镉在水生植物中的富集与亚细胞分布及其化学形态特征

以7种水生植物(长苞香蒲、水生美人蕉、黑藻、粉绿狐尾藻、花叶芦竹、香根鸢尾、水葫芦)为研究材料,构建生物塘系统,通过差速离心法和五步提取法,提取植物各亚细胞组分和不同化学形态的镉,并用原子吸收分光光度法测定镉含量,分析镉在水生植物体中富集特征,揭示植物对镉的耐性机制。结果表明:(1)水生植物根中镉富集量大于茎和叶;3种类型水生植物富集镉能力表现为沉水植物(粉绿狐尾藻、黑藻)浮水植物(水葫芦)挺水植物(长苞香蒲、水生美人蕉、花叶芦竹、香根鸢尾)。(2)镉在黑藻、水葫芦和花叶芦竹中的亚细胞分布量均呈现为细胞壁可溶组分原生质体线粒体,所占比例分别为37.16%~50.86%、20.69%~31.21%、10.81%~23.83%、8.15%~19.83%。(3)赋存化学形态表现为以氯化钠提取态、醋酸提取态为主,所占比例分别为29.37%~56.27%和15.06%~36.19%。研究发现,粉绿狐尾藻、水葫芦、水生美人蕉和花叶芦竹4种植物为富集镉较好的植物,而黑藻、香根鸢尾和长苞香蒲3种植物的镉富集能力相对较弱;镉主要以果胶酸盐、蛋白质结合态或吸附态存在于植物根的细胞壁和液泡中,以减弱镉对根细胞器和植物地上部分的毒害。     

不同铅水平下紫茎泽兰细胞内铅的分布和化学形态的分析

该研究运用差速离心法和化学试剂逐步提取法,分析了重金属铅在紫茎泽兰亚细胞内的分布和主要化学形态。结果表明:随着Pb浓度的升高,紫茎泽兰的叶、根、茎中各亚细胞组分Pb含量逐渐增加;紫茎泽兰中的Pb在叶片分布于可溶性部分和细胞壁中,两者占总量的75.34%~84.63%;茎也主要分布于可溶性部分和细胞壁中,占总量的36.10%~57.14%和20.07%~36.52%;而在根中则富集于细胞壁和可溶性部分,分别占39.2%~49.78%和28.27%~37.62%,其他细胞器中的Pb含量均较少。紫茎泽兰叶中的Pb以盐酸提取态和水提取态为主,两者占总量的58.74%~73.04%;茎中的Pb以醋酸提取态和氯化钠提取态为主;而根中的Pb则以醋酸提取态和盐酸提取态占优势,两者占总量的39.15%~52.91%。     

外源NO对Cu胁迫下番茄Cu的亚细胞分布和化学形态的影响

采用营养液培养方法,研究外源NO供体硝普钠(SNP)处理对50μmol·L-1Cu2+胁迫下番茄幼苗Cu的亚细胞分布和化学形态的影响.结果表明:Cu胁迫下,番茄幼苗的生物量和株高显著降低33.7％和23.1％,外源NO能够显著缓解这种抑制作用,但各器官中Cu的含量和累积量仍显著升高.Cu胁迫下,番茄幼苗各器官的Cu含量和累积量大小依次为根系＞叶片＞茎＞叶柄,幼苗根系吸收的Cu向地上部的转运大幅降低,外源NO只能缓解而不能消除这种作用.外源NO可以使Cu胁迫下幼苗各器官的液泡和细胞壁中Cu含量显著上升,细胞器中Cu含量降低,从而减轻过多Cu对胞质生理生化代谢的伤害,增强组织细胞对Cu的耐性.外源NO可以提高番茄幼苗根系中醋酸提取态铜(FHAc)、茎中氯化钠提取态铜(FNaCl)、叶柄中FHAc、叶片中乙醇提取态铜(FE)和FNaCl的含量,降低水溶态铜(Fw)的含量与比例,以降低过多铜的生物毒性.     

