Sur les transports de réserves et les transports de couvain dans la ruche

Résumé Dans cet exposé, nous avons montré que les Abeilles sont capables de changer de place les réserves sucrées et le couvain. Ces comportements ne correspondent pas à des conditions de vie normales de la colonie.Cependant, le transport des réserves indique la possibilité, pour les Abeilles, de réagir à une perturbation importante selon un ordre que nous avions déjà établi dans l'élevage des larves (Montagner, 1962). C'est ainsi qu'en cas de nourrissement brutal et pendant une période de disette, elles tendent à grouper la majeure partie des réserves près de la reine, tout en laissant une place sur un cadre pour la ponte. La reine représenterait donc bien, dans la ruche, le potentiel survie à partir duquel les ouvrières auraient tendance à répartir leurs activités de façon décroissante.Par contre, les transports de couvain ne semblent répondre à aucun plan d'organisation comme chez les Fourmis. Nous avons montré qu'ils étaient associés à de profondes perturbations, telles que le manque de nourriture ou la perte de la reine.

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Summary The results of these studies indicate that bees are able to remove sugary stores and brood.We have established that bees remove their stores according to a certain order that we also made evident when studying brood rearing (Montagner, 1962). So, the bees hoarded the most part of their stores in the side of the hive where the queen stood, when we fed them suddenly during a dearth time.Then, the queen would be in beehive the attractive center from which the workers would share theirs activities in a decreasing way.On the contrary, it never seemed to us that the removals of brood were connected to any right order as for ants. We have established that they were associated to great troubles in beehive such as a want of food or the death of the queen.

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Zusammenfassung In diesem Bericht haben wir bewiesen, dass die Bienen die Zuckervorräte und die Brut an andere Plätze zu bringen vermögen. Dieses Verhalten entspricht nich den normalen Lebenszuständen der Kolonie.Soch bezeugt der Transport der Vorräte die Möglichkeit für die Bienen, gegen eine erhebliche Störung, nach einer bestimmten Regel zu reagieren, die wir schon bei der Aufzucht der Larven festgestellt haben (Montagner, 1962).Also, im Falle einer plötzlich verstärkten Zufuhr und während einer Mangelperiode haben sie die Neigung, den grössten Teil der Vorräte um die Königin zu sammeln, indem sie aber einen Platz für das Eierlegen auf einem Rahmen frei lassen. Die Königin würde also im Bienenstock die Möglichkeit der Fortdauer darstellen. Von dieser Tatsache ausgehend würden die Arbeiterinnen also ihre Tätigkeit in abnehmender Weise ausüben.Im Gegenteil scheinen die Brutversetzungen keinem Organisationsplan zu entsprechen, wie es bei den Ameisen der Fall ist. Wir haben gezeigt, dass sie mit schwerwiegenden Störungen, wie z. B. dem Nahrungsmangel oder dem Tod der Königin, in Verbindung stehen.

     

Etude preliminaire de stades de la méiose humaine dans les spermatocytes et les ovocytes

Summary Human meiotic chromosomes, from spermatocytes and ovocytes, are described after observations of whole mount preparations under E.M. Small testicular and ovarian fragments are put in distillated water, then macerated; the cell suspension is spread on the surface of sheet copper grids covered with formvar plus collodion films. After dehydratation interesting stages are selected under L.M. before observations under E.M.Zygotene and pachytene are the most common stages. During pachytene the chromomeres are well individualized; the synaptonemal complex may be observed; chromatin fibers connect the chromosomes to nuclear pores, interchromosomal fibers joint the bivalents. Zygotene and pachytene bivalents are very similar in the male and the feminine germ cells.     

Sur l'accumulation de nickel et de cobalt par les Charaées

Chara vulgaris was cultivated in a natural medium containing nickel and cobalt chloride.Growth increased in a culture solution containing Ni and Co in small amounts. Tissue analysis showed that the levels of Ni and Co in the dry matter were high. The two ions are found here as insoluble compounds, which explains why Chara vulgaris is an organism resistant to metal pollution.Université de Dijon, Laboratoire de Nutrition minérale des Végétaux     

Dosage du fer et de l'aluminium échangeable dans les minéraux argileux et dans les sols

Résumé Une méthode est proposée pour le dosage du fer et de l'aluminium échangeable dans les minéraux argileux et dans les sols. La méthode est basée sur l'extraction successive des oxinates de fer et d'aluminium en fonction du pH.Les conditions optimales et l'influence des divers facteurs déterminant l'extraction quantitative et sélective de ces deux éléments ont été préalablement étudiées.Publication du Centre de Chimie Biologique et Colloïdale du sol subsidié par I'I.R.S.I.A.     

