铅胁迫对甜菜夜蛾连续五代生殖力的影响研究

【目的】甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua是蔬菜等作物上的主要害虫,而蔬菜地常会遭到重金属的污染和侵蚀。本文系统探究了重金属铅对甜菜夜蛾多个世代生殖力的影响,为评价重金属污染对昆虫等生物的长期累积效应提供依据。【方法】人工饲料中添加一定量的Pb(NO_3)_2溶液,配制成浓度为0(CK)、0.3、4.8、76.8 mg/kg的Pb~(2+)饲料连续饲养甜菜夜蛾5个世代,研究不同浓度的铅胁迫对该虫生殖力的系统影响。【结果】随着饲养世代的延续和铅浓度的增加,会使甜菜夜蛾的雌雄比出现分化,且呈现浓度优势现象。特别是饲养到第3、4代,高浓度铅胁迫后,甜菜夜蛾的雌性比达到60%以上,与对照比差异显著;甜菜夜蛾的生殖腺指数、产卵量和卵的孵化率也与工人饲料中铅的浓度及饲养世代数密切相关:总的表现为饲养世代数越长、铅浓度越大,该虫的生殖腺指数越小、产卵量越少、卵的孵化率越低。以最高浓度(76.8 mg/kg)的铅处理甜菜夜蛾5个世代为例,生殖腺指数仅是对照组的60.4%,产卵量与卵的孵化率分别是对照处理的60.5%和46.2%。【结论】铅胁迫对甜菜夜蛾生殖力影响的程度与重金属浓度及污染的世代数有关。     

不同温度下的甜菜夜蛾实验种群生命表研究

组建了甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua在5种温度下的实验种群生命表。结果表明：在20～32℃,甜菜夜蛾的发育速率随着温度的升高而加快,并符合Logistic模型;甜菜夜蛾卵、幼虫、蛹、产卵前期及世代的发育起点温度分别为13.73℃、15.68℃、15.09℃、12.83℃和15.06℃,有效积温分别为37.9、126.3、73.8、29.2和265.6日·度;甜菜夜蛾在26℃时世代存活率和种群增长指数最高,分别为55.2%和205.9,20℃时不利于种群增长;在26℃和29℃时,甜菜夜蛾的平均产卵量最高,分别为604.7和611.4粒/雌,26℃是甜菜夜蛾最适宜交配的温度,交配率为84.9%,平均精包数为2.46个/雌;高温条件下,甜菜夜蛾的成虫寿命、产卵前期和产卵期均缩短;甜菜夜蛾的世代存活率(S)和种群趋势指数(I)与温度（t）的关系均可用二次抛物线表示：S=-0.5056 t²+27.652 t-326.02 (r=0.91),I=-3.2532t²+178.45 t^-2 270.40 (r=0.94)。     

贡嘎钩蝠蛾交配及生殖力的研究

为明确交配时长、性比、密度及温度对贡嘎钩蝠蛾Thitarodes gonggaensis交配、产卵、孵化的影响,研究了不同交配时长、不同性比、不同成虫密度、不同交配温度对成虫交配、生殖力的影响.结果表明,成虫正常交配时长差异较大,交配时长为22～270 min,平均交配时长为90.85 min,均能够完成正常的产卵,平均孵化率达90.83％以上,人为干预交配时长对成虫产卵量没有影响,但对交配40 min以内处理的孵化率显著低于正常交配处理,因此,在繁殖虫种过程中,交配时长不足40 min以内的成虫避免人为干扰交配,导致成虫分开,以保证交配顺利完成;通过控制性比发现,雌雄蛾性比对产卵量无显著影响,但偏雄性组的交配率和孵化率均显著高于性比大于1.25:1的偏雌性组,在人工饲养过程中,如果雄虫多余雌虫的情况下,交配性比建议维持在1:1至1:1.5之间,如果雄虫不足,则可以将已交过的雄虫放回交配箱与未交的雌虫继续交配;成虫密度对产卵量、孵化率没有显著影响,对交配率有一定的影响,密度过高会导致交配率下降;交配温度对成虫的交配时长、产卵量、孵化率均有显著影响,温度≤15℃处理交配成虫后其交配时长、产卵量、孵化率均显著高于温度20℃以上处理,最佳的交配温度维持在10℃条件下,交配时长最长,产卵量、孵化率最高.     

