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1.
Zusammenfassung V.T.-Bestimmungen an 25 Reptilienarten (Echsen und Schlangen) ergaben: Die artliche Höhe der V.T. hat Beziehungen zu Biotop und Lebensweise der Art. Arten aus kühlen Biotopen mit kühler Lebensweise haben tiefere V.T.-Werte als solche aus warmen Biotopen mit warmer Lebensweise. Echsen haben im allgemeinen höhere V.T. als Schlangen aus ähnlichen Biotopen und mit ähnlicher Lebensweise. Das Klima an sich beeinflußt — soweit es nicht schädigend wirkt — die V.T.Höhe des Individuums nicht. Junge Eidechsen haben tiefere V.T. als erwachsene, was wohl durch Verschiedenheiten in bezug auf Hautdicke, Pigmentierung und Körpermasse bedingt ist. Die artliche Pigmentierung und die V.T.-Höhe können indirekt miteinander in Beziehung stehen. Die artliche geographische Verbreitung nach Norden und Süden entspricht im großen und ganzen den artlichen V.T.-Höhen. Ebenso die vertikale Verbreitung in den Gebirgen. Innerhalb des Artareals auf dem Festland in der Ebene sind die V.T. etwa gleich hoch. In größeren Gebirgshöhen und auf kleinen Inseln können die Populationen andere (meist höhere) V.T. haben (geographische Vorzugstemperaturen). Populationen der gleichen Art oder Rasse von verschiedenen Inseln können in bezug auf die V.T.-Höhen voneinander abweichen. Es wird versucht, diese Verschiedenheiten in den V.T.-Höhen durch die Isolation der Populationen, durch die Mutationshäufung (die durch Selektion gefördert werden kann) entsteht, zu deuten. Die Höhe der V.T. ist bei den Reptilien ein erbliches Merkmal, das sich genetisch ähnlich wie die Körperfarbe zu verhalten scheint.Die Arbeit wurde z. T. mit Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft ausgeführt.  相似文献   

2.
Summary This paper reports our experience of molecular screening and fetal diagnosis of -thalassemia in 457 at risk couples of Italian descent. Molecular screening was carried out by dot blot analysis on amplified DNA with oligonucleotide probes complementary to the eight most common mutations in Italians [39 (CT); 6 (-A); +-87 (CG); + IVSI nt 110 (GA); IVSI nt 1 (GA); + IVSI nt 6 (TC); IVSII nt 1 (GA); + IVSII nt 745 (CG)]. By using this approach, we have been able to define the mutation in 92.8% of cases. The rest (all but four) were defined by direct sequencing and this led to the detection of nine rare mutations [76 (-C); + IVSI nt 5 (GA); + IVSI nt 5 (GC); + IVSI -1 (cod 30) (GC); +-87 (CT), -290 bp del.; +-101 (CT)], and to the characterization of a novel mutation consisting of the deletion of the G at the invariant AG of the IVSII splice acceptor site of the -globin gene ( IVSII nt 850-1 bp). In the remaining four cases, the -globin gene showed entirely normal sequences and the -globin gene cluster was intact, as indicated by Southern blot analysis. Fetal diagnosis was carried out by dot blot analysis with the oligonucleotide probes defined in the parents. The procedure is simple and reliable, and the results can be obtained within 1 week of sampling. No misdiagnosis has so far occurred. The results indicate that fetal diagnosis of -thalassemia by DNA analysis may be obtained in practically all cases (even in a population showing marked heterogeneity of -thalassemia) by the combination of dot blot analysis for detecting common mutations, and direct sequencing for defining those that are uncommon.  相似文献   

3.
A -carotene oxygenase is described which occurs in the Cyanobacterium Microcystis. It cleaves -carotene and zeaxanthin specifically at the positions 7,8 and 7,8, while echinenone and myxoxanthophyll are not affected. The oxidative cleavage of -carotene leads to the formation of -cyclocitral and crocetindial and that of zeaxanthin to hydroxy--cyclocitral and crocetindial in nearly stoichiometric amounts. Oxidant is dioxygen as has been demonstrated by high incroporation (86%) of 18O2 into -cyclocitral. -Carotene oxygenase is membrane bound, sensitive to sulfhydryl reagents, antioxidants and chelating agents. Iron seems to be an essential part of the enzyme activity. Cofactors necessary for the reaction could not be detected.Abbreviations TLC thin layer-chromatography - PIPES piperazine-N,N-bis-(2-ethanesulfonate) Na - TES 2{[tris-(hydroxymethyl)-methyl]-amino} ethanesulfonic acid Dedicated to Professor G. Drews on occasion of his 60th birthday  相似文献   

