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1.
《Journal of Plant Interactions》2013,8(1):7-14
Abstract Recent work has demonstrated indirect effects between mycorrhizal fungi and insect herbivores and pollinators. The existence of indirect effects between mycorrhizal fungi and protection-for-food mutualists, such as extrafloral nectar-foraging ‘bodyguard ants’, is unknown. In this study, we examined the potential for indirect effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on aggressive ant bodyguards, mediated by changes in the expression of extrafloral nectaries of a shared host plant. We found that mycorrhizal plants grew larger and produced more extrafloral nectaries compared to their non-mycorrhizal counterparts. The difference in the number of nectaries between mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants, however, was too small to elicit differences in ant attendance. In spite of the lack of a significant indirect effect of mycorrhizal fungi on ant attendance, mycorrhizal plants suffered damage to a significantly greater proportion of their leaves compared to non-mycorrhizal plants. This result likely stems from other (non-ant-mediated) indirect effects of mycorrhizal fungi on herbivores. 相似文献
2.
Moshe Gish Mark C. Mescher Consuelo M. De Moraes 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2015,282(1816)
Extrafloral (EF) nectaries recruit carnivorous arthropods that protect plants from herbivory, but they can also be exploited by nectar thieves. We studied the opportunistic, targeted predation (and destruction) of EF nectaries by insects, and the localized chemical defences that plants presumably use to minimize this effect. In field and laboratory experiments, we identified insects that were possibly responsible for EF nectary predation in Vicia faba (fava bean) and determined the extent and accuracy of the feeding damage done to the EF nectaries by these insects. We also performed biochemical analyses of plant tissue samples in order to detect microscale distribution patterns of chemical defences in the area of the EF nectary. We observed selective, targeted feeding on EF nectaries by several insect species, including some that are otherwise not primarily herbivorous. Biochemical analyses revealed high concentrations of l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, a non-protein amino acid that is toxic to insects, near and within the EF nectaries. These results suggest that plants allocate defences to the protection of EF nectaries from predation, consistent with expectations of optimal defence theory, and that this may not be entirely effective, as insects limit their exposure to these defences by consuming only the secreting tissue of the nectary. 相似文献
3.
Interrelated effects of mycorrhiza and free‐living nitrogen fixers cascade up to aboveground herbivores 下载免费PDF全文
Botir Khaitov José David Patiño‐Ruiz Tatiana Pina Peter Schausberger 《Ecology and evolution》2015,5(17):3756-3768
Aboveground plant performance is strongly influenced by belowground microorganisms, some of which are pathogenic and have negative effects, while others, such as nitrogen‐fixing bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, usually have positive effects. Recent research revealed that belowground interactions between plants and functionally distinct groups of microorganisms cascade up to aboveground plant associates such as herbivores and their natural enemies. However, while functionally distinct belowground microorganisms commonly co‐occur in the rhizosphere, their combined effects, and relative contributions, respectively, on performance of aboveground plant‐associated organisms are virtually unexplored. Here, we scrutinized and disentangled the effects of free‐living nitrogen‐fixing (diazotrophic) bacteria Azotobacter chroococcum (DB) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae (AMF) on host plant choice and reproduction of the herbivorous two‐spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae on common bean plants Phaseolus vulgaris. Additionally, we assessed plant growth, and AMF and DB occurrence and density as affected by each other. Both AMF alone and DB alone increased spider mite reproduction to similar levels, as compared to the control, and exerted additive effects under co‐occurrence. These effects were similarly apparent in host plant choice, that is, the mites preferred leaves from plants with both AMF and DB to plants with AMF or DB to plants grown without AMF and DB. DB, which also act as AMF helper bacteria, enhanced root colonization by AMF, whereas AMF did not affect DB abundance. AMF but not DB increased growth of reproductive plant tissue and seed production, respectively. Both AMF and DB increased the biomass of vegetative aboveground plant tissue. Our study breaks new ground in multitrophic belowground–aboveground research by providing first insights into the fitness implications of plant‐mediated interactions between interrelated belowground fungi–bacteria and aboveground herbivores. 相似文献
4.
5.
Piovia-Scott J 《Oecologia》2011,166(2):411-420
Protective ant–plant mutualisms—where plants provide food or shelter to ants and ants protect the plants from herbivores—are
a common feature in many ecological communities, but few studies have examined the effect of disturbance on these interactions.
