楝星天牛胸部摩擦和鞘翅振动发声及其声学特性的研究*

楝星天牛Anoplophora horsfieldi(Hope)成虫可借两种不同的方式发声： 1.胸部摩擦发声;2.鞘翊振动发声。胸部摩擦发声可连续进行,具有抗拒敌害和种内通讯的生物学意义;鞘翅振动发声为断续产生,受外界刺激而诱发,主要与抗拒敌害有关。测定表明,胸部摩擦声由多个音组连续组成,每一音组的持续时间为1100-1 6000ms,依次由抬头声音节(持续384±22ms,含有250-350个脉冲列)、间隔1(270-600ms)、低头声音节(382±16ms,250-350个脉冲列)和间隔2(80-360ms)组成。 抬头声音节的功率谱由基本音及其分音组成,基本音为信号能量的主要部分,其主峰频率为742±30Hz(雄)和603±34HZ(雌)。鞘翅振动声由间隔不等的,7-9个脉冲列组成,脉冲列的振幅较大、频率较高,持续约7-10ms。功率谱图上虽然脉冲列的频率分布于0-3100Hz,但能量主要集中在850-1050Hz内。与胸部摩擦声相比,鞘翅振动声的能量更高、释放更突然,是一种更为有效的拒敌性行为。     

鸣禽发声控制核团内的神经递质及其在发声学习中的作用

神经递质在鸣禽脑中不仅是神经元间信号传递中介物质,还有资料表明它们通过在习鸣敏感期影响发声控制团间的突触联系的形成和突触可塑性,从而对鸣转类型的确定和巩固起重要作用,本文着重介绍了鸣禽发声控制核团内神经递质的分布及变化情况,并就神经递质在发声学习中的作用进行了探讨。     

锡嘴雀延脑发声中枢注入HRP对上位脑细胞标记的研究

在雌、雄锡嘴雀(Coccothraustes coccthraustes)的延脑发声中枢中间核(Interm edius nucleas,IM),注入辣根过氧化物酶(Horseradish peroxidase,HRP),标记上位脑控制发声核团有原纹状体粗核(Nucleus robustus atchistriatalis,RA)和背中核(Nucleus dersalis medialis,DM)。其中RA双侧被标记,并有明显的左侧优势,特别是在雄性鸟中这种优势更为突出。     

声带,声门与发声

声音产生于物体的振动。人体之所以能产生各种音调变化的语言,是喉头、声带、声门、呼吸及共鸣器官协调作用的结果。本文重点叙述的是声带、声门与发声的关系以及青春期的变声与发声卫生。声带、声门在喉腔的位置喉腔上通咽腔喉部,下通气管。喉腔粘膜与咽的粘膜相延续。在喉腔侧壁的粘膜有上下两对矢状位(从前向后,左右对称)的粘膜皱襞,上方一对称室襞,两侧室襞间的裂隙称前庭裂。下方一对称声襞(也就是声带),两片声带间呈三角形的空隙称声门(又叫声门     

蛙类的发声结构与中枢控制

近年来,动物发声与发声机制的研究引起人们的注意。在两栖动物中,对于蛙鸣的产生和控制机理,一直是动物学家颇感兴趣的课题。国内外很多学者在这方面进行了大量的研究工     

不同生长发育期的虎皮鹦鹉发声行为与发声控制神经核团的研究

鸟类的鸣叫依赖于发育完善的鸣管并接受各级发声中枢组成的机能控制系统的调控,善鸣唱的鸟类前脑控制发声的神经核团发达.用石蜡切片法和生物信号采集处理系统对不同生长发育期的虎皮鹦鹉的发声控制神经核团的体积和声音进行了比较性研究.结果发现:(1)随着虎皮鹦鹉的成长,核团体积逐渐增大,核团轮廓逐渐清晰,而且雄鸟的核团明显大于雌鸟;(2)在鸟类成长的过程中,鸟的叫声越来越复杂,幅度越来越高,雄鸟的叫声比雌鸟更复杂,雌鸟的叫声比雄鸟的叫声幅度更高;(3)鸟类鸣叫的复杂程度和发声控制神经核团的体积呈相关性.     

