粳稻种质资源苗期耐盐性综合评价与筛选

为鉴定和评价粳稻种质资源苗期耐盐性,利用125 mmol/L NaCl盐胁迫对165份粳稻种质资源进行处理,测定耐盐级别、叶片伤害百分率、苗高、根长、SPAD、地上部鲜重、根鲜重、地上部干重和根干重,计算地上部含水量和除耐盐级别、叶片伤害百分率之外各性状的相对指标。结果表明:耐盐级别与相对苗高、相对SPAD、相对地上部鲜重、相对根鲜重、相对地上部干重、相对根干重、相对植株干重和地上部含水量均呈极显著正相关,与叶片伤害百分率和相对根冠比呈极显著负相关。通过主成分分析将12个评价指标转换为5个主成分,累计贡献率为86.473%,应用隶属函数和权重,获得了客观评价粳稻种质资源苗期耐盐性的综合评价值D。筛选到Bertone、长白26、伊粳12号、宁资629和小琥板稻5个苗期综合耐盐性强的种质。通过聚类分析将165份粳稻种质资源划分为4类,第Ⅰ类群主要由盐敏感种质构成,第Ⅱ类群主要由弱耐盐种质构成,第Ⅲ类群仅包含1份盐敏感种质,为苏选2,第Ⅳ类群是以弱耐盐和耐盐种质为主的混合类群。结合主成分和逐步回归分析,确定耐盐级别、相对根长、相对地上部干重、相对根干重和地上部含水量5个指标可作为粳稻种质资源苗期耐盐性鉴定的重要指标,本研究结果可为耐盐水稻资源筛选及鉴定提供理论依据。     

番茄品种资源芽苗期和幼苗期的耐盐性及耐盐指标评价

对芽苗期和幼苗期番茄耐盐鉴定指标进行检验,明确番茄芽苗期和幼苗期耐盐性的相关性,筛选耐盐的番茄品种资源,以便为耐盐育种和栽培提供材料和方法.试验采用不同浓度的NaCl水溶液人工模拟盐胁迫,以多项指标盐害系数隶属函数值和总隶属函数值为依据,比较了20个番茄品种资源芽苗期和幼苗期的耐盐性及两个时期耐盐性的相关性,并利用单一指标盐害系数隶属函数值和总隶属函数值进行了聚类分类.结果表明:芽苗期和幼苗期番茄耐盐性有所不同,耐盐和中等耐盐材料相同率为53.85%.进行番茄耐盐性筛选时可以把发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、萌发活力指数、下胚轴长、地上鲜重作为芽苗期耐盐鉴定指标,把地上部鲜重、根鲜重、地上部干重、根干重、壮苗指数、根/冠比作为幼苗期耐盐鉴定指标.     

120份欧美玉米自交系的遗传多样性分析

为了拓宽黄淮海区玉米自交系的遗传基础,加快欧美优异种质的融入与利用,本研究利用SSR分子标记对120份来自美国和塞尔维亚及2份中国的玉米自交系进行遗传多样性和聚类分析。结果表明:29个多态性SSR标记共检测到115个等位位点,平均3.97个,位点多态性信息指数(PIC)平均为0.50,较好地揭示了自交系间的遗传多样性;观测杂合度(Ho)仅为0.03,表明参试自交系遗传稳定、纯合度高;美国SS、美国NSS、塞尔维亚和中国骨干自交系4个群之间相比,美国NSS群的等位位点数(3.55)、Shannon信息指数(0.93)最高,而塞尔维亚群的有效等位位点数(2.37)最高,表明美国NSS和塞尔维亚自交系群比其他两个群遗传多样性高;4个自交系群间的遗传距离介于0.1403~0.4695之间,美国NSS群与美国SS群、塞尔维亚群之间较小(0.1419,0.1403),与中国骨干自交系群之间最大(0.4695),4个群的遗传一致度介于0.6253~0.8691之间,美国NSS群与美国SS、塞尔维亚两个群之间的遗传一致度较高,表明美国与塞尔维亚自交系之间基因交流频繁,亲缘关系较近;聚类分析将122份玉米自交系分为9大主要类群,美国SS种质、NSS种质自交系被明显的区分开,并且SS种质被分为2个主要类群(Ⅰ和Ⅸ),NSS种质被分为6个主要类群(Ⅱ-Ⅶ),来自塞尔维亚的材料分散在美国NSS种质类群。本研究结果为来自欧美的自交系在玉米育种中合理利用提供可靠依据。     