芦苇抗镉污染机理研究

研究了芦苇幼苗体内 Cd的积累、亚细胞微区分布、存在形态和其诱导蛋白以及植物络合素合成抑制剂 (BSO)对芦苇光合作用和生长的影响。在 Cd污染条件下 ,芦苇幼苗植株和根皮层细胞中可积累大量的Cd,但 Cd在芦苇各器官和根皮层细胞亚细胞结构中的分布显著不均 ;Cd在芦苇幼苗体内的分配为 :根 >叶片 >茎 >地下茎 ,在根皮层细胞中的分布为 :细胞间隙 >细胞壁 >液泡 >细胞质。受 Cd污染的芦苇幼苗体内的 Cd以不同化学形态存在 ,其中 Na Cl提取态的 Cd在根和叶片中占的比例均为最大 ,其次为根内的醋酸提取态 ;在叶片中以水提取态为主 ,其它形态的含量相对较低。层析结果表明 ,根和叶片中各存在一种Cd结合蛋白 ,其中根内的 Cd结合蛋白可能是一种植物络合素聚合体。受 Cd诱导 ,芦苇幼苗根中还新合成了一种小分子蛋白或多肽 ,但另有一种蛋白因 Cd影响而消失。此外 ,BSO实验证明了植物络合素对 Cd的解毒作用。可见 ,芦苇的抗 Cd机理与以下几个方面有关 :根部截留 ,细胞间隙积累 ,细胞壁沉淀 ,液泡区域化 ,形成活性较低的难溶化合物 ,形成 Cd结合蛋白     

NaCl处理对西伯利亚白刺幼苗生长及离子平衡的影响

以1年生西伯利亚白刺水培幼苗为材料,研究了不同浓度NaCl(0、200、400mmol·L~(-1))处理对幼苗生长及不同器官(根、茎、叶)中Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)的吸收、运输与分配的影响,探讨西伯利亚白刺的盐适应机制。结果表明:(1)200mmol·L~(-1) NaCl处理促进了西伯利亚白刺幼苗的生长及叶片肉质化程度,400mmol·L-1 NaCl处理显著抑制其生长。(2)随着NaCl处理浓度的升高,西伯利亚白刺幼苗根、茎、叶中Na~+含量显著增加,且叶中Na~+含量显著高于茎和根中;根系中K~+含量显著增加;根、茎、叶中Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)含量在200mmol·L~(-1) NaCl处理下保持平稳或上升,而在400mmol·L-1 NaCl处理下显著下降。(3)各器官中K~+/Na~+、Ca~(2+)/Na~+和Mg~(2+)/Na~+比值总体随NaCl处理浓度的升高呈下降趋势,且根部离子比值始终高于叶片和茎。(4)随着NaCl处理浓度的升高,西伯利亚白刺幼苗根-茎SK,Na显著下降,而根-茎SCa,Na、SMg,Na及茎-叶SK,Na、SCa,Na、SMg,Na逐渐提高。研究发现,西伯利亚白刺的盐适应机制主要是通过植株的补偿生长效应及叶片对Na~+的聚积作用实现的,同时也与根系对K~+的扣留及茎叶对K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)选择性运输能力增强有关。     

盐碱胁迫对流苏幼苗生长及离子分布的影响

采用NaCl、Na_2SO_4、NaHCO_3、Na_2CO_(3 )四种盐按不同总盐浓度(50、100、200、300 mmol·L~(-1))和比例混合为不同处理盐碱溶液,对1a生流苏幼苗进行处理,分析了幼苗生长变化、离子代谢途径。结果表明:盐碱胁迫下流苏的生长受到显著影响。流苏幼苗的相对株高、地径生长量以及生物量均随着盐碱胁迫的加重而减少;而其根冠比却不断增加。随着盐碱浓度的增加,各器官中Na~+含量显著高于对照,其排序为:叶根茎;根中K~+含量呈下降趋势,叶中K~+含量先升后降,茎K~+含量变化较平缓,其排序为:叶茎根;各器官中K~+/Na~+呈下降趋势;流苏根的K~+-Na~+选择性吸收系数S_(K, Na)值呈下降趋势,茎、叶的S_(K, Na)值呈先升后降的趋势。研究认为,流苏幼苗对低盐碱环境具有一定的主动适应性,其盐碱适应机制主要是由于根系具有补偿生长效应及叶对Na~+进行区隔化,同时也与茎、叶选择性运输K~+的能力较强有关。     

