运输时间和密度对翘嘴鲌皮质醇、耗氧率及氧气袋内水质的影响

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Molecular evolution of the vertebrate hexokinase gene family: Identification of a conserved fifth vertebrate hexokinase gene

Hexokinases (HK) phosphorylate sugar immediately upon its entry into cells allowing these sugars to be metabolized. A total of four hexokinases have been characterized in a diversity of vertebrates—HKI, HKII, HKIII, and HKIV. HKIV is often called glucokinase (GCK) and has half the molecular weight of the other hexokinases, as it only has one hexokinase domain, while other vertebrate HKs have two. Differing hypothesis has been proposed to explain the diversification of the hexokinase gene family. We used a genomic approach to characterize hexokinase genes in a diverse array of vertebrate species and close relatives. Surprisingly we identified a fifth hexokinase-like gene, HKDC1 that exists and is expressed in diverse vertebrates. Analysis of the amino acid sequence of HKDC1 suggests that it may function as a hexokinase. To understand the evolution of the vertebrate hexokinase gene family we established a phylogeny of the hexokinase domain in all of the vertebrate hexokinase genes, as well as hexokinase genes from close relatives of the vertebrates. Our phylogeny demonstrates that duplication of the hexokinase domain, yielding a HK with two hexokinase domains, occurred prior to the diversification of the hexokinase gene family. We also establish that GCK evolved from a two hexokinase domain-containing gene, but has lost its N-terminal hexokinase domain. We also show that parallel changes in enzymatic function of HKI and HKIII have occurred.     

电离辐射对伤口巨噬细胞生长因子基因表达的影响及苯妥因钠的作用

研究了电离辐射全身和局部照射对伤口巨噬细胞(MΦ)生长因子基因表达的影响及苯妥因钠的作用。伤口MΦ从置入大鼠背部的聚乙烯醇海绵中收集,用原位杂交技术测定血小板源性生长因子-B(PDGF-B)和转化生长因子-β(TGF-β_1)mRNA在MΦ表达的阳性细胞率。结果表明,6Gy全身辐射后伤口MΦ PDGF-B和TGF-β_1 mRNA阳性表达率明显下降,20Gy局部辐射后无明显影响;苯妥因钠对正常伤口、全身辐射和局部辐射后的伤口MΦ PDGF-B和TGF-β_1 mRNA表达的阳性率都有明显的提高。这说明伤口MΦ生长因子基因表达的降低与全身辐射后创伤愈合延迟有关;苯妥因钠明显增加伤口MΦ生长因子基因表达而有利于创伤愈合。     

Differences in regulation of carbohydrate metabolism during early fruit development between domesticated tomato and two wild relatives

Early development and growth of fruit in the domesticated tomato Solanum lycopersicum cultivar Money Maker and two of its wild relatives, S. peruvianum LA0385 and S. habrochaites LA1777, were studied. Although small differences exist, the processes involved and the sequence of events in fruit development are similar in all three species. The growth of developing fruits is exponential and the relative growth rate accelerates from 5 days after pollination (DAP 5) to DAP 8, followed by a decline during further development. Growth is positively correlated to the standard “Brix plus starch’’ in the period DAP 8–DAP 20. Carbohydrate composition and levels of sugars and organic acids differ in fruits of the wild accessions compared to domesticated tomato. The wild accessions accumulate sucrose instead of glucose and fructose, and ripe fruits contain higher levels of malate and citrate. The enzymes responsible for the accumulation of glucose and fructose in domesticated tomatoes are soluble invertase and sucrose synthase. The regulation of initial carbohydrate metabolism in the domesticated tomato differs from that in the wild species, as could be concluded from measuring activities of enzymes involved in primary carbohydrate metabolism. Furthermore, changes in the activity of several enzymes, e.g., cell wall invertase, soluble invertase, fructokinase and phosphoglucomutase, could be attributed to changes in gene expression level. For other enzymes, additional control mechanisms play a role in the developing tomato fruits. Localization by in-situ activity staining of enzymes showed comparable results for fruits of domesticated tomato and the wild accessions. However, in the pericarp of S. peruvianum, less activity staining of phosphogluco-isomerase, phosphoglucomutase and UDP-glucosepyrophosphorylase was observed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

硫胺素水平对团头鲂幼鱼生长、肝组织沉积量及血液生化指标的影响

为研究硫胺素对团头鲂幼鱼生长、组织沉积量和血液生化指标的影响,试验采用单因素浓度梯度设计,配制了6组等氮等能的半纯合饲料,各组硫胺素含量分别为0、0.51、0.98、1.59、2.13和2.68 mg/kg。选取团头鲂幼鱼720尾[初重为（0.30±0.01）g],按随机原则分为6组,每组4重复,各重复30尾,日投饵3次,饲喂8周后采集样品。结果表明,与对照组相比,0.98、1.59、2.13、和2.68 mg/kg添加组的增重率和特定生长率均显著提高（P < 0.05）。1.59和2.13 mg/kg硫胺素添加组的成活率显著高于对照组（P < 0.05）。随着饲料中硫胺素含量的升高,血浆葡萄糖含量呈现先下降后上升的趋势,血浆葡萄糖水平在1.59 mg/kg时为最小值（P < 0.05）。对照组与0.51 mg/kg硫胺素组相比血浆中丙酮酸含量差异不显著,但显著高于其他试验组（P < 0.05）。以团头鲂幼鱼的增重率和肝脏硫胺素沉积量为评价指标,进行双折线回归分析,饲料中硫胺素适宜添加水平分别为1.48和1.84 mg/kg。     

Acute changes of biventricular gene expression in volume and right ventricular pressure overload

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effects of acute volume and RV pressure overload on biventricular function and gene expression of BNP, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-alpha), iNOS, growth factors (IGF-1, ppET-1), ACE and Ca2+-handling proteins (SERCA2a, phospholamban and calsequestrin). METHODS: Male Wistar rats (n=45) instrumented with pressure tip micromanometers in right (RV) and left ventricular (LV) cavities were assigned to one of three protocols: i) Acute RV pressure overload induced by pulmonary trunk banding in order to double RV peak systolic pressure, during 120 or 360 min; ii) acute volume overload induced by dextran40 infusion (5 ml/h), during 120 or 360 min; iii) Sham. RV and LV samples were collected for mRNA quantification. RESULTS: BNP upregulation was restricted to the overloaded ventricles. TNF-alpha, IL-6, ppET-1, SERCA2a and phospholamban gene activation was higher in volume than in pressure overload. IGF-1 overexpression was similar in both types of overload, but was limited to the RV. TNF-alpha and CSQ mRNA levels were increased in the non-overloaded LV after pulmonary trunk banding. No significant changes were detected in ACE or iNOS expression. RV end-diastolic pressures positively correlated with local expression of BNP, TNF-alpha, IL-6, IGF-1, ppET-1 and SERCA2a, while RV peak systolic pressures correlated only with local expression of IL-6, IGF-1 and ppET-1. CONCLUSIONS: Acute cardiac overload alters myocardial gene expression profile, distinctly in volume and pressure overload. These changes correlate more closely with diastolic than with systolic load. Nonetheless, gene activation is also present in the non-overloaded LV of selectively RV overloaded hearts.