Disturbance may affect the relationship between plants and their associated ant mutualists by increasing the plants’ susceptibility
to herbivores, changing the amount of reward provided for the ants, and altering the abundance of ants and other predators.
Pruning was used to simulate the damage to buttonwood mangrove (Conocarpus erectus) caused by hurricanes. Pruned plants grew faster than unpruned plants, produced lower levels of physical anti-herbivore defenses
(trichomes, toughness), and higher levels of chemical defenses (tannins) and extrafloral nectaries. Thus, simulated hurricane
damage increased plant growth and the amount of reward provided to ant mutualists, but did not have consistent effects on
other anti-herbivore defenses. Both herbivores and ants increased in abundance on pruned plants, indicating that the effects
of simulated hurricane damage on plant traits were propagated to higher trophic levels. Ant-exclusion led to higher leaf damage
on both pruned and upruned plants. The effect of ant-exclusion did not differ between pruned and unpruned plants, despite
the fact that pruned plants had higher ant and herbivore densities, produced more extrafloral nectaries, and had fewer physical
defenses. Another common predator, clubionid spiders, increased in abundance on pruned plants from which ants had been excluded.
I suggest that compensatory predation by these spiders diminished the effect of ant-exclusion on pruned plants. 相似文献
6.
该研究比较了摩西球囊霉(Glmous mosseae)和幼套球囊霉(Glmous etunicatum)两种丛枝菌根真菌和内生真菌单独及混合接种对羊草(Leymus chinensis)生长的影响。结果表明, 内生真菌对2种菌根真菌的侵染均无显著影响, 内生真菌可极显著增加羊草的分蘖数、地上生物量、总生物量。内生真菌与菌根真菌之间的相互作用因菌根真菌种类而不同, 幼套球囊霉对宿主植物生长无明显影响且和内生真菌之间也无明显的相互作用; 单独接种摩西球囊霉显著增加羊草的地上、地下和总生物量, 当其与内生真菌共同存在时, 二者之间存在一定的拮抗作用。冗余分析结果表明, 在内生真菌-AM真菌-羊草共生体中, 内生真菌对宿主植物生长的影响最大, 摩西球囊霉对宿主植物生长也有一定的贡献, 幼套球囊霉对宿主植物生长无明显影响。 相似文献
7.
接种AMF对菌根植物和非菌根植物竞争的影响 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
为了研究丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, AMF)对菌根植物与非菌根植物种间竞争的影响,以玉米(菌根植物)和油菜(非菌根植物)作为供试植物,分别进行间作、尼龙网分隔和单作,模拟这两种植物之间不同的竞争状态,接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus intraradices和Glomus mosseae,比较菌根植物和非菌根植物的生长和磷营养状况,分析AMF侵染对植物种间竞争作用的影响。结果显示,与单作相比,间作模式下玉米的生物量及磷营养状况有所降低,但其菌根依赖性却有所提高。与不接种相比,接种处理显著降低了间作体系油菜根系的磷含量和磷吸收量,但趋于改善菌根植物玉米的磷营养状况。因此,接种AMF可以降低非菌根植物的磷营养状况及生物量,使得菌根植物的相对竞争能力明显提高,说明AMF在维持物种多样性方面有着重要的作用。 相似文献
8.
Root-feeding insects are important drivers in ecosystems, and links between aboveground oviposition preference and belowground
larval performance have been suggested. The root-colonizing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a central role in plant
nutrition and are known to change host quality for root-feeding insects. However, it is not known if and how AMF affect the
aboveground oviposition of insects whose offspring feed on roots. According to the preference–performance hypothesis, insect
herbivores oviposit on plants that will maximize offspring performance. In a greenhouse experiment with rice (Oryza sativa), we investigated the effects of AMF (Glomus intraradices) on aboveground oviposition of rice water weevil (Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus), the larvae of which feed belowground on the roots. Oviposition (i.e., the numbers of eggs laid by weevil females in leaf
sheaths) was enhanced when the plants were colonized by AMF. However, the leaf area consumed by adult weevils was not affected.
Although AMF reduced plant biomass, it increased nitrogen (N) and phosphorus concentrations in leaves and N in roots. The
results suggest that rice water weevil females are able to discriminate plants for oviposition depending on their mycorrhizal
status. The discrimination is probably related to AMF-mediated changes in plant quality, i.e., the females choose to oviposit
more on plants with higher nutrient concentrations to potentially optimize offspring performance. AMF-mediated change in plant
host choice for chewing insect oviposition is a novel aspect of below- and aboveground interactions. 相似文献
9.
