侧柏扦插不定根发生模式研究

该研究以侧柏一年生硬枝插穗为实验材料,利用连续组织切片技术观察插穗不定根发生发育过程中的组织结构变化,分析插穗外部形态变化、不定根原基起源和不定根的形成过程,探讨侧柏插穗不定根发生模式和不定根的组织学起源。结果显示:侧柏扦插后可由愈伤组织、皮部诱导产生不定根,出现皮部生根、愈伤组织生根、愈伤组织兼具皮部生根3种类型;侧柏插穗中存在少量潜伏根原基,但插穗生根类型以诱导生根为主;不定根原基诱导产生于愈伤组织、木质部、形成层及次生韧皮部等部位。研究认为侧柏扦插生根属于多位点发生模式,不定根原基的组织学起源是愈伤组织、髓射线、射线原始细胞、尚未分化成熟的木质部细胞,通过人工诱导同时激活这些不定根起源位点能够显著提高生根率和生根质量。     

两种野生花卉的扦插繁殖研究

开展野生花卉车轮梅(Raphiolepis indica)和赤楠(Syzygium buxifolium)扦插试验,结果表明:车轮梅硬枝扦插需一定浓度的外源激素方能生根;对激素浓度大小不敏感;总体上NAA组合生根质量优于IBA组合。综合不同处理生根率、根数和不定根根长3个指标,以800 mg/L NAA或800 mg/L IBA作为车轮梅生产上扦插的激素种类和浓度。赤楠生根率较低,最高扦插率达66.7%,生根时间长,约需45 d始生根。综合生根率、不定根根数和不定根根长3个生根指标,试验的4种激素均能较好促进赤楠生根,200×根太阳在生根率和根数上效果最好,生产上可用200×根太阳浸泡2 h,也可用50-100 mg/L NAA或100-400 mg/L IBA浸泡2 h后进行扦插。     

欧美杂种山杨微扦插不定根发生过程的解剖学研究

采用石蜡切片技术,以欧美杂种山杨插穗基部茎段为实验材料,连续解剖观察插穗不定根发生发育过程,分析根原基发生部位与扦插生根的关系。结果显示:欧美杂种山杨插穗不定根的发生过程分为4个时期,为根原基诱导期,不定根起始期、表达期和伸长生长期。根原基诱导期维管形成层产生具有分生组织特点的薄壁细胞;不定根起始期,维管形成层及附近的薄壁细胞脱分化,形成不定根原基发端细胞;不定根表达期,根原基发端细胞不断分裂成具有方向性的根原基,根原基穿过韧皮射线和皮层,向皮孔方向发展;不定根伸长生长期,根原基从皮孔伸出,其内部的维管系统开始发育,形成不定根。研究认为,欧美杂种山杨为皮部诱导生根类型,不定根原基起源于维管形成层区,起源部位单一,扦插难生根。     

四合木茎插穗生根的解剖学研究

采用石蜡制片法对四合木茎插穗不定根的形成进行了解剖学研究,探讨四合木生根类型、生根部位、愈伤组织与生根的关系以及不定根的形成过程。结果显示:(1)四合木具有典型的木本植物茎结构,茎皮层内未发现厚壁组织。(2)四合木茎薄壁组织含有丰富的淀粉粒和蛋白质。(3)四合木茎插穗内无潜伏根原基,不定根由诱生根原基发育形成,诱生根原基是由愈伤组织自身的薄壁细胞反分化形成。研究表明,愈伤组织是孕育不定根的前提,四合木扦插生根属于愈伤组织生根类型。     

合欢硬枝扦插生根解剖及相关酶活性变化研究

以合欢1年生硬枝为试材,通过石蜡切片法对合欢插穗不定根发生进行解剖学研究,同时,利用比色法对扦插后不同时间的材料进行了过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和吲哚乙酸氧化酶(IAAO)测定。结果表明:合欢属于诱导型生根,观察到其不定根原基起源于形成层;在整个生根过程中,处理组和对照组的POD、PPO和IAAO酶活变化趋势基本一致,但3种酶活均高于对照。     

不定根发生机理的研究进展

综述了近年来试管苗不定根发生机理的研究进展,在不定根发生过程中,专一基因的表达,内源激素水平的动态变化,酶活性的变化,多胺和钙水平以及碳水化合物水平的变化与不定根诱导,根原基形成和根发育生长有密切关系。自发性生根和诱导生根系统的植物或组织在不定根发生过程中存在较大的生理生化差异。通过了解不定根发生机理的研究动态,有助于更好地研究试管苗生根和试管苗商品化生产。     

