谱带,其中628条谱带具有多态性,多态性比率为83.51％,显示出较高的多态性比率;各物种间的遗传相似系数在0.6513～0.7312之间,聚类分析和主坐标分析结果表明,5种半夏属植物被聚为两大类:掌叶半夏单独聚为一类(Ⅱ),而其它4个种聚为一类(Ⅰ).第Ⅰ类可再分为A和B两个亚类:A亚类包括半夏和石蜘蛛;B亚类包括盾叶半夏和滴水珠.滴水珠和盾叶半夏的亲缘关系最近,其次是半夏和石蜘蛛,而掌叶半夏和其它4个种的亲缘关系都较远,这说明掌叶半夏与半夏属其它种呈姐妹群关系.本研究结果对我国半夏属植物资源的开发利用与保护具有重要意义.     

Chromosome variation in the genus Pinellia (Araceae) in China and Japan

The chromosome numbers of 23 populations belonging to seven species of Pinellia Tenore were counted. The basic chromosome number of all the species studied was x  = 13, and the previously reported basic numbers x  = 9 and x  = 14 in P. ternata and P. cordata were not confirmed. Chromosome numbers of 2 n  = 26 in P. polyphylla and 2 n  = 78 in P. integrifolia are reported for the first time. Heptaploid (7 x ) and nonuploid (9 x ) are new ploidy levels reported for P. ternata , and hexaploid for P. cordata. Taxonomic, phylogenetic and phytogeographical inferences are made for the genus. Particular attention was given to P. ternata , the most widely distributed species in the genus, and considerable variation of chromosome number was found in its different populations. Based on chromosome studies of 11 populations of P. ternata , together with 12 populations reported in previous studies, the lower reaches of the Yangze River are identified as its centre of origin. From there it dispersed, with generation of hexaploid, heptaploid, octoploid and nonuploid forms.  © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2005, 147 , 449–455.     

The function and adaptive significance of tristyly in Pontederia cordata L. (Pontederiaceae)

Darwin proposed that the adaptive significance of tristyly is to promote insect-mediated pollination among floral morphs with anthers and stigmas at equivalent levels (legitimate pollination). Strong pollen trimorphism in Pontederia cordata enables an evaluation of this hypothesis. In an investigation of pollen flow patterns in different parts of the North American range of the species, legitimate pollination of some morphs was observed in all but one population investigated. However at only one site (Ft. McCoy, Florida) was Darwin's hypothesis confirmed for the three floral morphs. The long-styled morph most frequently exhibited legitimate pollination, the mid-styled morph was intermediate, and the short-styled morph rarely experienced legitimate pollination.
Temporal variation in pollen flow was observed during the flowering season of P. cordata . Total stigmatic pollen loads decreased as the density of inflorescences and activity of pollinators declined. In spite of variable total loads the legitimate component was relatively constant in the long- and mid-styled forms, while in the short-styled form this measure increased as the season progressed. Little variation was detected between stigmatic samples collected at different times during a single day.
Legitimate pollination may be inhibited by local foraging of pollinators and the spatial segregation of floral morphs. At Paugh Lake (Ontario) over 75% of all bumble bee flights are among the five nearest neighbours of a particular inflorescence. In the same population, there is a probability of over 70% that the nearest three neighbours of an inflorescence are of the same floral morph. Despite these influences, legitimate pollination occurs in P. cordata , suggesting substantial pollen carryover.