拟南芥叶片超氧自由基的组织化学定位

拟南芥叶小不易进行超氧自由基的组织化学定位,本方法使拟南芥叶片超氧自由基的检测方便易行。     

广西石韦属七种植物叶片结构与孢子形态的比较研究

利用石蜡切片法研究了石韦属7种植物叶片的形态结构。结果显示:7种植物的叶片均属异面叶,且具典型的旱生叶结构;表皮大多为复表皮,表皮细胞排列紧密,主脉表面覆有厚角质膜,表皮毛为星状毛,由多细胞组成;气孔集中分布于下表皮,气孔类型为围绕型,气孔器略下陷;孢子两侧对称,极面观椭圆形,赤道面观豆形或超半圆形,表面饰纹为瘤状饰纹。石韦属7种植物的叶表皮细胞形状、表皮毛、表皮细胞垂周壁式样、气孔密度等解剖结构均表现出一定的种间差异,这些特征可为石韦属植物种间分类提供依据。     

蕤核叶片解剖结构和组织化学定位研究

采用解剖学和组织化学方法,研究了蕤核(Prinsepia uniflora Batal.)叶片的解剖结构,并对叶片中的黄酮类、生物碱类及多糖的组织化学定位进行了研究。结果表明:蕤核叶片上表皮有角质层,下表皮有气孔分布,气孔密度为278个·mm-2,近轴面栅栏组织细胞2～3层,排列紧密而整齐,含有许多晶体;叶片主脉木质部发达,由多列导管组成。上述特征说明蕤核叶片的解剖结构与环境之间的适应性。组织化学定位显示黄酮多分布于栅栏组织和厚角组织,生物碱含量少,多糖均匀分布于叶肉中。     

植物激素的免疫组织化学定位

本文介绍目前在植物激素研究中常用的几种免疫组织化学定位方法及其可用性。     

中国产石韦属植物孢子形态特征及分类学意义

利用光镜和扫描电镜,对石韦属(Pyrrosia)19种植物的孢子纹饰进行了研究。结果表明:19种石韦属孢子都为黄色,形态均为肾形,两侧对称,单裂缝,说明该属植物是一个自然类群。表面纹饰类型有3种,即瘤状、瘤状—疣状和瘤状—网脊状。孢子表面纹饰特征性状稳定,在种间存在较大差异。该研究结果可以为形态近似种的分类提供参考依据,同时也为石韦属属下分类系统的建立提供了重要证据。     

珊瑚菜中香豆素的组织化学定位

利用冷冻切片技术和常规石蜡制片技术,分别通过荧光显微镜和光学显微镜对珊瑚菜的根、叶片、叶柄等部位中的香豆素进行了组织化学定位。研究表明:香豆素存在于珊瑚菜的分泌道中,在荧光显微镜下发蓝色荧光;分泌道广泛分布于植物体中,在根中,分布在次生韧皮部中;在叶片中,分布在叶脉的薄壁组织中;在叶柄中,分布在维管束周围以及厚角组织内侧的薄壁组织中。     

金钗石斛生物碱的组织化学定位研究

利用组织化学定位方法对金钗石斛不同生长年限和不同营养器官的生物碱分布和积累进行比较分析。结果表明,金钗石斛茎生物碱主要分布于基本组织,三年生金钗石斛的生物碱含量高于一年生和二年生金钗石斛。金钗石斛根部生物碱含量同样较多,主要分布于皮层薄壁细胞中;金钗石斛叶片生物碱含量较低,存在于上下表皮细胞中,与铁皮石斛和铜皮石斛完全不同。说明三年生金钗石斛作为最适宜采收期,而且金钗石斛根部具有很好的开发利用价值。金钗石斛叶片表皮细胞中呈现生物碱的原因尚未清楚,需要进一步研究。     

石韦孢子叶和营养叶中活性成分含量分析

对石韦孢子叶和营养叶中的多糖、总黄酮和总皂甙含量进行测定和分析。结果表明:(1)孢子叶中活性成分含量的高低顺序为总黄酮多糖总皂甙,其中,总黄酮与多糖和总皂甙含量的差异均达到极显著水平(P0.01),而多糖与总皂甙含量的差异则不显著(P0.05);营养叶则是多糖总黄酮总皂甙,且各活性成分含量间的差异均达到极显著水平(P0.01)。(2)孢子叶与营养叶相比,多糖和总黄酮含量的差异均达到极显著水平(P0.01),而总皂甙含量的差异不显著(P0.05)。其中,多糖含量是营养叶高于孢子叶,而总黄酮含量则是孢子叶高于营养叶。(3)石韦叶片中多糖含量与总黄酮含量间存在极显著的负相关关系(P0.01),而总皂甙含量与多糖和总黄酮含量的相关性均未达到显著水平(P0.05)。     