E. O. Canedo‐Júnior G. S. Santiago C. R. Ribas L. F. Zurlo R. G. Cuissi B. Souza L. D. B. Faria A. M. Rabello D. de L. Braga E. Silva 《Journal of Applied Entomology》2018,142(3):349-358
Most studies regarding ant–aphid interactions focus only on the direct effects of ants on tended aphids and aphidophagous predators, or the indirect effects on the host plant. Studies evaluating the effects of aphid‐tending ants on more than one trophic level are rare and evaluate only the presence or absence of such effects. Here we assessed the effect sizes of ants in a tri‐trophic system (common bean plants, aphids and lacewing larvae). We tested if the presence of aphid‐tending ants has positive effects on aphid abundance and host‐plant production and negative effects on aphid predator abundance. We also hypothesized that aphid‐tending ants affect more intensely trophic levels that are more directly related to them (i.e., first aphids, then aphid predators and then host plants). We tested these hypotheses in field mesocosms experiments using the presence and absence of ants. We found that aphid‐tending ants have great positive effects on final aphid abundance. Ants also positively affected the number of seeds; however, it was not possible to measure the effect size for this trophic level. Furthermore, ants had negative effects on lacewing larvae only at first release. The effect size of ants was greater for aphids, followed by lacewing larvae, and with no effects on the number of seeds produced. Ants positively affect aphids and host‐plant production, probably by way of honeydew collection preventing the development of entomophagous/saprophytic fungi. On the other hand, ants negatively affect lacewing larvae by excluding them from the host plant. In natural systems, several ant species may attend aphids, differently affecting the organisms of the various trophic levels within the ant–aphid interaction, thereby obscuring the real effect size of ants. Assessing the effect size of aphid‐tending ants on the organisms involved in ant–aphid interactions provides more realistic information about the effects of this interaction on natural systems. 相似文献
10.
《Journal of Asia》2022,25(3):101971
The symbiotic relationship between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) improves plant growth and increases its resistance to pests and diseases. Mycorrhizal fungi are among the specialized fungi associated with the rhizosphere and are completely dependent on plant organic carbon. In this research tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L. was used as the host plant to evaluate the interaction effects between inoculation of tomato plant with AMF and feeding of tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick). In addition, plant growth parameters and growth rate of insect were assessed. The mycorrhizal treatment included a mixture of four fungal species (Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices, R. irregularis and Glomus iranicus). The results of the experiment showed that tomato plant roots were well colonized (66.29%) by AMF and there was a significant mutual relationship between the insects feeding on the plants and the fungi. Feeding by the insects on plants inoculated with the fungus increased percentage of colonization by AMF in plants infested with the insect as compared to the control plants. The results also indicated that growth parameters and phosphorus content of the plants inoculated with fungi significantly increased compared to the control group. Moreover, significantly lower growth rate and consumption index observed in the T. absoluta larvae were fed on the leaves of plants treated with AMF compared to leaves of plants not inoculated with AMF. 相似文献
11.
Pierre-Jean G. Malé Jean-Baptiste Ferdy Céline Leroy Olivier Roux Jérémie Lauth Arthur Avilez Alain Dejean Angélique Quilichini Jérôme Orivel 《Evolutionary biology》2014,41(1):22-28
The diversion of a host’s energy by a symbiont for its own benefit is a major source of instability in horizontally-transmitted mutualisms. This instability can be counter-balanced by the host’s retaliation against exploiters. Such responses are crucial to the maintenance of the relationship. We focus on this issue in an obligate ant–plant mutualism in which the ants are known to partially castrate their host plant. We studied plant responses to various levels of castration in terms of (1) global vegetative investment and (2) investment in myrmecophytic traits. Castration led to a higher plant growth rate, signalling a novel case of gigantism induced by parasitic castration. On the other hand, completely castrated plants produced smaller nesting and food resources (i.e. leaf pouches and extra floral nectaries). Since the number of worker larvae is correlated to the volume of the leaf pouches, such a decrease in the investment in myrmecophytic traits demonstrates for the first time the existence of inducible retaliation mechanisms against too virulent castrating ants. Over time, this mechanism promotes an intermediate level of castration and enhances the stability of the mutualistic relationship by providing the ants with more living space while allowing the plant to reproduce. 相似文献
12.