不定根向重力性定点角不同的苹果自根砧插穗内源激素差异分析

研究不定根向重力性定点角(GSA)不同的苹果(Malus spp.)自根砧木在嫩枝扦插生根过程中的插穗中内源激素含量动态变化,为通过外源激素调控不定根GSA提供理论依据。以八年生苹果‘国光’(M.pumila cv.Ralls)与海棠(M.sp.)杂交实生苗的当年生枝条为试验材料,于5月中旬进行嫩枝扦插,筛选出不定根GSA不同的株系,并于次年再次进行嫩枝扦插,在扦插后0、8、16、24和32 d随机取插穗基部检测内源激素含量。试验结果表明:(1)按照扦插苗不定根GSA的不同,可把苹果自根砧苗木分为3类:30°≤GSA≤60°的不定根比例不小于50%,且GSA30°的不定根比例大于GSA60°的比例的自根砧,属于深层根型(DRT);30°≤GSA≤60°的不定根比例不小于50%,且GSA30°的不定根比例小于GSA60°的比例的自根砧,属于中间根型(IRT);GSA60°的不定根比例不小于50%,且30°≤GSA≤60°的不定根比例大于GSA30°的比例的自根砧,属于浅层根型(SRT)。(2)在苹果自根砧嫩枝扦插生根过程中,3种根型插穗内吲哚乙酸(IAA)含量的变化趋势呈"倒V"形,脱落酸(ABA)和异戊烯基腺嘌呤(iPA)含量呈下降趋势,玉米素核苷(ZR)含量呈"下降-上升-下降"的趋势;赤霉素(GA3)含量在中间根型插穗中的变化趋势呈"倒V"形,在深、浅层根型的则呈"V"形;扦插16 d后,插穗中IAA含量表现为深层根型中间根型浅层根型,ZR和GA_3含量表现为深层根型中间根型浅层根型,ABA和iPA含量表现为中间根型浅层根型深层根型,IAA/GA_3、IAA/ZR和IAA/iPA比值表现为深层根型中间根型浅层根型。扦插16 d后,不定根GSA越小,插穗中IAA含量越少,ZR和GA_3含量越多,IAA/GA_3、IAA/ZR和IAA/iPA比值越小。生长素是参与不定根GSA形成的主要激素,其在从茎尖向不定根的极性运输过程中与细胞分裂素相互作用,共同调节不定根GSA的形成。     

IBA浓度、扦插时间对江西杜鹃和百合花杜鹃扦插生根的影响

为探明有鳞大花亚组杜鹃扦插生根的最佳IBA浓度和扦插时间,该研究以江西杜鹃、百合花杜鹃为材料,分别采用腐叶土+河沙(1:1)、泥炭+珍珠岩+蛭石(3:1:1)基质,开展了4个IBA浓度和4个扦插时间的生根试验.结果表明:IBA浓度对除老叶留存数外的所有指标有显著影响,其中100 mg·L-1 IBA处理生根率、新梢长最大,腐烂率最低,其它指标也表现良好,为最佳生根浓度;50 mg·L-1 IBA处理根幅、新梢率最大,但不定根数最少,效果其次;200 mg·L-1 IBA处理促进根系生长,但生根率较低、特别是显著抑制新梢发育;对照处理生根效果最差.扦插时间对所有生根指标均有显著影响,早春(04-18)木质化硬枝扦插除老叶留存数较差外,其它指标均表现极佳,为最适扦插时间;秋季(10-19)半木质-木质化过渡枝扦插效果其次;夏季(06-21)嫩枝及(08-16)半木质化枝生根效果极差,不宜进行扦插育苗.物种、基质对生根指标也有显著影响,百合花杜鹃扦插生根能力强于江西杜鹃,泥炭+珍珠岩+蛭石(3:1:1)基质生根效果优于腐叶土+河沙(1:1).该研究结果首次发现早春新梢萌发前采用木质化硬枝扦插可以显著提高两种杜鹃的生根效果,为该亚组杜鹃的扦插育苗提供了科学依据.     