鸣鸣蝉（Oncotympana maculaticollis Motsch）发声肌中肌原纤维的双阵列结构及莫发声原初过程的分析

给出了鸣鸣蝉发声肌肌原纤维的双阵结构,其肌纤维中并存两种不同阵列的“快”和“慢”劝肌原纤维不同,分别为３：１和５：１。明显区别于单音调鸣声的蝉类发声肌肌原纤维的ＲＴＴＦ为３：１的单阵列,即与鸣鸣蝉变音调声产生的原初机制相适应。     

鸣禽锡嘴雀(Coccothraustes coccothraustes)发声中枢的定位研究

用常规组织学,HRP 逆行示踪,电生理等方法确定了鸣禽锡嘴雀控制发声的神经核团及这些核团的定位坐标值。锡嘴雀控制发声的神经通路由四级神经核团组成。位于端脑上纹状体腹侧的尾部区域(HVc)是控制鸣禽发声的高位中枢,它发出的神经纤维投射到端脑原纹状体腹内侧的粗核(RA),由 RA 又发出两束纤维,分別投射到中脑丘间核(ICo)和延脑的中间核(IM)。左右侧发声控制神经通路并非严格单侧性,每侧气管鸣管肌群分別受双侧发声中枢的交叉控制。中脑 ICo 在控制发声行为中具有相对独立性。各级发声核团的定位坐标值为,HVc∶p1.3,L/R2.4,H0.8;RA∶1.4,L/R3.2,H6.0;ICo∶p0.3,L/R2.6,H8.5:IM∶P3.1,L/R1.0,H∶7.8。     

鸟类发声学习记忆研究进展

鸟类发声学习记忆研究进展李东风,蓝书成（东北师范大学生物系神经生物学研究室长春１３００２４）学习与记忆的机制是神经科学领域中颇受重视的研究课题。鸟类的鸣啭被认为是动物语言学习记忆过程。国内外近年来的研究表明,这一过程与人类的语言学习记忆有着许多相似之...     

鸣鸣蝉发声肌的结构观察

鸣鸣蝉Onvotympana maculaticollit Motsch的发声肌平均含193个初级肌束,多数初级肌束含9-10条肌纤维,其顶、底瑞的附着结构仅由柱状粘和细胞层组成。每条肌纤维约含1 900根肌原纤维,多数肌原纤维的长,宽和截面分别约0.77μm、0.68μm和0.53μm².井约含200根粗肌丝,其粗细肌丝的比值一般为3∶1。肌小节的长度和z线的宽度分别约3μm 和0.2μm.三联管分别位于距两端z线约0.75μm处。肌原纤维、线粒体和微气管-肌质网的面积系数分别约31.3%、46.O%和11.9%。肌小节中粗肌丝纵贯两端z线,中间无1带;细肌丝由z线相向延伸到肌小节中央,其空区约0.15-0.25μm,并无M线。这些结构特征不仅使发声肌能够利用有限的几何空间产生最大的张力,并可适应高速串的收缩运动。     

黄雀发声核团与部分听觉中枢内P物质的分布和性双态比较

用免疫组织化学方法研究P物质在雌雄黄雀发声控制核团和听觉中枢内的分布,结合计算机图像分析仪检测SP免疫阳性细胞和末梢的灰度值,并作雌雄比较。结果如下：1．在发声学习中枢嗅叶X区有大量的SP阳性神经末梢和一些神经细胞。2．在发声控制核团前脑高级发声中枢(HVc)、古纹状体栎核、发声学习中枢新纹状体巨细胞核和丘脑背内侧核外侧部内有许多的SP免疫阳性细胞。3．在发声控制中枢中脑背内侧核和延髓舌下神经核气管鸣管部、听觉中枢丘脑卵圆核的壳区、中脑背外侧核壳区及中脑丘间核等有密集的SP免疫阳性神经末梢和纤维分布;雄性发声中枢内SP的分布比雌性丰富,两者有显著的差异。结果表明：SP的分布在雌雄发声中枢之间存在显著的性双态;SP广泛分布于黄雀发声控制核团和部分听觉中枢内,提示SP可能在发声控制及听觉中枢内具有重要的生理功能。     

黄雀发声核团与部分听觉中枢内P物质的分布和性双态比较

用免疫组织化学方法研究P物质在雌雄黄雀发声控制核团和听觉中枢内的分布,结合计算机图像分析仪检测SP免疫阳性细胞和末梢的灰度值,并作雌雄比较。结果如下:1.在发声学习中枢嗅叶X区有大量的SP阳性神经末梢和一些神经细胞。2.在发声控制核团前脑高级发声中枢(HVc)、古纹状体栎核、发声学习中枢新纹状体巨细胞核和丘脑背内侧核外侧部内有许多的SP免疫阳性细胞。3.在发声控制中枢中脑背内侧核和延髓舌下神经核气管呜管部、听觉中枢丘脑卵圆核的壳区、中脑背外侧核壳区及中脑丘间核等有密集的SP免疫阳性神经末梢和纤维分布;雄性发声中枢内SP的分布比雌性丰富,两者有显著的差异。结果表明:SP的分布在雌雄发声中枢之间存在显著的性双态;SP广泛分布于黄雀发声控制核团和部分听觉中枢内,提示SP可能在发声控制及听觉中枢内具有重要的生理功能。     