镉与萘复合胁迫对红树植物白骨壤幼苗萌芽及生长的影响

为探讨白骨壤(Avicennia marina)幼苗对重金属镉(Cd)和多环芳烃萘(Nap)复合胁迫的响应,采用砂基栽培,对其幼苗的萌芽和生长进行了研究。结果表明,Cd、Nap复合胁迫对白骨壤萌芽的抑制效应较单一胁迫明显,胁迫前期幼苗成活率提高,胁迫后期则降低。胁迫栽培45 d,10 mg L~(–1)的Nap在叶形态、茎高及各器官生物量上能够减轻Cd胁迫的影响,但增强对根长的抑制作用,10 mg L~(–1) Nap-25 mg L~(–1) Cd处理的叶面积、叶长、叶宽、茎高及全株生物量分别比25 mg L~(–1) Cd处理的提高9.6%、7.9%、7.4%、5.1%和20.2%,但根长则比150 mg L~(–1) Cd处理的下降11.1%。至胁迫栽培90 d,各处理间幼苗器官及全株生物量无显著影响,复合胁迫对叶形态、茎高和根长等的抑制作用要强于单一Cd胁迫。因此,随着复合胁迫时间的延长,Cd和Nap对白骨壤幼苗的生长由拮抗效应转变为协同效应。     

镉在旱柳中亚细胞分布及存在的化学形态

以2个旱柳无性系幼苗为材料,通过营养液培养并结合差速离心与化学试剂提取法,分析了不同浓度Cd2+胁迫下旱柳叶和根中Cd的亚细胞分布及其存在的化学形态.结果显示,(1)随着培养介质Cd2+浓度升高,旱柳无性系幼苗叶和根中各亚细胞组分Cd含量随之增加.叶片的Cd主要富集于细胞壁、叶绿体和可溶性部分,它们的含量分别占65%～69%、14%～22%、6.8%～7.7%,仅少量Cd发现于膜部分;而根中Cd主要积累于细胞壁和可溶性部分,其中含量分别占59%～66%和14%～25%,Cd在根亚细胞组分中积累量依次为细胞壁>可溶性部分>质体>膜部分.(2)旱柳体内Cd以不同的化学形态存在,大部分为HCl(FHCl)、NaCl(FNaCl)、醋酸(HAC,FHAC)提取态,极少部分为乙醇(EtOH,FEtOH)和水提取态(Fwater),叶和根中5种Cd提取态含量依次为FHCl>FNaCl>FHAC>Fwater>FEtOH,而叶和根中HCl和NaCl提取态Cd占有比例大于30%以上.研究表明,旱柳无性系中Cd主要与蛋白质和有机酸螯合或以金属磷酸盐沉淀的形态存在,其根、叶的细胞壁和液泡在Cd忍耐与解毒中起到重要作用.     

模拟增雨对白刺和油蒿幼苗化学计量特征的影响

降雨是荒漠生态系统过程和功能的最重要限制因子,荒漠植物幼苗对生长季降雨的变化极端敏感。为探讨荒漠植物对未来降雨格局变化的响应,该研究选取乌兰布和沙漠2种典型荒漠植物幼苗(白刺和油蒿)为研究对象,根据生长季内(6～9月)每次降雨量,进行不同梯度的人工模拟增雨试验(CK.自然降雨;A.增雨25%;B.增雨50%;C.增雨75%;D.增雨100%),分析白刺和油蒿幼苗C、N、P含量及化学计量特征对降雨量变化的响应。结果表明:(1)从C、N、P含量在幼苗不同器官分布来看,与CK相比,增雨显著降低了白刺幼苗茎的C含量和根的C、P含量(P0.05),在一定程度上提高了叶的C、P含量和根的N含量;而增雨处理显著增加了油蒿幼苗茎和叶的C含量(P0.05),降低了叶、根的N含量和茎、叶、根的P含量。(2)从化学计量比来看,增雨对白刺幼苗茎、叶、根的N∶P影响无显著差异,比值均大于16,且在增雨的环境下白刺幼苗相对生长率较低,主要受P元素限制;油蒿幼苗根N∶P与增雨量呈极显著负相关关系,随增雨量的增加其相对生长率增大。研究认为,模拟增雨对白刺幼苗和油蒿幼苗化学计量特征均有显著影响,但二者幼苗C、N、P元素在各器官的分配格局有所不同,增雨不利于白刺幼苗的生长,而有利于油蒿幼苗的快速生长。     