Remarques sur les chênaies d'Yeuse de l'Apennin méridional et de la Sicile

Summary On the basis of the observations and the records presented, it is remarked that in the Southern Apennines and in Sicily the forests ofQuercus ilex are prevalently localised in the altimetrical band included between 650–700 and 900–950 m. But the greater extension is rejoined in the band from 800 and 950 m. This limitation above and especially below those levels is to be considered actual and caused only by man.The examination of the flowering records permits the arrangement of the forests ofQuercus ilex of the Southern Apennines and Sicily in a new association: the Querco-Teucrietum siculi, that here seems the only representative also of the Quercion ilicis. It borders upon the associations of the Oleo-Ceratonion in the lower part and upon those of the Quercion pubescentipetraeae in the higher part and often immediately with those of the Fagion. The elements of the physical environment of the present and potential surfaces of the association are distinguished in geological-pedologicals and climatics. The substratum pedogenetic is very variable therefore it doesn't seem determinant for the normal development of the Querco-Teucrietum siculi. The factors of the climate result instead determinant. At the lowest levels the limit is formed by the temperatures too high and the excessive drought. At the highest levels the limitant element is especially formed by the high atmospherical dampness, especially in the form of fogs. It is said that the association finds favourable conditions

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Zusammenfassung In den S-Apenninen und Sizilien sind die Steineichenwälder heute größtenteils auf Streifen zwischen 650–700 und 900–950 m begrenzt und zwischen 800–950 m am reichlichsten. Diese Wälder werden in eine neue Ass., das Querco-Teucrietum siculi, eingeordnet, das dort wahrscheinlich der einzige Vertreter des Quercion ilicis ist. Es grenzt unten immer an das Oleo-C eratonion und oben an das Quercion pubescenti-petraeae und oft auch unmittelbar an das Fagion.Das Substrat bringt keine großen Veränderungen im floristischen Gefüge und übt keinen Einfluß auf die Verteilung der Ass. aus. Die Klimafaktoren sind für Areal und Höhenverteilung bestimmend. Bei geringsten Höhen bilden die sehr hohen Temperaturen und die übermäßige Trockenheit einen einschränkenden Faktor. Bei den obersten Höhen besteht der wichtigste, einschränkende Faktor aus einer sehr erhöhten Luftfeuchtigkeit und sehr häufigen Nebeln. Die Gesellschaft findet günstige Bedingungen im zwischen den Regenlinien von 600 und 900–1000 mm liegenden Bezirk, bei Trockenheitsindex nachde martonne um 25–35. Das Assoziationsareal wurde noch nicht bestimmt und so bleiben die dynamischen Serien noch teilweise unbekannt.Das Bodenprofil besteht aus Horizonten A/C. Wahrscheinlich handelt es sich um mediterrane Braunerde des xerophilen Waldes.Ökologisch liegt die neue Gesellschaft zwischen dem Quercetum ilicis galloprovinciale (das durch Assoziationen des Oleo-Ceratonion ersetzt wird) und dem Quercetum mediterraneo-montanum; beide sind aber vielleicht in den S-Apenninen nicht vorhanden.

