内蒙古希拉穆仁草原春季土壤水与水分平衡研究

为了揭示希拉穆仁草原土壤含水量, 水分存在形式, 水分有效性, 水循环和土壤干层等问题, 对该区不同地形草地进行了打钻取样, 对含水量及粒度进行测定与分析。结果显示: 研究区多数土壤剖面中含水量变化在2%-10%之间, 平均含水量多在3%-6%之间。高地采样区土壤水分垂向变化波动较大, 变化趋势不明显; 平地采样区土壤上中部含水量多于下部。研究区土壤水分大部分处于难效水状态, 土壤水分对植被生长具有明显的抑制作用, 但平地采样区在剖面上部0-0.5 m的平均含水量较高地采样区略多, 表明平地采样区植被生长受到土壤水分的胁迫性相对较小。研究区普遍有干层发育且等级较高, 干层分布接近地表。其中, 高地采样区剖面0-0.5 m全部为重度干层, 下部有轻度干层和中度干层发育; 平地采样区几乎全部为重度干层。该区春季5月份土壤水分几乎都以含量很低的薄膜水形式存在, 大气降水被蒸发与蒸腾等全部消耗, 没有剩余水分补给地下水。综上指示该区土壤水分为明显的负平衡, 水循环呈现土壤-植物-大气的水分循环模式, 属于不完整的水分循环类型。     

桂西北白云岩坡地典型土体构型石灰土水文特征

综合运用传统水文学、氢氧稳定同位素和原位模拟降雨等方法,研究了桂西北白云岩坡地典型土体构型石灰土微区(2 m×1.2 m)土壤水文功能.白云岩峰丛坡地沿坡向下表现出通体砂、上壤下砂、通体壤、上黏下砂4种典型石灰土土链格局,所有构型土体微区地表稳定入渗速率高达41～48 mm·h^-1,地表径流少,且表现为蓄满产流,壤中流和深层渗漏是重要水文过程;壤中流依据土壤发生层层次分为A、C层壤中流,对于A层壤中流,通体砂、上黏下砂以及上壤下砂构型土体微区以基质流为主,通体壤构型土体表现为优先流;对于C层壤中流,所有构型土体微区均表现为优先流特征.白云岩坡地土壤连续分布,虽土层浅薄但仍表现出沿坡向下的土链格局,不同土体构型土壤水文性质的差异主要体现在地表以下各界面产流过程,研究证实该区土壤水文功能的研究应具备三维立体视角,发展更加侧重地下水文过程观测和研究的新方法,才能全面揭示喀斯特坡地近地表水文过程.     

植被类型和地形对黄土区退耕地土壤有机碳垂直分布的影响

区域范围内植被类型和地形是土壤有机碳(SOC)垂直分布的主要影响因素。本文以晋西黄土区蔡家川流域4种退耕地(乔木林、灌木林、乔灌混交林、草地)为对象,通过调查采样和室内分析,研究植被类型和地形对SOC垂直分布的影响。结果表明:1)研究区0~200 cm土层SOC含量随土壤深度增加而降低,各土层SOC含量变异系数为30%~52%。2)植被类型对SOC含量影响显著的深度达到120 cm,整个剖面(0~200 cm)SOC含量表现为乔灌混交林乔木林灌木林草地。3)地形因素对SOC垂直分布影响显著:海拔、坡度、坡位、坡向对SOC垂直分布显著影响深度分别达到60、40、80、60 cm。整个剖面(0~200cm)SOC含量随坡度增大逐渐减小,随坡位上升逐渐降低,阴坡大于阳坡,在海拔1100~1200 m和1000~1100 m处较高,1200 m和1000 m处较低。4)方差成分分析表明,0~200 cm土壤剖面SOC含量主要受植被类型的影响,可解释66.10%的变异性;地形和土层可分别解释22.02%和11.88%的变异性。研究结果为黄土区退耕还林的固碳效益评价提供了科学依据。     