短时高温暴露处理对双尾新小绥螨Neoseiulus bicaudus Wainstein生长发育的影响

【目的】明确新疆本地种捕食螨双尾新小绥螨Neoseiulus bicaudus Wainstein在遇到短时极端高温胁迫后,对其生长发育和种群发展的影响。【方法】利用短时极端高温处理试验,研究双尾新小绥螨卵和成螨分别在38℃、42℃和46℃下,处理2、4和6 h后的孵化率、存活率以及对其未成熟阶段发育历期和生命参数的影响。【结果】卵经过不同时间高温处理后,随着处理温度的升高,处理时间的延长,卵的孵化率逐渐降低,46℃处理2 h的孵化率仅为42.02%,且在46℃处理超过4 h,其卵不能孵化;其各未成熟阶段发育历期有先缩短后延长的趋势,当在38℃处理2 h时,其发育历期最短为4.82 d。雌成螨经过不同时间高温处理后,雌成螨的产卵量、产卵期和寿命随着处理温度的升高、处理时间的延长有逐渐下降和缩短的趋势;42℃,2 h处理下每雌产卵量最低为19.33粒,其产卵期也是最短为10.09 d;38℃,6 h处理下寿命最短为14.68 d。【结论】短时极端高温处理主要影响双尾新小绥螨卵的孵化率、存活率降低和未成熟阶段的发育历期;影响其雌成螨的产卵量和寿命。     

水稻二化螟的交配行为

在室内条件下,对水稻二化螟Chilo suppressalis的交配行为及能力进行了研究.结果表明：大多数二化螟雌蛾一生只交配一次,平均0.92次;而雄蛾具有多次交配能力,最多达4次,平均2.72次.二化螟雌蛾的日龄影响其交配率、交配起始时间和持续时间,随二化螟雌蛾日龄的增加,其交配率逐渐下降,交配起始时间逐渐提前,而交配持续时间逐渐上升.相反,二化螟雄蛾日龄对其交配率、交配起始时间和持续时间没有明显影响.交配日龄对二化螟雌蛾的生殖力也存在显著影响,随着二化螟雌蛾交配日龄的增加,雌蛾产卵量下降,卵孵化率降低,产卵期缩短,它们都与雌蛾交配日龄存在显著的负相关;而雌蛾产卵前期和雌蛾寿命随雌蛾交配日龄的增加而延长,与雌蛾交配日龄存在显著的正相关.但二化螟雄蛾交配日龄对雌蛾的生殖力没有明显影响,二化螟雄蛾一生都具有较强的交配繁殖能力.同时,不同交配史的雄蛾与雌蛾交配,对雌蛾的生殖力也没有显著影响.表明二化螟的交配活动是由雌蛾主导控制的.最后,对这些结果在二化螟性信息素防治中应用的可行性进行了探讨.在应用性信息素控制二化螟的实践中,可以在两方面取得实效,一是性信息素可以阻碍雌雄之间正常交配,降低交配率;二是可以推迟二化螟雌虫的交配,使其产卵量和卵孵化率降低.     

柳毒蛾繁殖生物学的初步观察

【目的】为了明确柳毒蛾Leucoma salicis(Linnaeus)交配的日节律高峰,温度和不同交配持续时间处理对成虫寿命、产卵量和孵化率等繁殖生物学的影响。【方法】将新羽化的柳毒蛾成虫置于养虫笼中,观察交配的日节律高峰,并统计不同温度和不同交配持续时间处理下的成虫寿命、产卵量和孵化率。【结果】成虫在羽化当晚的后半夜凌晨开始交尾,次日晚上开始产卵。成虫交配集中在羽化翌日凌晨3:00—5:00之间,高峰为4:00。产卵高峰都出现在2日龄成虫,但是,25℃下成虫交配持续时间(9.2 h)显著短于28℃(11.8 h)。交配持续时间为30、60和300 min的处理,雌成虫平均寿命显著长于对照(对照9.2 h),雄虫仅60 min的处理显著长于对照。同时,极短的交配持续时间(30 min)显著降低雌虫的产卵量和孵化率。【结论】试验明确了成虫交配的日节律高峰,在适宜的温度范围内(25~28℃),雌雄成虫的寿命、单雌总产卵量无显著差异,交配持续时间明显影响成虫寿命、产卵量和卵孵化率。     