Benefit, cost and water-use efficiency of arbuscular mycorrhizal durum wheat grown under drought stress 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Ghazi N. Al-Karaki 《Mycorrhiza》1998,8(1):41-45
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) living symbiotically with host plants enhance plant growth by improving the acquisition
of mineral nutrients and water relations. This study determined the effects of AMF inoculation on growth, benefit/cost and
water-use efficiency (grams dry matter produced per kilogram water evapotranspired) in two durum wheat genotypes (drought
sensitive and drought tolerant) under water-stressed and well-watered conditions. Plants were grown in a low-P silty clay
(Typic Xerochrept) soil mix in a greenhouse. Shoot and root dry matter (DM) and root AMF colonization were higher for well-watered
than for water-stressed plants. The mycorrhizal plants were more water-use efficient than nonmycorrhizal plants. Shoot DM
differences between mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants represent the benefit derived by plants from AMF-root associations.
Shoot DM differences between mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants under similar conditions of water treatment represent the
cost to the plant of AMF-root associations. Values of benefit/cost for AMF-root associations were highest when plants were
water-stressed and decreased under well-watered conditions. Genotypic differences in calculated costs and benefits were pronounced.
Benefit/cost analysis may be helpful in evaluating host plant genotypes in order to optimize efficiencies of AMF symbiosis
under different environmental conditions.
Accepted: 4 April 1998 相似文献
13.
- 1 Below‐ground organisms influence above‐ground interactions in both natural and agricultural ecosystems. Among the most important below‐ground organisms are mycorrhizal fungi, comprising ubiquitous and ancient plant mutualists that have significant effects on plant growth and fitness mediated by resource exchange with plants. In the present study, we focus on the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on crop defence against insect pests.
- 2 AMF alter the availability of resources used by crop plants to manufacture defences against pests and to compensate for pest damage. However, AMF also provide plants with nutrients that are known to increase insect performance. Through potentially opposing effects on plant nutritional quality and defence, mycorrhizal fungi can positively or negatively affect pest performance.
- 3 Additionally, AMF may directly affect gene expression and plant defence signalling pathways involved in the construction and induction of plant defences, and these effects are apparently independent of those caused by nutrient availability. In this way, AMF may still influence plant defences in the fertilized and highly managed systems typical of agribusiness.
- 4 Because AMF can affect plant tolerance to pest damage, they may have a significant impact on the shape of damage–yield relationships in crops. Potential mechanisms for this effect are suggested.
- 5 We highlight the need for continuing research on the effects of AMF identity and the abundance on crop defences and tolerance to pest attack. Much work is needed on the potential effects of mycorrhizal colonization on plant signalling and the induction of direct and indirect defences that may protect against pest damage.
14.
Plant parasitic nematodes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) share plant roots as a resource for food and space. The interest in AMF-nematode interactions lies in the possibility of enhanced resistance or tolerance of AMF-infected plants to nematodes, and the potential value of this for control of crop pests. Data collated from previous studies revealed a great diversity of AMF-nematode responses and we seek to generalise from these by evaluating and discussing interactions involving three groups of nematodes distinguished by their mode of parasitism: (i) ectoparasites; (ii) sedentary endoparasites; and (iii) migratory endoparasites. Based on proximity in tissue, we expected that the interactions between endoparasites and AMF would be stronger, i.e. more reciprocal effects of endoparasitic nematodes on AMF, than those between ectoparasites and AMF. Contrary to this hypothesis, we found that, relative to AMF-free plants, AMF-infected plants were damaged more by ectoparasites than by endoparasites. Of the sedentary endoparasites, numbers of root-knot nematodes were reduced more by mycorrhizal infection than were those of cyst nematodes. The reduction in nematode damage by AMF was not different for root-knot or cyst nematode infested plants. Migratory endoparasitic nematodes were the only group whose numbers were greater on AMF-infected plants. However, the experiments involving migratory nematodes were characterised by relatively high levels of AMF infection and little nematode damage compared to the other feeding types. The outcomes of the AMF-nematode interactions are determined by many factors during the interactions between organisms and their physical, physiological and temporal environments. Assessing effects by recording plant sizes and total nematode or AMF populations at the end of experiments gives very little information on the mechanisms of the interactions. It is time to stop doing studies of black boxes and time to start observing processes, directly by using microscopy and indirectly by application of molecular genetics. 相似文献
15.