黄喉鵐高级发声中枢及其壳区的神经投射和P物质在发声听觉中枢的分布

用生物素示踪法和P物质 (SP)免疫组化技术研究表明 :黄喉的高级发声中枢 (HVc)接受端脑听区 (L)、新纹状体中部界面核、新纹状体巨细胞核 (MAN)、丘脑葡萄形核、桥脑蓝斑核的传入 ,并有神经纤维投射到古纹状体栎核 (RA)和嗅叶X区 (X) ;HVc壳投射到RA壳并接受L的传入。听觉控制与学习通路与发声中枢之间有许多神经联系 ,提示黄喉发声学习依赖于听觉反馈。在HVc、RA和MAN有SP阳性细胞体 ,在X、中脑背内侧核和延髓舌下神经核气管鸣管部、丘脑卵圆核壳区、中脑背外侧核壳区及中脑丘间核有SP阳性纤维和终末。SP广泛分布于发声 -听觉中枢 ,可能参与了它们的活动     

黄喉鹀高级发声中枢及其壳区的神经投射和P物质在发声听觉中枢的分布

用生物素示踪法和P物质(SP)免疫组化技术研究表明:黄喉(巫鸟)的高级发声中枢(HVc)接受端脑听区(L)、新纹状体中部界面核、新纹状体巨细胞核(MAN)、丘脑葡萄形核、桥脑蓝斑核的传入,并有神经纤维投射到古纹状体栎核(RA)和嗅叶X区(X);HVc壳投射到RA壳并接受L的传入.听觉控制与学习通路与发声中枢之间有许多神经联系,提示黄喉(巫鸟)发声学习依赖于听觉反馈.在HVc、RA和MAN有SP阳性细胞体,在X、中脑背内侧核和延髓舌下神经核气管鸣管部、丘脑卵圆核壳区、中脑背外侧核壳区及中脑丘间核有SP阳性纤维和终末.SP广泛分布于发声-听觉中枢,可能参与了它们的活动.     

Lesions of HVc block the developmental masculinizing effects of estradiol in the female zebra finch song system

The neural song control system of female zebra finches is permanently masculinized if the females are given estradiol within 1 month after hatching. One hypothesis is that estradiol acts on neurons in the caudal nucleus of the ventral hyperstriatum (HVc) to cause developmental changes that lead to masculinizing influences in other song control regions. To test whether lesions of HVc block the masculinizing effects of estradiol elsewhere in the song system, we gave 20-day-old females either a Silastic pellet containing estradiol or no implant, and they received either a unilateral lesion of HVc or no lesion. At 60 days of age, they were sacrificed. The volumes of brain regions and sizes of neurons were measured in four song nuclei: HVc, robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA), lateral magnocellular nucleus of the neostriatum (lMAN), and Area X. Lesions of HVc blocked the masculinizing effects of estradiol on RA and Area X on the side of the lesion. Thus, HVc must be intact in order for estradiol to masculinize these two nuclei. This observation is compatible with the hypothesis that estradiol acts on or near HVc to masculinize several song nuclei, although other interpretations are also possible.     

Effects of castration and testosterone treatment on the activity of testosterone-metabolizing enzymes in the brain of male and female zebra finches