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Riassunto In base alle osservazioni ed ai rilevamenti presentati, si constata che nell'Appennino meridionale ed in Sicilia le Leccete sono localizzate prevalentemente nella fascia altimetrica comprese fra 650–700 e 900–950 m. La maggiore estensione però viene da esse raggiunta in una fascia più stretta, compresa fra 800 e 950 m. Al di sotto delle quote inferiori menzionate la limitazione è tuttavia da considerare per lo più solo attuale e determinata dall'uomo.L'esame dei rilevamenti floristici consente l'inquadramento delle Leccete suddette in una nuova associazione, il Querco-Teucrietum siculi, che per l'Appennino meridionale e la Sicilia può essere considerata l'unica rappresentante del Quercion ilicis. Essa confina in basso con l'Oleo-Cerationon ed in alto con il Quercion pubescenti-petraeae, o spesso direttamente con il Fagion.I fattori dell'ambiente fisico riferibile all'associazione vengono distinti in geo-pedologici e climatici. Il substrato pedogenetico è molto variabile, dunque non sembra influenzare apprezzabilmente il suo corteggio floristico normale, nè limitarne l'estensione. Più importanti risultano invece i fattori del clima. Alle quote più basse il limite è costituito dalle temperature troppoelevate e da una eccessiva siccità. Alle quote più alte il fattore limitante più importante sembra essere costituito da una umidità atmosferica abbastanza elevata, specialmente sotto forma di nebbie. Quanto alle precipitazioni, si può dire che l'associazione trova condizioni favorevoli di svilluppo nell'area compresa fra le isoiete di 600 e 900–1000 mm; qui l'indice di aridità diDe Martonne si aggira sui valori di 25–35, o poco più.L'area geografica dell'associazione non viene per il momento definita. Anche le serie dinamiche ad essa collegate restano ancora parzialmente sconosciute.Il profilo del suolo può essere considerato di tipo A/C. Le sue caratteristiche fanno pensare alla terra bruna mediterranea della foresta xerofila.In base alle sue caratteristiche, sopratutto ecologiche, il Querco-Teucrietum siculi può essere considerato intermediario fra il Quercetum ilicis galloprovinciale (qui rimpiazzato da associazioni dell'Oleo-Ceratonion) ed il Quercetum mediterraneo-montanum, entrambe probabilmente mancanti nell'Appennino meridionale.

     

Le Paléolithique supérieur du plateau de Musashino et les hauteurs de Tama aux alentours de Tokyo

The Upper Paleolithic at the region of Tokyo that itself called also the Japanese Preceramic age that possesses a large number of excavations and those studies during the dawn of Paleolithic study in this country. The Preceramic age or the Upper Paleolithic has been raised the curtain by the discovery of a piece in obsidian, in 1949, in the loam of Kantô, at Iwajyuku site. We explain above, on the stratigraphy, the chronology and the situation and the evolution of site around Tokyo. It is a region to the highest density of the Upper Paleolithic sites in the archipelago of Japan and the systematic excavation according to the stratigraphy of loam formation has been done for the first time in the country. The authentic chronology has been proposed to the years 60s that based on the discovered lithic industries on the plateau of Sagamino and Musashino. This chronology was used for a long time that it made a role like a norm for the whole country. Not only, after again an accumulation of the research until the present, we understand the different periodic activities between the Tama hills, the plateau of Musashino, the plateau of Sagamino, the North of Kantô district and the plateau of Simôssa. Of course, there is a complex circumstance that the apparition and the disappearance of various types of lithic instruments are different, and every type tools are not universal around Tokyo area, in the district of Kantô. The final of Upper Paleolithic on the archipelago of Japan divides extensively in two parts East-west that the East of Japan is characterized by the well-organized aspect microlithic tendency and the west is characterized by the trend of microlite, trapeze and tool on transverse blade. In such general tendency, the region of Kantô is located therefore in the center on the archipelago of Japan that it showed sets of every different time.     

Territorialité et agressivité intra- et interspécifique dans les mosaïques de fourmis arboricoles

Tropical arboreal ants are distributed in a mosaic pattern in the canopy of forests and tree crop plantations each of them characterised by their status of dominance. One can distinguish ‘dominant’ species, characterised by extremely populous societies and highly developed interspecific as well as intraspecific territorial behaviour. They tolerate on their territory nonterritorial and less populous species classified as ‘non-dominants’. Nonetheless, many species do exist whose status is intermediary. Usually, they behave like non-dominant species but are able, under certain conditions, to defend a territory. They are cited as ‘sub-dominant’. According to the chemical trapping method employed by researchers, the structure of mosaics have most often been studied using an index of dominance, characterised by the number of negative or positive associations between one species and the others. This index only covers the relative presence or absence of the different species on the same trees. It only gives a punctual statement on the structure of the mosaic without any notion of evolution of the mosaic in time. It does not take into account the behavioural intra- and interspecific interactions. Aggressive interactions between species depend on genetic and environmental factors. Many studies have shown that aggressiveness is closely related to a mechanism of interindividual discrimination, permitting an individual to discriminate between nestmates and non-nestmates. This colonial recognition is based on the existence of a ‘colonial odour’ as a result of a blending of ‘individual odours’. Each individual odour is due to cuticular hydrocarbons which play the role of a contact pheromone. The colonial odour also depends on the environmental odour of the nest. Aggressiveness which results from this mechanism of recognition can be expressed through different mechanisms such as territorial behaviour, dominance hierarchy, and ritualised aggressive behaviour. Territorial behaviour is the expression of a strong intraspecific aggressiveness, by which workers of a colony defend an area of their vital domain against neighbouring conspecifics. In arboreal ant mosaics, dominance hierarchy can exist between dominant ants, and should explain the overturning of dominant ants in time. Ritualised behaviours were observed under intra- and interspecific low-aggressiveness conditions and allow to economise the loss of one or several workers during fights whose issue are uncertain. Their systematic study would greatly facilitate understanding of the evolution of arboreal mosaics.     