北京市平原区土壤有机碳垂直分布特征

研究土壤有机碳垂直分布特征规律对精确测算土壤有机碳储量具有重要意义。通过野外调查实地挖取北京市平原区40个典型土壤剖面共169个样品数据,研究土壤有机碳垂直分布特征。结果表明:1)北京市平原区0—150 cm土壤平均有机碳含量为(5.98±2.62) g/kg,垂直分布上,随剖面深度增加土壤有机碳含量逐渐降低,且在浅层(≤60 cm)下降速度显著快于深层(60 cm); 2)各发生层次不同土壤质地的有机碳含量差异整体上均表现为粉粒及黏粒含量比例越高,即质地越黏重,土壤有机碳含量越高; 3)不同土体构型的平均土壤有机碳含量大小关系为通体砂通体壤上壤下黏夹黏,通体砂型土壤有机碳含量垂直变化相对平缓,上壤下黏型土壤有机碳含量在垂直方向呈"降-升-降"趋势,通体壤及夹黏型则均呈先快速下降后缓慢下降趋势; 4)耕地和园地土壤平均有机碳含量高于荒草地,耕地在整个剖面中土壤有机碳含量均居于三种土地利用类型之首,耕地和园地的土壤有机碳含量在0—20 cm和40—60 cm之间下降速度高达40.10%和55.92%,剖面深度超过60 cm后下降速度显著放缓,受人类活动直接影响相对较少的荒草地在垂直方向上变化相对平缓。     

太湖流域丘陵区两种土地利用类型土壤水分分布控制因素

为探究太湖流域丘陵区典型土地利用类型(如竹林地和茶园)土壤水分的控制因素,在不同深度土壤水分定期观测的基础上,根据前7d降雨量将研究时段划分为干旱状态和湿润状态,利用分类与回归树(CART)方法得出不同干湿状态下土壤水分分布的主控因子,并借助典范对应分析(CCA)定量分析不同土地利用类型、不同土壤深度土壤水分格局与环境因子关系。结果表明:(1)高程、土地利用类型和土层厚度对土壤水分分布的相对贡献率最大,但在不同干湿状态下其影响程度存在差异;(2)干旱状态时土壤水分主要受高程、坡度、地形湿度指数(TWI)和剖面曲率等地形因素的作用,而土层厚度和粘粒也分别为0—20 cm和20—40 cm深度土壤水分的主控因子;(3)在湿润状态下,茶园0—20 cm土壤水分的主控因素为地形因子,在20—40 cm则以土壤性质为主,竹林地两个深度的土壤水分受地形和土壤性质的作用都很强,其中20—40 cm深度土壤水分与环境因子的关系较0—20 cm深度更为复杂。     

皇甫川流域不同尺度景观分异下的土壤性状

皇甫川流域地处我国北方农牧交错带中段,是该地区正在进行的国家重点基础规划(“973”)项目设置的范式点之一。按照区域-小流域-中小地形这样的景观分类的等级体系,通过代表小流域的样带设置、实地调查和取样分析等,对该地区区域尺度、流域尺度和中小地形尺度景观分异下的土壤性状进行了分析。在此基础上,对研究区优化生态-生产范式的空间配置问题进行了探讨。结果表明:(1)总体上该研究区土壤养分含量低、发育程度差。(2)不同地质地貌类型区的土壤特性存在差异,黄土丘陵沟壑区的小流域比沙化黄土丘陵区和砒砂岩裸露丘陵沟壑区的小流域的土壤养分和质地好,相对更适于发展耕地。(3)中小地形尺度下,坡向、坡度和坡位及土地利用与土壤性状的关系为:1阴坡和阳坡的土壤有机质含量存在差异显著,且土壤养分还随着坡的向阳程度的减弱而增加。川地的土壤养分也较高,但土壤偏砂性。2坡度与土壤粒径存在显著相关,坡度不同侵蚀强度也不同。15°是侵蚀加剧的临界值,把它作为当地的退耕坡度标准是合理的。3土壤表层养分总体表现为随坡位的下降而减少的趋势。4综合考虑中小地形条件,景观立地类型可以划分为川台地养分富集区,坡中下部养分严重流失区(坡度>15°)和坡梁缓坡地养分涵养区(坡度<15°)。5中小地形尺度下,样带剖面上土地利用变化对土壤性状的影响较大:乔木林土壤养分积累高、团粒结构好,灌木林由于放牧和沙化的影响,土壤养分最低,砂粒含量最高而粘粒含量最低。撂荒地的土壤养分少而农田和果园的土壤养分较高。荒草地的土壤养分条件较差。但就耕地与非耕地而言,土壤养分和质地并无显著差异。说明耕地熟化作用很弱,广种薄收、靠天吃饭现象十分普遍;(4)不同尺度景观分异下的土壤性状研究是优化生态-生产范式的构建的重要理论基础。     