贵州70份玉米自交系的SSR标记遗传多样性及其杂种优势群分析

从251个SSR标记中筛选出均匀分布在玉米基因组上的88个SSR标记,用以分析评价贵州省2000年以来47个审定品种的70份亲本材料的遗传多样性。SSR标记检测的结果:88个标记共检测出466个等位基因,每个标记可检测等位基因2～18个,平均为5.31个;每个标记位点的多态性信息量(PIC)变化为0.213～0.965,平均为0.586,这表明贵州玉米自交系具有较为丰富的遗传多样性。POPTREE聚类分析结果:70份自交系分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ类群。Ⅰ类群含8个自交系,以瑞德和兰卡斯特等温带种质为主。Ⅱ类群有11个自交系,以PN78599、瑞德和兰卡斯特等温带种质为主。Ⅲ类群拥有51个自交系,可分为A和B 2个亚群,B亚群还可再分为B1和B2 2个次亚群,A亚群中的10个系以我国地方温带种质为主,B1次亚群中的19个系以贵州地方亚热带种质为主,B2次亚群中的22个系以泰国苏湾热带种质为主。杂种优势利用分析的结果表明,贵州近些年在玉米育种中,主要是利用贵州地方亚热带种质和泰国苏湾热带种质2个杂种优势群,这与其多态位点百分率较高有关,与其群内SSR位点的平均等位数较多有关。贵州玉米育种利用的种质类型较少,有必要加强玉米种...     

大豆耐盐性种质资源SSR遗传多样性及标记辅助鉴定

本研究利用60对SSR引物对93份大豆1级耐盐种质资源和57份盐敏感种质资源(5级)进行分析,以确定耐盐种质资源和盐敏感种质资源的遗传多样性,以及耐盐相关标记在种质资源耐盐性鉴定中的利用程度.60个位点共检测出等位变异792个,平均13.2个,其中耐盐种质资源特有等位变异133个,盐敏感种质资源特有等位变异106个,但76.0%的等位变异频率低于0.10,仅有1.8%的等位变异出现频率高于0.40.耐盐种质资源多态性信息含量(PIC)平均为0.78(0.47～0.90),盐敏感种质资源PIC平均为0.80(0.46～0.94).根据主成分分析,耐盐和盐敏感种质资源多样性分布规律相似.然而,与耐盐基因相关的一个SSR位点的等位变异分布频率在耐盐和盐敏感种质资源间无显著差异.根据UPGMA聚类分析结果,耐盐种质资源按生态区分为3个类群,类群Ⅰ和Ⅲ分别以东北春大豆和北方春大豆为主,类群Ⅱ为黄淮夏大豆和其他生态类型的混合群.     

中国黍稷种质资源耐盐性鉴定

对来源于我国14省(区)的6518份黍稷种质资源,以苗期耐盐级别作为综合评价的标准,通过3次耐盐性鉴定,筛选出高度耐盐种质22份,占鉴定种质总数的0.34%,耐盐种质120份,占1.84%。这些种质在遗传育种和生产中具有极高的利用价值,是珍贵的耐盐育种材料。     

基于染色体置换系的普通野生稻耐盐性QTL定位

本研究分别利用SSR标记、InDel标记以及简化基因组测序技术对一套以普通野生稻为供体亲本,9311为受体亲本的染色体置换系进行基因型鉴定,并通过对其不同生育期的耐盐性鉴定,共发掘2个与发芽期耐盐相关的QTL,13个与苗期耐盐性相关的QTL。其中与苗期存活率相关的QTL qSSR5.1、苗期耐盐等级相关的QTL qSSG5.1均被定位于同一位点,该位点对苗期存活率、苗期耐盐等级均具有增效作用,贡献率分别为6.36%、8.13%。在此QTL内包含与非生物胁迫相关基因OsDi19-1。经序列比对发现,OsDi19-1启动子区域在两亲本间存在较大差异,且受到盐胁迫时该基因表达量上升。同时,鉴定出水稻芽期耐盐的优异种质资源CSSL72、苗期耐盐的优异种质资源CSSL23、CSSL153,为水稻育种中耐盐性的改良提供了新的种质资源。     