Localisation ultrastructurale de la phosphatase acide et de la phosphatase alcaline dans les cloisons septales stériles de l'anthozoaire Pachycerianthus fimbriatus

Résumé La phosphatase acide et la phosphatase alcaline ont été localisées dans les cellules des cloisons septales stériles d'un Cérianthe. Chez les animaux à jeun, l'activité de la phosphatase acide a été observée dans les citernes de l'appareil de Golgi, les lysosomes et les phagosomes provenant d'un repas précédent. Chez les animaux nourris dans les 12 heures précédentes, le précipité est localisé dans les mêmes structures ainsi que dans des phagosomes récemment formés par l'absorption de proie. La phosphatase alcaline a été détectée sur les membranes plasmiques apicales et latérales et dans les phagosomes anciens.

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Ultrastructural localization of acid and alkaline phosphatases in sterile septae of the anthozoa Pachycerianthus fimbriatus

Summary Acid and alkaline phosphatase activity has been localized in the cells of the sterile septae of starved and fed anthozoa. Acid phosphatase is present in lysosomes, in Golgi cisternae and old phagosomes of starved animals. In fed animals, the reaction is more intense and the number of lysosomes is increased. New phagosomes are loaded with lead phosphate. In starved animals, the alkaline phosphatase activity has been observed on the plasma membranes and in the old phagosomes.

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Ce travail a été rendu possible grâce à une bourse post-doctorale de recherche attribuée au titre des accords France-Québec, (Y.T.) et grâce à un octroi du Conseil des Recherches Médicales du Canada (J.H.)     

Phosphatase acide et polarité golgienne dans les cellules absorbantes de la branchie deMytilus edulis

Summary Acid phosphatase activity detected by the Gomori method applied to E.M. appears electively in all the golgian dictyosomes and in the young lysosomes. In the dictyosomes, this activity is more pronounced than it has been shown hitherto and may be detected in the whole bulk of the cisternae. Nevertheless the activity is greater in the lateral and distal parts of the system. A morphological analysis of numerous dictyosomes, both on normal and on cytochemical preparations, allows to establish a representation of the flow of the enzyme through two directions: proximo-distal and medio-lateral.Résumé L'activité phosphatasique acide, mise en évidence par la réaction de Gomori apparait de façon élective dans tous les dictyosomes golgiens ainsi que dans les lysosomes jeunes. Dans les dictyosomes, l'activité est considérable au point qu'elle peut être décelée dans l'ensemble des citernes. Néanmoins, elle est prépondérante dans les parties latérales et distale du système. Une analyse morphologique de nombreux dictyosomes, faite conjointement sur coupes normales et sur coupes histochimiques permet d'établir un schéma du flux de l'enzyme suivant deux vecteurs: proximo-distal et médio-latéral.     

Action du CCC et de l'Amo 1618 sur la germination,la croissance et les activités AIA-oxydasique,peroxydasique, catalasique in vitro et in vivo de la racine de la Lentille

Summary Amo 1618 inhibits germination and root growth of Lentil seedlings in the dark and in the light, with some symptoms of toxicity; CCC has no effect.Both CCC and Amo 1618 inhibit the catalase activity of a lentil root extract.Increasing concentrations of Amo 1618 progressively increase the activity of peroxidase and IAA-oxidase in vivo; the catalase activity remains unchanged.The effect of Amo 1618 on root growth can thus be explained by a diminished auxin level mediated by an increased auxin catabolism.The effect of Amo 1618 and that of kinetin on root growth and enzymes are parallet. Gibberellic acid has an opposite effect on auxin catabolism.

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Une partie de ce travail a fait l'objet du mémoire de Licence de J. L. et a été réalisée au Laboratoire de Biochimie végétale de l'Institut de Botanique de Liège.     

Localisation de l'activite phospholipasique dans les tissus vegetaux. 1) Sur l'absence d'activité phospholipasique D dans les mitochondries et les plastes isolés

Mitochondria and plastids isolated from various plant tissues by methods which exclude contamination by other cell organelles lack phospholipase D activity.