黄土塬区不同地形部位和土地利用方式对土壤物理性质的影响

在黄土塬区王东沟流域采集不同地形部位和不同土地利用方式下土壤样品,测定其颗粒组成、容重和饱和导水率,借助变异系数、非参数检验等方法研究了不同地形部位和不同利用方式对土壤物理性质的影响.结果表明：土壤物理性质在水平方向和沿垂直剖面都存在变异,但在同一地形部位或同一土地利用类型内,容重和颗粒组成基本相似.水平方向,饱和导水率属强变异,粘粒和砂粒含量属中等变异,粉粒含量和容重属弱变异;沿垂直剖面,土壤的粒级分布具有连续性,但0～25 cm的土壤容重和饱和导水率与下层土壤差异显著.沿坡面从上向下,土壤趋向粘重,但饱和导水率增大;其中上坡位和中坡位的土壤性质相似,在相关研究中可以进行合并.草地与其他利用方式下的土壤性质差异显著,主要受地形部位的影响;耕地和果园的土壤性质相似且不同于其他利用类型,表明人为干扰对土壤物理性质有重要影响.     

农牧交错带土地沙化的本质及其形成研究

通过对陕北农牧交错带不同类型沙化土地土体构型、土壤质地、元素组成和理化性质的分析,研究了土地沙化的本质。结果表明：受风沙作用影响,土壤中细粒物质逐渐减少,颗粒组成变粗;表层消失,最终被流沙所取代,原土壤剖面被覆盖在沙层之下;土壤有机质及养分含量减少,保水保肥性能降低,生产力不断下降;现代土壤形成过程以侵蚀和风沙沉积为主,物质淋溶和化学风化微弱。研究区土地沙化可划分为：风沙侵蚀为主、风沙蚀积平衡、风沙沉积为主和土壤形成发育4个阶段;沙化土地的类型有：肥力衰退质地粗化、表层剥蚀、片沙覆盖、流动沙丘与固定沙丘等5种。     

湘东大围山不同海拔带土壤溶解性有机碳含量

为了解土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量在中山海拔带上的分异规律,选取亚热带湘东大围山花岗岩风化物发育的典型土壤垂直带谱:红壤、黄壤、黄棕壤和灌丛草甸土(亚类),挖掘土壤剖面深至母质层/母岩,研究海拔和土层深度对DOC含量的影响。结果表明,土壤剖面DOC含量介于9~5326 mg·kg-1,表土(A层)和底土(A层以下)DOC含量均随海拔升高而升高。土壤有机碳(SOC)、水分变化可以解释DOC含量的垂直带分异规律。DOC/SOC介于0.8%~34.9%,无明显的高度带现象,且DOC/SOC峰值大多出现在底土层。在同一海拔带,发育深厚的典型黄壤DOC含量和DOC/SOC均在底土中较高,发育较浅的黄壤性土则相反。本研究表明,表土和底土C含量及组成呈现不同的垂直带分异规律,山地海拔带上土壤C库研究应重视深层底土。     

玛纳斯河流域农田土壤水盐空间分布特征及影响因素

采用传统统计学和地统计学相结合的方法,通过野外实地分层采集土样,分析干旱区典型内陆河玛纳斯河流域农田土壤水盐的空间分布特征及其影响因素,并探讨了土壤水盐在空间分布上所体现的耦合作用关系.结果表明:研究区农田土壤整体上水分含量较低(14.2%~20.9%),盐渍化程度较高(平均全盐量6.00~9.15 g·kg-1),土壤水盐的剖面分布均呈现出"底聚"现象;各层土壤水分均属于中等变异强度,土壤盐分变异强度较大;受结构性因素影响,各土层盐分和含水量均具有较强的空间相关性.各层土壤水盐的水平分布格局无规律,受地形、地貌等因素制约.在人类活动的干扰下,土壤水盐耦合作用的关系更趋复杂,但两者的空间分异呈现出一定程度的同步性.     