温度和氮肥对褐飞虱存活、生长发育和繁殖的交互作用

在实验室条件下,研究了不同温度（20 ℃、23 ℃、26 ℃、29 ℃和32 ℃）和氮肥水平（不施氮：0 kg·hm^-2;高氮：250 kg·hm^-2）对褐飞虱存活、发育和繁殖的影响和交互作用.结果表明：在20 ℃~29 ℃范围内,随着温度的升高,褐飞虱的卵孵化率和若虫存活率提高,卵和若虫历期缩短,成虫寿命缩短,同时产卵量增加;32 ℃时, 褐飞虱卵孵化率和若虫存活率降低、卵和若虫历期延长、成虫生殖力降低;在不同温度下,高氮植株上的褐飞虱卵孵化率和若虫存活率、成虫生殖力均明显高于低氮稻株上的褐飞虱,同时高氮植株上褐飞虱的卵和若虫历期明显短于低氮稻株上的褐飞虱,说明施用高水平氮肥提高了褐飞虱对逆境条件的生态适应性;温度和氮肥对褐飞虱卵存活率、若虫历期和产卵量的交互作用显著,表明全球气候变暖和长期施用高水平氮肥很可能是近年来褐飞虱猖獗暴发的重要原因.     

温度对双委夜蛾种群生态学特征的影响

【目的】双委夜蛾Athetis dissimilis(Hampson)是新发现的一种农业害虫,为探索温度对双委夜蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响。【方法】在室内l6,21,26,30,34(±1)℃,RH为70%±5%、光周期为14L︰10D条件下,测定了双委夜蛾各发育阶段的发育历期、存活率及成虫产卵量,组建了双委夜蛾的实验种群生命表。【结果】结果表明,双委夜蛾各虫态的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短;世代发育起点温度(C)为9.88℃,有效积温(K)为906.53日·度;卵的孵化率在不同的温度下无显著差异;幼虫存活率、化蛹率和羽化率则以21~30℃为最高;成虫的产卵量以21~26℃为最高,而在16℃和30℃时显著降低,在34℃下成虫不能交配,30℃成虫交配率仅为46%;生命表分析表明,26℃双委夜蛾的种群趋势指数和内禀增长率取得最大值,分别为98.5和0.1。【结论】21~26℃是最适宜双委夜蛾生长发育和繁殖的温度范围。     

温度对细毛水狼蛛个体发育和繁殖力的影响

本研究结果证明:(1)细毛水狼蛛(Pirata tenuisetae)的卵粒在15℃恒温条件下,不能孵化;(2)在20—32℃恒温条件下随着温度升高历期逐渐缩短;其中以25—30℃恒温条件下幼蛛的成活率较高。在同一温度梯度下雄蛛的历期均短于雌蛛;(3)在28—32℃恒温条件下产卵率为最高,产卵量最大,25—30℃时孵化率最高;(4)母蛛携带卵袋的时间随着温度的升高而缩短,在35℃条件下,有取食自产卵粒习性。     

延迟交配对昆虫生殖行为的影响以及与性信息素防治害虫的关系

对鳞翅目昆虫延迟交配对昆虫生殖力、卵孵化率、交配成功率、成虫寿命等进行了总结。雌虫延迟交配降低雌虫的生殖力、卵的孵化率及与雄虫成功交配率,但可以延长雌虫寿命。雄虫延迟交配降低雌虫的生殖力、卵的孵化率、产卵时间,雄虫的精子质量下降但寿命有所增加。已发现延迟交配在迷向法中控制害虫起着重要的作用,对进一步认识迷向法中不同作用机理以及延迟交配在迷向法防治害虫中的潜力进行了探讨。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.