日本落叶松扦插生根期内源激素和营养物质及酚酸含量变化特征

以生根能力差异较大的4个日本落叶松无性系为材料,对插穗生根过程中插穗内源激素含量和比值,以及总酚酸和营养物质含量的变化进行分析,以明确插穗不定根形成的主要内源性影响因素,为日本落叶松扦插繁殖技术提供理论依据.结果表明:(1)4个日本落叶松无性系扦插生根能力存在显著差异,‘日宽17-3-1'和‘日抚273 1,较易生根,其生根率达90％,而‘日草103-3-1’和‘日草82 4-3’难生根,其生根率低于20％.(2)在扦插生根过程中,插穗内源脱落酸(ABA)含量随扦插时间的延长而不断升高,并且较易生根和难生根无性系差异明显,与插穗的生根能力有较强的相关性;玉米素(Z)和总酚酸含量随扦插时间的延长而不断降低,并且对插穗生根具有明显的抑制作用;总氮含量表现出不断降低至逐渐稳定的趋势,但与插穗生根能力大小并无较强的相关性.(3)(IAA+Z)/ABA随扦插时间的延长而不断降低,且较易生根型小于难生根型.因此,在生产中以(IAA+ Z)/ABA的比值和总酚酸含量大小可判断日本落叶松插穗的生根能力.     

富贵竹同一枝条不同切段扦插生根能力的比较（简报）

同一富贵竹枝条,其基部切段扦插的成活率、生根率和生根量大于中部和上部的切段。插条生根率与成活率、生根量均存在极显著相关（r≈0．9）。La（NO3）3和2,4－D对插条生根有明显的促进作用,La（NO3）3对上部切段插条不定根的诱导效果较2,4-D显著。     

广藿香毛状根多倍体诱导及其植株再生

为了提高药用植物广藿香的次生物质广藿香醇含量,采用秋水仙素人工诱导染色体加倍技术,进行了广藿香毛状根多倍体诱导及其植株再生、倍性鉴定和挥发油组分广藿香醇含量的测定。结果表明,广藿香毛状根多倍体诱导的最佳条件为0.05%秋水仙素处理36 h,其多倍体诱导率可达40%以上;经秋水仙素加倍的广藿香毛状根在MS+6-BA 0.2 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L培养基中培养60 d后可获得毛状根多倍体再生植株。与对照(二倍体植株)相比,广藿香毛状根多倍体再生植株根系更发达、茎更粗、节间变短、叶片的长度、宽度和厚度均较二倍体明显增大。根尖细胞染色体压片观察证实,所获得的广藿香毛状根多倍体再生植株为四倍体,其根尖细胞染色体数约为128;同时,其叶片的气孔保卫细胞体积及其叶绿体数目均约为对照的两倍;但其气孔密度则随着倍性增加而下降,二倍体植株叶片的气孔密度约为四倍体植株叶片的1.67倍。GC-MS测定结果表明,广藿香毛状根多倍体再生植株的广藿香挥发油组分广藿香醇的含量为4.25 mg/g干重,约为二倍体植株的2.30倍。该结果证实毛状根多倍体化可提高药用植物广藿香的广藿香醇含量。     

Molecular mechanism of adventitious root formation in rice

Adventitious roots account for the majority of the rice root system and play an irreplaceable role in rice growth and development. Rice adventitious roots are formed by division of the innermost ground meristem cells in the central cylinder, and some lateral roots are observable in the adventitious root system. Multiple hormones have been implicated in the regulation of root development. Auxin is involved in the initiation of adventitious roots, whereas cytokinin inhibits adventitious root initiation, but promotes adventitious root elongation. Other phytohormones such as nitric oxide, ethylene, brassinosteroid, jasmonic acid and gibberellin may be also involved in regulating adventitious root initiation and development. Additionally, more than 600 root development related quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have been located by QTL analysis of root traits.     

Histological study of initiation and development in vitro of adventitious roots in minicuttings of apple rootstocks of M 26 and EMLA 9

Apple rootstocks M 26 and EMLA 9 'COST' shoots propagated in vitro were used for the histological study of initiation and development of adventitious roots after a brief induction pretreatment. The results show that there are differences in mode and timing of initiation and development of adventitious roots between the two varieties. In M 26, adventitious roots were directly initiated from the derivatives of the cambium, some of which were immediately transformed into meristemoids in situ 36 h after pretreatment. Subsequently, meristemoids differentiated into root primordia. Development of adventitious roots were completed when they emerged at the surface of stem bases 10 days after pretreatment. In EMLA 9, before the meristemoids formed, internal cell files were formed by continuous divisions of cambial cells. The cells were regularly arranged in files external to the cambium. On the fourth day after pretreatment, some cells in the outermost layers of these files became meristematic, started to divide and turned into meristemoids, which differentiated into root primordia. The cells of the files between the root primordium and the cambium were transformed into vascular tissues which connected the vascular systems of the adventitious roots and stems.     