Distribution of spring barley roots in Danish soils,of different texture and under different climatic conditions

Summary Spring barley root profiles have been investigated in three years with different climatological conditions during the growing season. In total, 50 root profiles were determined by measuring cm root/ml soil in different 10 cm sections of the profile. The investigations, show that the root density was nearly identical for all soil types within the upper part of the plough layer. The decrease in root density with depth is most pronounced for the sandy soils and less for the loamy soils. The mean max. root depth in the sandy soils was roughly 70 cm, while it was roughly 140 cm for the loamy soils. A comparison between the clay and silt content in the subsoil and the thickness of soil layers with more than given root densities shows that there is no correlation between texture and thickness of soil layers with more than 1.0 cm root/ml soil, while there was a clear, positive correlation between thickness of soil layers with lower root densities and the clay and silt content in the subsoil. The different climatological conditions during the growing season give rise to differences in the root development. Very wet springs seem to impede root development in loamy soils with slowly permeable subsoils, while this is not the case in the sandy soils.     

The influence of soil texture on the soil water dynamics and vegetation structure of a shortgrass steppe ecosystem

We analyzed soil water data from three sites with different soil textures in the shortgrass steppe of northeastern Colorado, USA. Our objective was to evaluate the relationship between the occurrence of plant functional types and the effect of soil texture on soil water availability. Soil water availability was greatest in the upper soil layers at all three sites, but the loamy sand site had significantly greater soil water availability than the sandy clay loam and sandy clay sites in wetter years at depths below 60 cm. Calculations of proportional water availability by layer using both field data and fifty-year soil water model simulations, showed that the sandy clay loam and sandy clay soils on average had greater water availability in layers 30 cm and above, but that the loamy sand had the greatest water availability in layers beneath this, particularly at 105 cm. This observation can be linked to the occurrence of a fine textured subsoil at this site. The textural pattern in the loamy sand profile effectively creates two water resources: a shallow pool accessible to all plants; and a deep pool accessible only to deep-rooted plants. This is offered as an explanation for the co-dominance of the two main plant functional types at the loamy sand site. At the other two sites, shallow-rooted shortgrass vegetation dominated, being more consistent with the general pattern for the area. Thus the patterns of vegetation structure at the three sites were consistent with the hypothesis. Aboveground net primary production data for the three sites, along with transpiration estimates from the model simulations, indicated that the additional water availability in the coarse textured soil was associated with higher overall plant productivity.Nomenclature: Taxonomic nomenclature follows R. L. McGregor & T. M. Barkley (1986) Flora of the Great Plains. Great Plains Flora Association. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.     

基于GIS的农田土壤肥力评价及其与土体构型的关系

以河南省延津县中低产田为例,选取土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、pH和阳离子交换量（CEC）等指标作为评价因子,利用ArcGIS 9.2软件和模糊数学方法对土壤肥力进行了综合评价,根据评价结果,分析不同土体构型土壤肥力状况差异.结果表明：该区土壤呈偏碱性状态,全氮、全磷、速效氮、CEC、有机质、速效钾含量偏低,速效磷、全钾含量中等,土壤肥力综合指数为0.14～0.63,整体水平偏低.除速效磷和全钾外,其他土壤肥力指标在不同土体构型间均表现出显著差异,土壤肥力与土体构型关系密切,上壤下粘型土壤的肥力等级相对较高,上壤下砂型次之,通体砂型最低.根据各指标在剖面上的分布状况判断,该区土体结构不良,保水保肥能力差,可针对此特征进行土壤改良.     

宁夏红寺堡扬黄灌区土壤沙化和盐渍化及其相互关系

采用控制取样和典型取样相结合的方法,对比分析了红寺堡扬黄灌区玉米地和枸杞地、未利用地0 ～40 cm分层土壤质地、盐渍化特征、阳离子交换量(CEC)值及其相关关系.结果表明:控制取样条件下,除未利用地0～10 cm土壤含盐量(TS)达1.74 g·kg-1外,3种利用方式下0～40 cm TS在0.69～1.30 g· kg-1之间变化,盐化特征不明显;枸杞地20～40 cm土壤钠吸附比(SAR)和土壤碱化度(ESP)分别达到12.18％和l4.1％;玉米地0～20 cm粘粉粒和(CPS)为13.5％,构杞地O～40 cm CPS达37.3％.控制取样条件下,20～40 cm土层玉米地土壤碱化和沙化指标间显著相关;典型取样条件下,上述相关性消失,但CEC与沙化指标及盐渍化指标均显著相关.不同土地利用方式下灌区土壤沙化和盐渍化呈复杂的交互关系,CEC可以作为土壤环境质量变化的综合指示因子.     