RITA S. L. VEIGA ANTONELLA FACCIO ANDREA GENRE CORNÉ M. J. PIETERSE PAOLA BONFANTE MARCEL G. A. van der HEIJDEN 《Plant, cell & environment》2013,36(11):1926-1937
The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is widespread throughout the plant kingdom and important for plant nutrition and ecosystem functioning. Nonetheless, most terrestrial ecosystems also contain a considerable number of non‐mycorrhizal plants. The interaction of such non‐host plants with AM fungi (AMF) is still poorly understood. Here, in three complementary experiments, we investigated whether the non‐mycorrhizal plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the model organism for plant molecular biology and genetics, interacts with AMF. We grew A. thaliana alone or together with a mycorrhizal host species (either Trifolium pratense or Lolium multiflorum) in the presence or absence of the AMF Rhizophagus irregularis. Plants were grown in a dual‐compartment system with a hyphal mesh separating roots of A. thaliana from roots of the host species, avoiding direct root competition. The host plants in the system ensured the presence of an active AM fungal network. AM fungal networks caused growth depressions in A. thaliana of more than 50% which were not observed in the absence of host plants. Microscopy analyses revealed that R. irregularis supported by a host plant was capable of infecting A. thaliana root tissues (up to 43% of root length colonized), but no arbuscules were observed. The results reveal high susceptibility of A. thaliana to R. irregularis, suggesting that A. thaliana is a suitable model plant to study non‐host/AMF interactions and the biological basis of AM incompatibility. 相似文献
16.
接种AM真菌对玉米和油菜种间竞争及土壤无机磷组分的影响 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
在温室盆栽条件下,分别模拟单作、间作和尼龙网分隔种植,比较接种丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal, AM)真菌Glomus intraradices和Glomus mosseae对菌根植物玉米和非菌根植物油菜生长和磷吸收状况的影响,并分析土壤中各无机磷组分的变化。结果发现,接种AM真菌可以促进土壤中难溶性磷(Ca10-P和O-P)向有效态磷转化,并显著降低总无机磷含量 (P<0.05),显著提高菌根植物玉米的生物量和磷吸收量(P<0.05),特别是在间作体系中使玉米的磷营养竞争比率显著提高了45.0%-104.1% (P<0.05),显著降低了油菜的生物量和磷吸收量(P<0.05),从而增强了了菌根植物的竞争优势,降低了非菌根植物与菌根植物的共存能力。揭示了石灰性土壤中AM真菌对植物物种多样性的影响,有助于更加全面地理解AM真菌在农业生态系统中的作用。 相似文献
17.
Abstract. 1. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) infection can have negative, positive or neutral effects on insect herbivore populations, but patterns are difficult to predict.
2. Intra-specific genetic variation in nutrient uptake ability between fungal isolates may also have indirect effects on insect herbivores due to changes in plant quality. In preliminary studies mirid ( Tupiocoris notatus ) populations were significantly reduced on tobacco ( Nicotiana rustica ) colonised by AMF but it was unknown if same-species fungal isolates differed in their effect.
3. An experiment was performed as a first test of the effect of intra-specific genetic variation in the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus etunicatum on mirid nymphal population structure, dynamics, and growth rate.
4. Mirid nymphal populations were lower on mycorrhizal fungal-infected plants. Population size, however, did not differ between the mycorrhizal isolates. While no statistical difference in population between isolates was found, one isolate consistently had 1.7–2.4 times lower mirid populations compared with the controls, indicating that the magnitude of effect is different between mycorrhizal isolates.
5. The significantly negative effect of AMF on mirid populations likely resulted from AMF-induced changes in plant quality (e.g. increased defence). This study lends further support to recent demonstrations that below-ground symbionts significantly influence above-ground processes. In addition, mycorrhizal fungi can affect insect population structure, which may have consequences for future herbivory. 相似文献
2. Intra-specific genetic variation in nutrient uptake ability between fungal isolates may also have indirect effects on insect herbivores due to changes in plant quality. In preliminary studies mirid ( Tupiocoris notatus ) populations were significantly reduced on tobacco ( Nicotiana rustica ) colonised by AMF but it was unknown if same-species fungal isolates differed in their effect.
3. An experiment was performed as a first test of the effect of intra-specific genetic variation in the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus etunicatum on mirid nymphal population structure, dynamics, and growth rate.