4.
O-Methylation of simple neutral oligosaccharides is readily accomplished in dimethyl sulphoxide containing solid sodium hydroxide and methyl iodide [Cincanu I, Kerek F (1984) Carbohydr Res 131209-17]. This procedure has been extended to 2-acetamido-2-deoxy sugars and sialic acid-containing oligosaccharides. CompleteO-andN-methylation was in most cases achieved in 15 min. Esterification of carboxylic groups in uronic acids was fast and resulted in concomitant -elimination. The method is also suitable for methylation of glycoproteins and glycosphingolipids. Polysaccharides can also be methylated by this technique. Analysis of the products by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry showed no degradation products.Abbreviations lacto-N-tetraose LcOse4, Gal3GlcNAc3Gal4Glc - lacto-N-fucopentaose III III3Fuc-nLcOse4, Gal4[Fuc3]GlcNAc3Gal4Glc - trihexosylceramide GbOse3Cer, Gal4Gal4Glc1-1Cer - globoside GbOse4Cer, GalNAc3Gal4Glc1-1Cer - FAB-MS fas atom bombardment mass spectrometry  相似文献   

5.
Summary Stationary phase cells of strain phr/MC 2 ofE. coli are not photoreactivable but the frequency of UV-induced mutations to low Streptomycine-resistance (S 3, 3/ml) is decreased strongly by illumination with light of fluorescence tubes (310 to 500 nm) after UV-irradiation. Also dark-reversion (DRM) of these mutations due to keeping UV-irradiated cells in saline is observed. Illumination before UV-irradiation decreases the frequency of the mutations (photoprotection against mutation=PPM) to the same extent as the combined action of photoreversion (PRM) and DRM. The lag-phase of cell division is prolonged strongly by illumination from 80 min without light to 150 min by the light-dose of highest activity. The additional lag is nearly the same if the illumination is done before, after or without UV-irradiation; this lag is about additive to the small lag caused by UV. Pre-illumination of the stationary-phase cells does not cause photoprotection against killing (PP), it even decreases the survival after high UV-doses. The observations support the hypothesis that PRM in this strain may be indirect, i.e. caused by the light-induced additional division lag which enhances the dark repair of UV-premutations. Also spontaneous premutations which are apparently present in the stationary-phase cells seem to be influenced by the light in this way.  相似文献   

6.
Zusammenfassung Der Verlauf des Nahrungsflusses im Darmtrakt der Kleinzikade Euscelidius variegatus wird nach Verfütterung von farbstoffhaltiger Nährlösung ermittelt. Es wird der Beweis erbracht, daß die aufgenommene Nahrungsmenge in der Filterkammer geteilt wird und die beiden Anteile den Darmtrakt auf zwei verschiedenen Wegen in Richtung Rektalblase passieren. Ein Anteil der aufgenommenen Nährlösung wird über einen Kurzschlußweg in der Filterkammer sowohl über den Filterkammerdarm als auch über die Kryptonephridien direkt in den Enddarm gepumpt, während die in der Magentasche der Filterkammer verbleibenden Nahrungsanteile über einen langen Verdauungsweg zum After gelangen. Hierbei wird der Magentascheninhalt in den Magen gedrückt. Von dort aus passiert er den Mitteldarm und erreicht über den Enddarm den After. Der Kurzschlußweg und der Verdauungsweg können gleichzeitig benutzt werden. Der Kurzschlußweg wird von der Nahrung jedoch in viel kürzerer Zeit durchströmt als der längere Verdauungsweg.
The directions of the flow of food in the alimentary trad of the leafhopper Euscelidius variegatus KBM. (Jassidae)
Summary The leafhopper Euscelidius variegatus is fed with synthetic food, coloured with 1% Azorubin-S. Its flow in the alimentary tract has been studied. It has been found that the sucked-in food is divided into two parts in the filter chamber, each taking different way in the alimentary tract for its flow. One part of the food is pumped into the hindgut via the short circuit way going through the filter chamber once over the Filterkammerdarm and also over the kryptonephries. That part of the food, which remains in the pocket of the filter chamber takes the long digestion way to the anus over stomach, midgut and hindgut. Both the ways could be used at the same time. But the food takes much shorter time for its passage through the short circuit way as compared to the time needed for the long digestion way.
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7.
The dynamics of coupled biological oscillators can be modeled by averaging the effects of coupling over each oscillatory cycle so that the coupling depends on the phase difference between the two oscillators and not on their specific states. Average phase difference theory claims that mode locking phenomena can be predicted by the average effects of the coupling influences. As a starting point for both empirical and theoretical investigations, Rand et al. (1988) have proposed d/dt= — K sin ), with phase-locked solutions =arcsin( /K), where is the difference between the uncoupled frequencies and K is the coupling strength. Phase-locking was evaluated in three experiments using an interlimb coordination paradigm in which a person oscillates hand-held pendulums. was controlled through length differences in the left and right pendulums. The coupled frequency c was varied by a metronome, and scaled to the eigenfrequency v of the coupled system K was assumed to vary inversely with c. The results indicate that: (1) and K contribute multiplicatively to (2) =0 or = regardless of K when =0; (3) 0 or regardless of when K is large (relative to ); (4) results (1) to (3) hold identically for both in phase and antiphase coordination. The results also indicate that the relevant frequency is c/v rather than c. Discussion high-lighted the significance of confirming =arcsin(/K) for more general treatments of phase-locking, such as circle map dynamics, and for the 11 phase-entrainment which characterizes biological movement systems.  相似文献   