大气CO_2浓度升高对红三叶和高丹草Cs、K竞争吸收与转运的影响

水培条件下,研究了大气C02浓度升高对红三叶(Trifolium Pratene L.)和高丹草(Sorhum vulgare x Sorghum.vulgare va r.sudanense hybrids)在不同铯(Cs)浓度(0、200、500、1 000μmol·L~(-1))下生物量、铯和钾的竞争吸收及转运的影响。结果表明,大气CO_2浓度升高显著提高了2种植物叶、茎和根各部位的生物量,其中,红三叶各部生物量分别提高了42.6%、66.2%和45.0%,高丹草分别提高了17.4%、18.9%和22.3%。大气CO:浓度升高提高了红三叶和高丹草叶片及茎中的Cs含量,提升比例最大的为红三叶的茎(达9.7%),同时显著提高了2种植物对Cs的转运系数及红三叶的茎和根中Cs/K的区别系数。对于红三叶,大气CO_2浓度升高引起叶片K含量略微增加,而茎和根系中K含量显著降低;对于高丹草,大气CO_2浓度升高引起叶片和茎中K含量增加,而根系中K含量降低。2种植物对Cs的吸收都与介质中Cs浓度呈显著的线性相关,溶液中Cs浓度的增加提高了红三叶和高丹草的Cs/K区别系数,并且Cs的添加不仅对红三叶和高丹草的生物量都起到了一定的抑制作用,同时还降低了2种植物对钾的吸收。在正常的CO_2浓度下,1000μmol·L~(-1)Cs处理可使2种植物叶、茎和根中的K含量分别降低10.4%、13.3%、32.5%(红三叶)和18.3%、42.1%和38.9%(高丹草);在大气C02浓度升高的条件下,分别降低12.2%、22.0%、35.0%(红三叶)和17.9%、38.7%、34.6%(高丹草)。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

安徽牯牛降的丝孢菌Ⅰ

本文报导作者采自安徽枯牛降自然保护区的18种丝孢菌,分属于5个属,其中有3个新种:牛皮冻生尾孢(Cercospora paederiicola),山鸡椒假尾饱(Pseudocercospora litseae-cubebae),鸡血藤生假尾孢(P. millettiicola)和2个中国新纪录。文中对新种进行了描述及绘图,新记录种作了简要说明。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

Changes of dung beetle communities from rainforests towards agroforestry systems and annual cultures in Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Little is known about how tropical land-use systems contribute to the conservation of functionally important insect groups, including dung beetles. In a study at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park (a biodiversity hotspot in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia) dung-beetle communities were sampled in natural forest, young secondary forest, agroforestry systems (cacao plantations with shade trees) and annual cultures (maize fields), each with four replicates (n = 16 sites). At each site we used 10 pitfall traps, baited with cattle dung, along a 100 m transect for six 3-day periods. The number of trapped specimens and species richness at the natural forest sites was higher than in all land-use systems, which did not significantly differ. Each land-use system contained, on average, 75% of the species richness of the natural forest, thereby indicating their importance for conservation. However, a two-dimensional scaling plot based on NESS indices (m = 6) indicated distinct dung beetle communities for both forest types, while agroforestry systems and annual cultures exhibited a pronounced overlap. Mean body size of dung beetles was not significantly influenced by land-use intensity. Five of the six most abundant dung beetle species were recorded in all habitats, whereas the abundance of five other species was significantly related to habitat type. Mean local abundance and number of occupied sites were closely correlated, further indicating little habitat specialisation. The low dung beetle diversity (total of 18 recorded species) may be due to the absence of larger mammals in Sulawesi during historical times, even though Sulawesi is the largest island of Wallacea. In conclusion, the dung beetle fauna of the lower montane forest zone in Central Sulawesi appears to be relatively robust to man-made habitat changes and the majority of species did not exhibit strong habitat preferences.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.