4. Mirid nymphal populations were lower on mycorrhizal fungal-infected plants. Population size, however, did not differ between the mycorrhizal isolates. While no statistical difference in population between isolates was found, one isolate consistently had 1.7–2.4 times lower mirid populations compared with the controls, indicating that the magnitude of effect is different between mycorrhizal isolates.
5. The significantly negative effect of AMF on mirid populations likely resulted from AMF-induced changes in plant quality (e.g. increased defence). This study lends further support to recent demonstrations that below-ground symbionts significantly influence above-ground processes. In addition, mycorrhizal fungi can affect insect population structure, which may have consequences for future herbivory. 相似文献
18.
Opuntia acanthocarpa (Cactaceae) possesses extrafloral nectaries embedded in the areoles of new reproductive and vegetative growth. The nectar secreted by these glands attracts ants and is a nutritional food source. Members of one attracted ant species, Crematogaster opuntiae (Myrmicinae), are aggressive and efficient defenders of the plants against cactus-feeding insects. The results of our study are consistent with the ant-guard hypothesis for the role of extrafloral nectaries in O. acanthocarpa. Additionally, individuals of O. acanthocarpa are well protected in comparison with those of O. phaeacantha. The latter generally possess ephemeral extrafloral nectaries and consistently maintain fewer ants. 相似文献
19.
Interactive effects of mycorrhizae and a root hemiparasite on plant community productivity and diversity 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Plant communities can be affected both by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and hemiparasitic plants. However, little is
known about the interactive effects of these two biotic factors on the productivity and diversity of plant communities. To
address this question, we set up a greenhouse study in which different AMF inocula and a hemiparasitic plant (Rhinanthus minor) were added to experimental grassland communities in a fully factorial design. In addition, single plants of each species
in the grassland community were grown with the same treatments to distinguish direct AMF effects from indirect effects via
plant competition. We found that AMF changed plant community structure by influencing the plant species differently. At the
community level, AMF decreased the productivity by 15–24%, depending on the particular AMF treatment, mainly because two dominant
species, Holcus lanatus and Plantago lanceolata, showed a negative mycorrhizal dependency. Concomitantly, plant diversity increased due to AMF inoculation and was highest
in the treatment with a combination of two commercial AM strains. AMF had a positive effect on growth of the hemiparasite,
and thereby induced a negative impact of the hemiparasite on host plant biomass which was not found in non-inoculated communities.
However, the hemiparasite did not increase plant diversity. Our results highlight the importance of interactions with soil
microbes for plant community structure and that these indirect effects can vary among AMF treatments. We conclude that mutualistic
interactions with AMF, but not antagonistic interactions with a root hemiparasite, promote plant diversity in this grassland
community.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
20.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species-specifically affect induced plant responses to a spider mite 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Takaaki Nishida Noboru Katayama Naoyuki Izumi Takayuki Ohgushi 《Population Ecology》2010,52(4):507-515
It is widely recognized that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) improve plant growth and nutrient conditions, but their effects
can vary from negative to positive depending on AMF species. Since the performance of herbivorous arthropods varies with plant
quality, different AMF species should differently affect the density of herbivorous arthropods on plants and the herbivore-induced
plant responses. We examined the indirect effects of AMF on the number of spider mites (Tetranychus urticae) and the number of damaged leaves in an outdoor glass-chamber experiment, using Lotus japonicus plants inoculated with one of four different AMF species (Gigaspora margarita, Glomus etunicatum, Gl. intraradices, and Acaulospora longula). Plants with Gi. margarita and A. longula had significantly fewer female mites than plants with Gl. etunicatum and Gl. intraradices, and plants with Gi. margarita had the fewest damaged leaves, followed by plants with A. longula,
Gl. intraradices, and Gl. etunicatum. To examine species-specific effects of AMF on herbivore-induced plant responses, we carried out a bioassay with eggs laid
by spider mites, and analyses of leaf chemicals (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and total phenolics) using plants subjected
or not subjected to herbivory. The bioassay showed that mite egg production and its changes following mite herbivory changed
depending on the AMF species. In addition, Principal component analysis for leaf chemicals revealed not only mite-induced
changes in leaf chemical composition, but also AMF effects on the herbivore-induced response in a species-specific way. Thus,
we need to pay more attention to the species identity of AMF as an important factor in determining the strength of effects
of belowground AMF on the performance and/or preferences of aboveground herbivores. 相似文献