Soil water dynamics and vegetation patterns in a semiarid grassland

Long-term (1985–1992) dynamics and spatial variations in soil water below the evaporative zone were evaluated for a shortgrass steppe with a low and variable precipitation regime. Each of a sandy loam, clay loam, and two sandy clay loam sites comprised a toposequence with upland, midslope and lowland positions. Soil water was monitored at 15 cm intervals providing estimates covering 22.5 to 97.5 cm depths.Soil water throughout the profile was highest in the clay loam site and lowest in the sandy loam site. However, stored soil water did not vary systematically among slope positions. Total vegetation cover was highest on the lowland in two sites, but was greatest on the midslope position in the other two. Total vegetation cover was greatest on the CL site, which was the wettest in terms of soil water. Soil water depletion was related to the depth-distribution of roots. There was an inverse relationship between aboveground production and soil water content of the 30, 45 and 60 cm layers during the growth period. Root distributions through the profile did not, however, vary with soil texture or with different soil water profiles controlled by texture. The less variable water content of deeper soil layers is a resource which potentially buffers the impact of pronounced variability in precipitation and thus contributes to vegetation stability of the shortgrass community.     

荒漠人工固沙植被区土壤水分的时空变异性

表层土壤水分具有高度的时间和空间变异性.研究的目的:(1)揭示沙坡头人工固沙植被区浅层土壤水分的时空变异性特征;(2)确定驱动土壤水分变异的主要环境因子.在人工固沙植被区内一个4500m2的网格样地上每隔10m设置取样点,在连续7个月的时间内 (2005年4～10月),每隔15d用时域反射仪测量各样点表层以下15cm和30cm深度的土壤容积含水量.结果表明,该区网格尺度上浅层土壤水分的分布具有明显的空间变异性,其变异性随着土壤水分含量的降低而减小;相对海拔是驱动土壤水分空间变异的主要环境因子,其作用在降雨后尤为显著,且其对土壤下层的影响比上层更明显;植被和土壤水分含量的相关性时间序列与相对海拔一致--降雨使其相关性增加;土壤质地(土壤粒径分布)和土壤水分含量的相关性时间序列特征与植被和相对海拔相反,且其对土壤上层的影响比下层更明显.因此,在沙坡头荒漠人工固沙植被区,降雨后的短暂湿润期,地形和植被是驱动浅层土壤水分变异的主要影响因子,而随着降雨之后土壤逐渐变干,土壤质地的影响变得更加明显.     

Impact of Rotylenchulus reniformis on Cotton Yield as Affected by Soil Texture and Irrigation

The effects of soil type, irrigation, and population density of Rotylenchulus reniformis on cotton were evaluated in a two-year microplot experiment. Six soil types, Fuquay sand, Norfolk sandy loam, Portsmouth loamy sand, Muck, Cecil sandy loam, and Cecil sandy clay, were arranged in randomized complete blocks with five replications. Each block had numerous plots previously inoculated with R. reniformis and two or more noninoculated microplots per soil type, one half of which were irrigated in each replicate for a total of 240 plots. Greatest cotton lint yields were achieved in the Muck, Norfolk sandy loam, and Portsmouth loamy sand soils. Cotton yield in the Portsmouth loamy sand did not differ from the Muck soil which averaged the greatest lint yield per plot of all soil types. Cotton yield was negatively related to R. reniformis PI (initial population density) in all soil types except for the Cecil sandy clay which had the highest clay content. Supplemental irrigation increased yields in the higher yielding Muck, Norfolk sandy loam, and Portsmouth loamy sand soils compared to the lower yielding Cecil sandy clay, Cecil sandy loam, and Fuquay sand soils. The Portsmouth sandy loam was among the highest yielding soils, and also supported the greatest R. reniformis population density. Cotton lint yield was affected more by R. reniformis Pi with irrigation in the Portsmouth loamy sand soil with a greater influence of Pi on lint yield in irrigated plots than other soils. A significant first degree PI × irrigation interaction for this soil type confirms this observation.     