Recently, we described the distribution of testosterone-metabolizing enzymes (i.e., aromatase, 5 alpha- and 5 beta-reductases) in the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) brain using a sensitive radioenzyme assay combined to the Palkovits punch method. A number of sex-differences in the activity of these enzymes were observed especially in nuclei of the song-control system. The hormonal controls of these differences have now been analyzed by gonadectomizing birds of both sexes and by giving them a replacement therapy with silastic implants of testosterone (T). Five nuclei of the song system (Area X [X], nucleus magnocellularis of the anterior neostriatum [MAN], nucleus robustus archistriatalis [RA], nucleus intercollicularis [ICo], hyperstriatum ventrale, pars caudalis [HVc]) and three preoptic-hypothalamic areas (preoptic anterior [POA], periventricular magnocellular nucleus [PVM], and posterior medial hypothalamic nucleus [PMH]) were studied as well as other limbic and control non-steroid-sensitive areas. The activity of the 5 alpha-reductase was higher in males than in females for the five song-control nuclei and was not affected by the hormonal treatments. The overall activity of this enzyme was not sexually dimorphic in POA and PVM. It was higher in males than in females in intact birds only, and was reduced by gonadectomy and enhanced by T. The activity of the 5 beta-reductase was higher in females than in males in all nuclei of the song system and in POA, but was not influenced by the changes in T level. Both sex and treatment effects were observed in the control of aromatase. The production of estrogens was dimorphic (females greater than males) in RA and PMH. It was increased by T in POA, PVM, and PMH, and also in RA. These data show that some of the sex differences in T-metabolizing enzymes result from the exposure to different levels of T in adulthood (e.g., 5 alpha-reductase in POA and PVM or aromatase in PVM), whereas others persist even if birds are exposed to the same hormonal conditions. These are presumably the result of organizational effects of steroids. The steroid modulation of the aromatase might be related directly to the activation of sexual, aggressive, and nest-building behaviors, whereas the stable dimorphism in 5 alpha- and 5 beta-reductase observed in the nuclei of the song system might be one of the neurochemical bases of the sex differences in the vocal behavior of the zebra finch.     

A thalamo-cerebral connection in vocal center of canary

Canary song is controlled by two groups of thalamo-cerebral nuclei. One, the hyperstriatum ventrale pars caudale (HVc) and the robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA), is a motor driving system for vocalization. The other group, which includes the HVc, the nucleus magnocellularis of neostriatum (MAN), Area X and the nucleus dorsointermedius posterior thalami (DIP), modulates the driving system. The HVc receives synaptic projections from the MAN and sends fibers to Area X. Axons of Area X monosynaptically innervate the thalamic nucleus, the DIP, from which neurons extend axons back to the cerebral nucleus, the MAN. DIP neurons relay incoming impulses by way of Area X to the MAN. Double labeling of DIP neurons with HRP and Fast Blue shows that axonal terminals from Area X connect directly with DIP neurons which send fibers to the MAN. The axon formed a bulge from which multiple branches extended to the postsynaptic cell bodies covering most of the surface. The structure of the DIP synapse may be related to a characteristic pattern of discharge of the DIP neuron, which is transmitted over thalamic projection to cerebral vocal nuclei.     

Joint hormonal and sensory stimulation modulate neuronal number in adult canary brains

Treatment of adult female canaries with testosterone (T) causes them to produce male-typical vocalizations and results in striking growth of brain nuclei that control song behavior (Nottebohm, 1980). The song-control nucleus HVc (caudal nucleus of the ventral hyperstriatum) contains cells that concentrate testosterone or its metabolites, suggesting that steroid hormones may induce the growth of HVc directly by regulating the expression of specific genes in those HVc neurons that have steroid receptors. However, we have previously provided evidence that is inconsistent with the idea that steroids promote growth of HVc solely via a direct action on hormone receptors: testosterone treatment of deafened adult females results in very little growth of HVc, relative to T-treated hearing birds (Bottjer et al., 1986b). Thus, birds in the former group undergo very little overall growth of HVc despite high circulating levels of hormone. We show here that the slightly increased size of HVc in T-treated deaf birds is attributable to an increase in neuronal spacing; the greatly increased size of HVc in T-treated hearing birds is due to an increase in neuronal number as well as spacing. There was virtually no increase in number of HVc neurons in T-treated deafened birds relative to control groups, whereas T-treated hearing birds showed a marked increase in neuron number. The song-control nucleus RA (robust nucleus of the archistriatum), which receives direct afferent input from HVc, also increases in size in response to testosterone treatment. However, the volume of RA increases in both hearing and deafened birds; this increase is primarily due to an increase in neuronal spacing as well as a small increase in neuron number. These results demonstrate that the number of neurons in a specific vocal-control nucleus (HVc) can change dramatically in adult canaries and suggest that some synergistic action of hormonal and sensory stimulation is necessary to induce such a change.     

锡嘴雀和家鸽中脑发声与听觉核团传入联系的比较研究

作者采用HRP神经轴突逆行标记的方法对鸣禽锡嘴雀(Coccothraustes coccothraustes)、非鸣禽家鸽(Columba livia domesticus)丘间核内发声与听觉核团的传入联系进行了比较研究。结果表明:丘间核内侧部的背内侧亚核接受来自前脑发声运动核团的传入;外侧部的背外侧亚核接受来自脑干听觉中继核的传人。鸣禽与非鸣禽的两亚核接受下行纤维投射的部位既有共同之处,亦存在着差异。