Adventitious root initiation in hypocotyl and epicotyl cuttings of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) seedlings

The present paper reports results of experiments to develop a system for studying adventitious root initiation in cuttings derived from seedlings. Hypocotyl cuttings of 2-week-old eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) seedlings were treated for 5 min with 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 or 600 mg l^?1 (0, 0.54, 1.07, 1.61, 2.15, 2.69 or 3.22 mM) 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) to determine the effect on root initiation. The number of root primordia per cutting was correlated with NAA concentration and the square of NAA concentration. Thus, the number increased from less than one per cutting in the 0 NAA treatment to approximately 40 per cutting at 300 mg l-1 NAA, above which no substantial further increase was observed. The larger number of root primordia formed in response to increasing concentrations of NAA was due to the formation of primordia over a larger proportion of the hypocotyls. Histological analysis of the timing of root primordium formation in hypocotyl cuttings revealed three discernible stages. Progression through these stages was relatively synchronous among NAA-treated hypocotyl cuttings and within a given cutting, but variation was observed in the portion of different cuttings undergoing root formation. Control-treated hypocotyl cuttings formed root primordia at lower frequencies and more slowly than NAA-treated cuttings, with fewer primordia per cutting. Epicotyl cuttings from 11-week-old seedlings also formed adventitious roots, but more slowly than hypocotyl cuttings. NAA treatment of epicotyl cuttings caused more rapid root initiation and also affected the origin of adventitious roots in comparison with nontreated cuttings. NAA-treated epicotyl cuttings formed roots in a manner analogous to that of the hypocotyl cuttings, directly from preformed vascular tissue, while control-treated epicotyl cuttings first formed a wound or callus tissue and subsequently differentiated root primordia within that tissue. This system of inducing adventitious roots in pine stem cuttings lends itself to studying the molecular and biochemical steps that occur during root initiation and development.     

Anti-emetic principles of Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.

Bioassay-guided fractionation of anti-emetic extracts and constituents of 8 traditional Chinese herbal drugs was performed. Twenty extracts described in Table 1 showed anti-emetic activity on copper sulfate induced-emesis in young chicks. From the n-hexane extract of Pogostemon cablin, patchouli alcohol (1), pogostol (2), stigmast-4-en-3-one (3), retusin (4), and pachypodol (5) were tested and exhibited anti-emetic effects.     

Cortical Aerenchyma formation in hypocotyl and adventitious roots of Luffa cylindrica subjected to soil flooding

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Aerenchyma formation is thought to be one of the important morphological adaptations to hypoxic stress. Although sponge gourd is an annual vegetable upland crop, in response to flooding the hypocotyl and newly formed adventitious roots create aerenchyma that is neither schizogenous nor lysigenous, but is produced by radial elongation of cortical cells. The aim of this study is to characterize the morphological changes in flooded tissues and the pattern of cortical aerenchyma formation, and to analyse the relative amount of aerenchyma formed. METHODS: Plants were harvested at 16 d after the flooding treatment was initiated. The root system was observed, and sections of fresh materials (hypocotyl, tap root and adventitious root) were viewed with a light or fluorescence microscope. Distributions of porosity along adventitious roots were estimated by a pycnometer method. KEY RESULTS: Under flooded conditions, a considerable part of the root system consisted of new adventitious roots which soon emerged and grew quickly over the soil surface. The outer cortical cells of these roots and those of the hypocotyl elongated radially and contributed to the development of large intercellular spaces. The elongated cortical cells of adventitious roots were clearly T-shaped, and occurred regularly in mesh-like lacunate structures. In these positions, slits were formed in the epidermis. In the roots, the enlargement of the gas space system began close to the apex in the cortical cell layers immediately beneath the epidermis. The porosity along these roots was 11-45 %. In non-flooded plants, adventitious roots were not formed and no aerenchyma developed in the hypocotyl or tap root. CONCLUSIONS: Sponge gourd aerenchyma is produced by the unique radial elongation of cells that make the expansigeny. These morphological changes seem to enhance flooding tolerance by promoting tissue gas exchange, and sponge gourd might thereby adapt to flooding stress.     