荒漠草原两种类型土壤的水分动态对比

基于2017—2018年的定位监测数据,分析了宁夏东部的盐池荒漠草原2种不同类型土壤(灰钙土和风沙土)的水分时空动态特征。结果表明: 2017和2018年生长季(5—10月),研究区降雨量分别为208.2和274.8 mm,降雨在各月份的分配差异较大。2018年除5月存在极端降雨事件(129.6 mm)外,其余各月降雨量均低于2017年。土壤水分变化的季节动态规律大致可以分为两个阶段:土壤水分补偿期(5月初至6月初)和土壤水分波动期(6月中旬至9月底)。0～20 cm土层土壤含水量在降雨后呈骤增骤减的脉冲式特点,深层土壤含水量较稳定。灰钙土土壤含水量随土层加深表现为“升-降-升”的变化,风沙土土壤含水量在0～60 cm土层出现井喷式增加,而后增加缓慢,但随着土层深度的增加土壤含水量逐渐增大。2017年,灰钙土全剖面(0～100 cm)土壤水分表现为积累型,风沙土表现为消耗型;2018年,两种类型的土壤水分在全剖面均表现为消耗型。两种土壤类型土壤水分的时间稳定性随土壤深度的增加而增强,灰钙土和风沙土全剖面的平均土壤含水量代表性土层分别为80～100和40～60 cm。2种类型土壤的土壤水分时空分布不同,风沙土受降水的影响高于灰钙土。降水会降低土壤水分的变异性,改变土壤水分的时间稳定性。     

藏东南色季拉山沟壑区土壤氮素空间分布特征

以西藏东南部色季拉山海拔3950—4350 m为研究区,采用30×50 m网格采样法,以地统计学半变异函数为工具,研究了色季拉山森林生态系统沟谷与坡面上土壤氮素空间变异特征及模型。结果表明:土壤全氮、硝态氮和铵态氮含量均表现为0—10 cm10—20 cm,两个层次上空间变异性表现为全氮和铵态氮0—10 cm10—20 cm,而硝态氮表现为10—20 cm0—10cm;不同海拔高度土壤氮含量表现为随着海拔高度的升高而增加,但这种海拔梯度效应并未达显著水平(P0.05);沟谷区土壤氮含量高于坡面,这可能与植被残体在沟谷区的堆积分解促进氮循环有关;土壤全氮、铵态氮和硝态氮均具有中等程度的空间依赖性,其中土壤全氮空间变异符合指数模型,块金值/基台值为50%;土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量空间变异分布均符合高斯模型,块金值/基台值分别为70.91%和37.45%;该区域土壤全氮、铵态氮和硝态氮含量空间依赖性表现为:硝态氮全氮铵态氮,即土壤硝态氮更易受到空间结构因素的影响,而铵态氮含量空间变化则主要受随机因素的影响。     

Distribution and activity of microorganisms in subsurface sediments of a pristine study site in Oklahoma

Distribution and activity of microorganisms in surface soil and subsurface sediments were studied in depth profiles of six different microbial biomass and activity indicators (total direct counts, number of cells capable of electron transport system activity, viable cell plate counts, most Probable numbers of protozoa, and 4-hydroxybenzoate-degrading microorganisms, and ATP content). The profiles showed the same general trends on two different dates (January and June 1985). Seasonal variations were noted, but they were not extreme. Biomass and activity values declined sharply with depth in the unsaturated zone, reaching minima in a clay confining layer in the interface zone between 3 and 4 m. Contiguous 10-cm samples from the interface zone showed significant textural and microbiological variability. Higher and more stable biomass and activity values were detected in the saturated zone, the highest being a very permeable gravelly loamy sand layer at approximately 7.5 m. In this layer, viable counts were nearly equal to total counts and they approached the viable counts in surface soil. Surface-type protozoa and cyanobacteria also were detected in this layer, suggesting that it was connected hydrologically to a nearby river. Lowest values were detected in an underlying bedrock clay layer at 8 m, which, despite its impermeability and low viable counts, did contain measurable total counts, 4-hydroxybenzoate-degrading microorganisms, and ATP. Correlations were noted between sediment texture and microbial activity (i.e., sandy texture=high activity, clayey texture=low activity), but other hydrogeological and geochemical factors probably also influenced microbial distribution and activity in the profile.