8.
Summary The GCTT polymorphism recently described at positions — 1106 and — 1105 in the 5 flanking region of the G globin gene for the Bantu S haplotype was analysed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. We studied 108 S chromosome and 122 A chromosomes. The TT sequence was found as follows: in all of 80 chromosomes bearing the Bantu S haplotype with the 6-bp deletion -400 nt from the G gene in 3 out of 5 Bantu S chromosomes without the deletion, in 1 out of 122 A chromosomes from different ethnic origins but in none of 23 S chromosomes bearing the Senegal, Benin or Cameroon haplotypes. These results confirm the heterogeneity of the Bantu S haplotype and allow a tentative evolutionary sequence for the different alleles at this locus to be presented.  相似文献   

9.
Summary Three different conformations of proline rings in a protein in solution, Up, Down and Twist, have been distinguished, and stereospecific assignments of the pyrrolidine -, - and -hydrogens have been made on the basis of 1H-1H vicinal coupling constant patterns and intraresidue NOEs. For all three conformations, interhydrogen distances in the pairs -3, 3-3, 2-2, 2-2, and 3-3 (2.3 Å) are shorter than those in the pairs -2, 2-3, 3-2, 2-3, and 3-2 (2.7–3.0 Å), resulting in stronger NOESY cross peaks. For the Up conformation, the 3-2 and 2-3 spin-spin coupling constants are small (<3 Hz), and weak cross peaks are obtained in a short-mixing-time (10 ms) TOCSY spectrum; all other vicinal coupling constants are in the range 5–12 Hz, and result in medium to strong TOCSY cross peaks. For the Down form, the -2, 2-3, and 3-2 vicinal coupling constants are small, leading to weak TOCSY cross peaks; all other couplings again are in the range 5–12 Hz, and result in medium to strong TOCSY cross peaks. In the case of a Twist conformation, dynamically averaged coupling constants are anticipated. The procedure has been applied to bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor and Cucurbita maxima trypsin inhibitor-V, and ring conformations of all prolines in the two proteins have been determined.  相似文献   

10.
Summary Freeze-fracture studies were conducted on the membranes of normal cockroach hemocytes. The plasmalemma is asymmetric with the A fracture face containing 80–100 Å membrane intercalated particles at a concentration of 2500/2. The B fracture face contains 120–150 Å particles with a relatively low density (800/2). The nuclear envelope displays an asymmetry with the A fracture face containing 1500 particles/2 and the B face containing 300/ 2. No significant particle size differences were observed in nuclear envelope fracture faces. Two types of symmetric membranes were also found in these cells. Both A and B fracture faces of the membrane surrounding the numerous cytoplasmic inclusion bodies contain particle sizes and concentrations similar to the B face of the plasmalemma. A second type of symmetry was observed in cells apparently engaged in exocytosis. Vesicles (0.1 D) from this process were completely particle free on both fracture faces. Such particle free vesicles could be found in the cytoplasm, attached to the plasmalemma, or completely separated from the cell.Supported by a Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association Foundation Fellowship.The author wishes to thank Ms. Annalena K. Charla for assistance in plate preparation, Dr. Julius Schultz and the Papanicolaou Cancer Research Institute for use of the freeze-etch device, and Dr. David Smith for the electron microscope facilities.  相似文献   

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