60Coγ射线对广藿香的辐照诱变及再生植株的RAPD分析

探讨60Coγ射线辐照对广藿香外植体离体再生的影响及再生植株的诱变效应.采用60Coγ射线辐照广藿香外植体,考察辐照对外植体离体再生的影响,并观察再生植株的形态变异;同时采用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）技术分析诱变再生植株的变异情况.广藿香外植体的存活率和外植体再生芽的能力,随着辐照剂量的升高而降低;部分再生植株在形态上发生一些变化;RAPD分析表明,4个辐照剂量的外植体再生植株多态性频率分别为39.13%、36.37%、23.09%及33.33%.60Coγ射线辐射会造成外植体存活率和再生芽能力的下降,辐照外植体培养获得的再生植株,在表型性状及分子水平上出现了一定的分离,为将辐照诱变技术应用于广藿香育种提供了依据.     

Shoot initiation by humic acids of selected tropical crops grown in tissue culture

Summary The effect of humic acid on shoot development from nodal segments in tissue culture was tested. The species wereGnetum gnemon, Elletaria cardamomum, andPogostemon cablin. Humic acids were extracted from a peat soil sampled from South Sumatra, Indonesia. Alkaline extraction was conducted on two series of 12-hour agitations followed by centrifugation and sedimentation at pH below 2. Explants were 1-cm long single nodes ofG. gnemon andP. cablin, and lateral buds ofE. cardamomum on MS medium. Benzyladenine was added at 0.1 mg/L for the first two and at 0.3 mg/L for the latter. The treatments included six, seven, and eight levels of humic acid concentrations for the respective species in a completely randomized design with 10 replicates. Effect of the treatment was evaluated on the basis of the initiation period of shoots and/or roots, and the number and height of the shoots. The initiation period of the shoots was significantly shortened in the presence of humic acids. Root initiation was significantly induced especially when humic acids were used in liquid medium. In combinations with BA, the addition of humic acids at 400 mg/L, 40 mg/L, and 300 mg/L yielded the fastest growth ofG. gnemon, E. cardamomum, andP. cablin, respectively.Abbreviations HA humic acids - BA benzyladenine - MS Murashige & Skoog     

广藿香精油对檀香粉蝶和荔枝卷叶蛾生物活性研究

试验采用不同浓度广藿香(Pogostemon cablin(Blanco)Benth.)精油,研究其对檀香粉蝶和荔枝卷叶蛾幼虫拒食和忌避作用。使用2.5~40 mg/mL广藿香精油分别对檀香粉蝶和荔枝卷叶蛾幼虫进行饲喂试验,檀香粉蝶幼虫的选择性和非选择性拒食率都为100%,荔枝卷叶蛾的选择性拒食率为18.36%~100%,24 h和48 h非选择性拒食率分别为51.45%~100%和53.34%~100%。忌避试验发现,随着浓度提高,忌避作用越强,其中最大忌避率分别为80.30%和93.81%;随着时间推移,各浓度精油对檀香粉蝶和荔枝卷叶蛾幼虫的忌避效应呈现不同程度的下降趋势。试验表明,广藿香精油对檀香粉蝶和荔枝卷叶蛾幼虫有较好的防治作用。     

生长素极性运输在水稻根发育中的作用

生长素极性运输(PAT)在植物生长发育尤其是极性发育和模式建成中起重要作用。采用2种PAT抑制剂TIBA(2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid)和HFCA(9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylic acid)处理水稻(Oryza sativa 1.cv．Zhonghua)幼苗,结果表明：PAT影响水稻根发育包括主根的伸长、侧根的起始和伸长以及不定根的发育。PAT的抑制导致主根变短、侧根和不定根数目减少。外源附加生长素(NAA)可以部分恢复不定根的形成但不能恢复侧根的形成,表明在侧根和不定根的形成上可能具有不同的机制。切片结果表明,30μmol／L TIBA处理后并不完全抑制侧根原基的形成,进一步研究表明生长素由胚芽鞘向基部的运输在水稻不定根的起始和伸长中起关键作用。