小麦种质芽期和苗期的耐盐性鉴定评价

【目的】研究不同来源小麦种质资源的耐盐性差异,筛选耐盐性较好的品种（系）,探索不同生育期小麦耐盐性鉴定的适合盐浓度,为小麦耐盐鉴定及耐盐小麦品种选育提供参考。【方法】对来源不同的293份小麦种质,在1.5%NaCl盐溶液下进行盐胁迫处理,调查各种质的芽期相对盐害指数;选择芽期相对耐盐指数小于40%的24份小麦资源,在苗期进行不同盐浓度胁迫鉴定,测量不同处理的根长及苗高相对生长率。【结果】筛选出16份芽期相对盐害指数小于20%的高耐盐种质和42份芽期相对盐害指数20-40%耐盐的小麦种质;苗期鉴定表明1.0% NaCl盐浓度为合适的筛选浓度、根长相对生长率为适合的苗期耐盐性鉴定指标,以此为鉴定技术筛选出了Marmin-Minhardi譎44-Minturki和花树蒲两份芽期及苗期均表现耐盐的优异小麦种质;【结论】来源不同的小麦资源中芽期综合耐盐性大小依次为地方品种>国外引进品种>中间试验品系;Marmin-Minhardi譎44-Minturki和花树蒲两份耐盐小麦种质可作为小麦耐盐育种新种质。     

花生萌发期耐盐性综合评价及耐盐种质筛选

为了解江苏花生种质资源的耐盐性,挖掘耐盐种质资源,本试验对47份花生种质材料进行耐盐性综合评价,以发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、发芽率、鲜重、相对含水量、干重的相对值为鉴定指标,采用主成分分析、隶属函数法以及聚类分析方法,对其进行萌发期耐盐性综合评价及耐盐种质筛选。结果表明,花生种质材料萌发期的耐盐性强弱判定结果受多个指标影响,相对含水量和鲜重可以作为花生种质萌发期耐盐性的最佳鉴定指标,5 g/L Na Cl溶液可以作为花生萌发期耐盐性鉴定的合适浓度,47份花生材料划为5个耐盐级别,筛选出JP42、JP29、JP23、JP43、JP35、JP4等6份耐盐性强的种质,JP27和JP98为高度敏感材料,隶属函数法结合耐盐分级可以作为一种简便快速鉴定花生萌发期耐盐性的方法。     

应用SSR标记分析鹰嘴豆种质资源遗传多样性

种质资源的遗传多样性是育种工作的基础,本研究利用SSR标记对鹰嘴豆资源进行遗传多样性分析,旨在发掘鹰嘴豆资源中丰富的遗传变异。从48对鹰嘴豆SSR引物中筛选出18对核心多态性引物,对96份不同来源的鹰嘴豆种质资源进行SSR标记的遗传多样性分析。结果表明,18对SSR引物共检测到115个等位变异,占总检测位点的52.99%,每对SSR引物可检测出3~10个等位变异,平均6.39个;平均每个位点多态信息量(PIC)为0.8107,变化范围为0.6661~0.8984。Shannon's信息指数平均为1.4769,变化范围为0.0607~1.9584。PGMA聚类结果表明,在遗传相似系数0.59处,可将96份鹰嘴豆资源分为6个类群,类群Ⅰ包含9份资源,类群Ⅱ包含2份资源,类群Ⅲ包含28份资源,类群Ⅳ包含4份资源,类群Ⅴ包含40份资源,类群Ⅵ包含13份资源。本研究对我国鹰嘴豆种质资源的评价与利用、优异基因的挖掘、育种亲本材料的选择等提供科学依据。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.