青钱柳叶片解剖结构及黄酮、三萜和多糖的组织化学定位观察

青钱柳〔Cyclocarya paliurus ( Batal.) Iljinskaja〕隶属于胡桃科( Juglandaceae)青钱柳属( Cyclocarya Iljinskaja) ,为中国特有的单种属植物,具有较高的药用、材用和观赏等价值[1];青钱柳叶片中含有多种次生代谢成分,具有多种药理活性[2-4].目前,对于青钱柳次生代谢成分的研究主要集中在提取、分离和纯化及不同种源间次生代谢成分的变化规律等方面,其中,已有研究者就基因型和环境对青钱柳黄酮含量变化的影响以及青钱柳叶片中三萜成分的组织化学定位进行了研究[5-6] ,但不同种源青钱柳叶片中黄酮、三萜和多糖类成分的分布是否存在差异尚不清楚.     

甘草根中甘草酸的免疫组织化学定位研究

应用免疫组织化学定位和HPLC分析方法,对人工种植乌拉尔甘草根中的甘草酸分布和积累变化规律进行分析,以阐明药用甘草根在发育过程中甘草酸的积累变化规律,探讨甘草药材质量形成的内在机制。结果表明:(1)甘草酸主要分布在根的次生韧皮部薄壁细胞和维管射线细胞中,且主要积累在这些细胞的细胞壁上。(2)HPLC分析显示,主根的韧皮部中甘草酸含量最高,其次是木质部,根皮中含量最少。(3)甘草酸在主根中的含量随着生长年限的增加而提高,2、3年生甘草根中甘草酸含量上升较快,3年后甘草酸的含量达到3.66%,超过了国家药典规定的甘草酸含量标准。     

石韦对小鼠免疫功能及异基因皮片移植排斥的抑制作用

目的 研究石韦对小鼠免疫功能和同种异基因皮片移植的影响.方法 分别给小鼠灌胃高、中、低3个剂量石韦水煎液,研究其对正常小鼠和由左旋咪唑引起的免疫亢奋模型小鼠脾脏重量指数、巨噬细胞的吞噬活性、淋巴细胞转化、IgM分泌量的影响;观察石韦对小鼠同种异基因皮片移植的影响.结果 石韦可抑制正常小鼠巨噬细胞吞噬活性、T淋巴细胞转化率和IgM的分泌量(P＜0.05).3个剂量的石韦均可调节免疫亢奋小鼠脾脏重量指数、巨噬细胞吞噬活性、T淋巴细胞转化率恢复至正常水平,中剂量组可以显著降低IgM的分泌量至正常水平.小鼠移植皮片的存活时间:石韦低剂量组为(16.13±1.13)d,中剂量组为(15.62±1.01)d,高剂量组为(14.89±2.01)d,显著长于对照组的(9.75±0.89)d.结论 石韦可抑制正常小鼠的免疫功能,调节免疫亢奋小鼠免疫功能恢复至正常水平,减轻机体对同种异基因皮片移植的排斥反应.     

Histochemical Localization of Citral Accumulation in Lemongrass Leaves (Cymbopogon citratus(DC.) Stapf., Poaceae)

Lemongrasses (Cymbopogonspp., Poaceae) are a group of commerciallyimportant C₄tropical grasses. Their leaves contain up to 1.5%(d.wt) essential oils with a typical lemon-like aroma, consistingmainly of citral (a mixture of the isomeric acyclic monoterpenealdehydes geranial and neral). To specifically locate the sitesof citral accumulation in lemongrass we employed Schiff's reagent,which reacts with aldehydes and gives a purple-red colorationwith citral. Using this technique, single oil-accumulating cellswere detected in the adaxial side of leaf mesophyll, commonlyadjacent to non-photosynthetic tissue, and between vascularbundles. Cell walls of these oil cells are lignified. Our resultssuggest that citral accumulation takes place in individual oilcells within the leaf tissues.Copyright 1998 Annals of BotanyCompany Lemongrass;Cymbopogon citratus; Poaceae; oil cells; histochemistry; citral; aldehydes; Schiff's-reagent.     

Histochemical Localization of Phosphatases in Mycoplasma gallisepticum

Histochemical studies of adenosine triphosphatase and acid phosphatase activity were performed on Mycoplasma gallisepticum. The adenosine triphosphatase activity appears to be localized in the bleb and infrableb regions exclusively and is associated with the cell membrane; acid phosphatase activity is localized in the infrableb region and does not appear to be membrane-associated. These findings are consistent with data from biochemical studies of Mycoplasma cell fractions but, unlike them, reveal that adenosine triphosphatase activity is restricted to a particular part of the cell membrane.     

The Histochemical Localization of Triphosphopyridine Nucleotide Diaphorase

A histochemical method is described for the localization of triphosphopyridine nucleotide diaphorase using a recently synthesized tetrazolium salt (Nitro-BT). By virtue of the favorable histochemical properties of this reagent, it has been possible to demonstrate that whereas DPN diaphorase is usually restricted to the mitochondria, the TPN diaphorase activity of corresponding cells was distributed throughout the cytoplasm in granules too fine to be considered mitochondria. Furthermore, although the diaphorase alone is responsible for the passage of electrons from TPNH to the tetrazole, it has been found that sites of activity of different TPN-linked dehydrogenases can be visualized in tissue sections, and characteristic loci for each enzyme may be observed. For example, whereas TPN diaphorase and isocitric dehydrogenase have an extensive distribution in the kidney cortex, 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase is limited to the cells of the macula densa.     

Histochemical Localization and Nematoxicity of Terpenoid Aldehydes in Cotton

In healthy cotton, except for random occasional occurrence in cortical cells, terpenoid aldehydes (TA) are localized in the epidermis and, even there, are absent from the tip 2-4 cm of the root. Since constitutive TA do not occur in the endodermis and stele of the root, they cannot be effective agents against the development of the sedentary stage of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Within 4 days after inoculation with the root-knot nematode, infection-induced TA accumulated in the endodermis and outer stele. These induced TA were thus localized where they could be effective against the sedentary stage of the nematode. Infection-induced TA accumulation was more rapid and occurred in more stele cells in a resistant cotton cultivar than in two susceptible cultivars.TA extracts from cotton were inhibitory to nematode movement. All second-stage larvae exposed to 1,000 ppm TA for 3 h became rigid, made no movement, and appeared dead. Washing these larvae to remove the TA and incubating them for an additional 24 h did not change their appearance. Shorter exposure times or lower TA concentrations allowed some larvae to recover. Exposing larvae to 10 ppm of TA for 24 h had little effect on them. TA extracted from G. arboreum, a cotton that does not methylate TA, were slightly less inhibitory to the root-knot nematode than TA extracted front G. hirsutum which partially methylates TA.     

Histochemical Localization of Superoxide Dismutase Activity in Rat Brain

Histochemical localization of superoxide anion (O₂^·−) scavenging activity in rat brain was visualized by the tissue-blotting technique. The activity was thought to mainly depend on Cu/Zn-SOD, because the localization of the activity was identical with the immunohistochemistry of Cu/Zn-SOD and the localization of its mRNA in the brain. Moreover, the activity was dramatically decreased after treatment of Cu (I) chelater. The activity was detected in pyramidal cells of the cortex, granular, and mitral cells of the olfactory bulbs, pyramidal cell layer CA1 to CA3, and dentate gyrus of hippocampus formation and granular cells of the cerebellum. Moreover, the activity was detected in the pontine nuclei of brain stem. Olfactory bulbs, hippocampus, and cerebellum were believed to be bestowed high brain functions, i.e., long-term potentiation and long-term depression. A part of the function was regulated by a retrograde neurotransmitter, nitric oxide (^·NO). Our findings suggest that the SOD is colocalized with NO synthase in olfactory bulbs, hippocampus, and cerebellum, where ^·NO plays the important roles. In contrast, low SOD activity was observed in the axonal neurofiber bundles, although the regions contain a lot of membrane lipids, which was thought to be peroxidized by O₂^·− and related radicals such as ^·OH in the regions. From these findings, it was suggested that the SOD did not only play a role in protecting the neurons from endogenously formed O₂^·−, but also play a role in preservation of beneficial natures of ^·NO in the brain.     

Differential Localization of Antioxidants in Maize Leaves

The aim of this work was to determine the compartmentation of antioxidants between the bundle-sheath and mesophyll cells of maize (Zea mays L.) leaves. Rapid fractionation of the mesophyll compartment was used to minimize modifications in the antioxidant status and composition due to extraction procedures. The purity of the mesophyll isolates was assessed via the distribution of enzyme and metabolite markers. Ribulose-1,5 bisphosphate and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase were used as bundle-sheath markers and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase was used as the mesophyll marker enzyme. Glutathione reductase and dehydroascorbate reductase were almost exclusively localized in the mesophyll tissue, whereas ascorbate, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase were largely absent from the mesophyll fraction. Catalase, reduced glutathione, and monodehydroascorbate reductase were found to be approximately equally distributed between the two cell types. It is interesting that, whereas H2O2 levels were relatively high in maize leaves, this oxidant was largely restricted to the mesophyll compartment. We conclude that the antioxidants in maize leaves are partitioned between the two cell types according to the availability of reducing power and NADPH and that oxidized glutathione and dehydroascorbate produced in the bundle-sheat tissues have to be transported to the mesophyll for re-reduction to their reduced forms.